The Experts below are selected from a list of 318 Experts worldwide ranked by ideXlab platform
Robert W. Proctor - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Transfer of learning in choice reactions: The roles of stimulus type, response mode, and set-level compatibility
Memory & Cognition, 2015Co-Authors: Motonori Yamaguchi, Jing Chen, Robert W. ProctorAbstract:The Simon effect refers to the advantage of responding to spatially compatible stimuli. This effect can be eliminated or even reversed to favor spatially incompatible stimuli after participants practice a choice-reaction task with spatially incompatible mappings (e.g., pressing left and right keys to stimuli on the right and left, respectively). This transfer of incompatible spatial associations has been observed under conditions in which responses were made manually (e.g., Keypresses, moving a joystick). The present study used vocal responses to reveal the primary determinants of the transfer effect, dissociating the influences of stimulus type, response mode, and their interaction (set-level compatibility). The results suggest that contextual match between the practice and transfer tasks with respect to stimulus type and response mode determined transfer of incompatible associations to the Simon task, and stimulus type determined the efficiency of acquiring new associations. However, there was little evidence that set-level compatibility plays any major role in either acquisition or transfer of spatial associations.
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Shared spatial representations for physical locations and location words in bilinguals’ primary language
Memory & cognition, 2010Co-Authors: Thuan K. Ngo, Katsumi Minakata, Robert W. ProctorAbstract:For monolinguals, the Simon effect is eliminated when Simon task trials are intermixed with ones in which participants respond to the words left and right with incompatibly mapped Keypresses. For bilingual Dutch/ French speakers, this result has been shown to occur when the words are in Dutch (their first and primary language), but not when they are in French. To dissociate the influence of order in which the languages were learned from whether the language was the primary one currently being used, we tested bilinguals who learned Spanish or Vietnamese as their first language but for whom English became their primary language. For both groups, the incompatible location-word mapping influenced performance of the Simon task when the words were in English but not when they were in the first language. These findings indicate that the strength of language, not order of acquisition, is the critical factor.
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Stimulus-response compatibility for mixed mappings and tasks with unique responses.
Quarterly journal of experimental psychology (2006), 2009Co-Authors: Robert W. ProctorAbstract:For two stimulus locations mapped to two Keypresses, reaction time is shorter when the mapping is compatible than when it is not (the stimulus–response compatibility, SRC, effect). A similar result, called the Simon effect, occurs when stimulus location is irrelevant, and colour is relevant. When compatibly mapped trials are intermixed with incompatibly mapped trials or Simon task trials, the compatibility effect is eliminated, and the Simon effect is influenced by the location mapping. In five experiments, we examined whether similar mixing effects occur when the two spatial mappings or location-relevant and location-irrelevant tasks use distinct Keypresses on the left and right hands. Mixing had considerably less influence on the SRC and Simon effects than it does when the intermixed trial types or tasks share the same responses, even though response time was lengthened to a similar extent. Mixing two tasks for which stimulus location was irrelevant yielded no within-task Simon effect, but the effect wa...
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Transfer of orthogonal stimulus-response mappings to an orthogonal Simon task.
Quarterly journal of experimental psychology (2006), 2008Co-Authors: Gi Yeul Bae, Yang Seok Cho, Robert W. ProctorAbstract:When up–down stimulus locations are mapped to left–right Keypresses, an overall advantage for the up–right/down–left mapping is often obtained that varies as a function of response eccentricity. This orthogonal stimulus–response compatibility (SRC) effect also occurs when stimulus location is irrelevant, a phenomenon called the orthogonal Simon effect, and has been attributed to correspondence of stimulus and response code polarities. The Simon effect for horizontal stimulus–response (S–R) arrangements has been shown to be affected by short-term S–R associations established through the mapping used for a prior SRC task in which stimulus location was relevant. We examined whether such associations also transfer between orthogonal SRC and Simon tasks and whether correspondence of code polarities continues to contribute to performance in the Simon task. In Experiment 1, the orthogonal Simon effect was larger after practising with an up–right/down–left mapping of visual stimuli to responses than with the alte...
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When is an odd number not odd? Influence of task rule on the MARC effect for numeric classification.
Journal of experimental psychology. Learning memory and cognition, 2007Co-Authors: Yang Seok Cho, Robert W. ProctorAbstract:When classifying numbers as odd or even with left-right Keypresses, performance is better with the mapping even-right/odd-left than with the opposite mapping. This linguistic markedness association of response codes (MARC) effect has been attributed to compatibility between the linguistic markedness of stimulus and response codes. In 2 experiments participants made Keypresses to the Arabic numerals or number words 3, 4, 8, and 9 using the odd-even parity rule or a multiple-of-3 rule, which yield the same keypress response for each stimulus. For both stimulus modes, the MARC effect was obtained with the odd-even rule, but tended to reverse with the multiple-of-3 rule. The reversal was complete for the right response, but task rule had little influence on the left response. The results are consistent with the view that the MARC effect and its reversal are caused by correspondence of the stimulus code designated as positive by the task rule with the positive-polarity right response code.
Willem B. Verwey - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Buffer loading and chunking in sequential keypressing
Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 1996Co-Authors: Willem B. VerweyAbstract:Thirty-six participants practiced a task in which they continuously cycled through a fixed series of nine Keypresses, each carried out by a single finger (cf. Keele & Summers, 1976). The results of the first experimental phase, the practice phase, support the notion that pauses between successive Keypresses at fixed locations induces the development of integrated sequence representations (i.e., motor chunks) and reject the idea that a rhythm is learned. When different sequences were produced in the transfer phase, performance dropped considerably unless the sequence was relatively short and there was ample time for preparation. This demonstrates that motor chunks are content specific and that the absence of motor chunks shows when there is no time for advance loading of the motor buffer or the capacity of the motor buffer is insufficient to contain the entire keypressing sequence.
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Evidence for the development of concurrent processing in a sequential keypressing task
Acta Psychologica, 1994Co-Authors: Willem B. VerweyAbstract:This paper describes an experiment that aimed at examining the effects of extended practice in a sequential keypressing task. More specifically, predictions of three execution model were tested. First, the classic subprogram-retrieval model (Sternberg et al., 1978) assumes that an action sequence is programmed entirely before sequence execution while later, during sequence execution, instructions for the individual units in the sequence are retrieved. It predicts that keypressing rate decreases with sequence length but specific effects of practice are not predicted. The second mechanism, concurrent processing, assumes that various forms of information processing become increasingly concurrent in the course of practice. More specifically, it is proposed that with practice motor programming and retrieval of individual motor units from a short-term motor buffer concur with actual keypressing which, however, may delay execution of individual actions. Finally, associative motor unitization asserts that sequence execution comes to rely to an increasing degree on the automatic spread of activation among representations of the individual sequence units so that keypressing rate increases with position in the sequence. These and other predictions were verified with a two-choice sequence production task. One sequence contained four, the other two Keypresses. The main results are: (a) a reduction with practice of the difference between the times to initiate long and short sequences, (b) practice had a larger effect on final Keypresses than on earlier Keypresses, and (c) practice had a larger effect on the final keypress of the long than that of the short sequence. An interesting additional effect was the occurrence of a pronounced `warming-up? effect for all interkey intervals at the second and third day of practice. The results were taken as evidence for the development of concurrent programming and concurrent retrieval while little support was observed for associative motor utinization and subprogram-retrieval.
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Effects of extended practice in a one-finger keypressing task
Acta psychologica, 1993Co-Authors: Willem B. VerweyAbstract:This paper addresses skilled operations underlying the initiation and execution of rapid movement sequences in a task consisting of three sequential Keypresses made with one finger. It sought to provide evidence for the notion that, as a result of practice, processes required to produce a keypressing sequence become concurrent. The results of the experiment show, first, that unpacking of the third keypress in a three-keypress sequence, which is assumed to occur normally after execution of the second keypress, is shifted in time during practice so as to occur during or before actual depression of the second key. Second, no evidence was found that selection of a stimulus-dependent key occuring later in the sequence could be performed during execution of earlier, stimulus-independent Keypresses. Third, the pattern of dual-task interference suggested that attention is required for preparing as well as for executing movement sequences. Dual-task interference hardly reduced with practice which was interpreted as evidence for the notion that reduction of attentional demands of keypressing with practice is used only for increasing the amount of concurrent unpacking. In conclusion, the present experiment suggests that a major reason that movement sequences are executed faster with practice is that the reduction of attentional demands of individual subprocesses is utilized to increase the amount of concurrent processing.
Yang Seok Cho - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Transfer of orthogonal stimulus-response mappings to an orthogonal Simon task.
Quarterly journal of experimental psychology (2006), 2008Co-Authors: Gi Yeul Bae, Yang Seok Cho, Robert W. ProctorAbstract:When up–down stimulus locations are mapped to left–right Keypresses, an overall advantage for the up–right/down–left mapping is often obtained that varies as a function of response eccentricity. This orthogonal stimulus–response compatibility (SRC) effect also occurs when stimulus location is irrelevant, a phenomenon called the orthogonal Simon effect, and has been attributed to correspondence of stimulus and response code polarities. The Simon effect for horizontal stimulus–response (S–R) arrangements has been shown to be affected by short-term S–R associations established through the mapping used for a prior SRC task in which stimulus location was relevant. We examined whether such associations also transfer between orthogonal SRC and Simon tasks and whether correspondence of code polarities continues to contribute to performance in the Simon task. In Experiment 1, the orthogonal Simon effect was larger after practising with an up–right/down–left mapping of visual stimuli to responses than with the alte...
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When is an odd number not odd? Influence of task rule on the MARC effect for numeric classification.
Journal of experimental psychology. Learning memory and cognition, 2007Co-Authors: Yang Seok Cho, Robert W. ProctorAbstract:When classifying numbers as odd or even with left-right Keypresses, performance is better with the mapping even-right/odd-left than with the opposite mapping. This linguistic markedness association of response codes (MARC) effect has been attributed to compatibility between the linguistic markedness of stimulus and response codes. In 2 experiments participants made Keypresses to the Arabic numerals or number words 3, 4, 8, and 9 using the odd-even parity rule or a multiple-of-3 rule, which yield the same keypress response for each stimulus. For both stimulus modes, the MARC effect was obtained with the odd-even rule, but tended to reverse with the multiple-of-3 rule. The reversal was complete for the right response, but task rule had little influence on the left response. The results are consistent with the view that the MARC effect and its reversal are caused by correspondence of the stimulus code designated as positive by the task rule with the positive-polarity right response code.
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Is the psychological refractory period effect for ideomotor compatible tasks eliminated by speed-stress instructions?
Psychological research, 2006Co-Authors: Yun Kyoung Shin, Yang Seok Cho, Mei-ching Lien, Robert W. ProctorAbstract:It has been argued that the psychological refractory period (PRP) effect is eliminated with two ideomotor compatible tasks when instructions stress fast and simultaneous responding. Three experiments were conducted to test this hypothesis. In all experiments, Task 1 required spatially compatible manual responses (left or right) to the direction of an arrow, and Task 2 required saying the name of the auditory letter A or B. In Experiments 1 and 3, the manual responses were Keypresses made with the left and right hands, whereas in Experiment 2 they were left–right toggle-switch movements made with the dominant hand. Instructions that stressed response speed reduced reaction time and increased error rate compared to standard instructions to respond fast and accurately, but did not eliminate the PRP effect on Task 2 reaction time. These results imply that, even when response speed is emphasized, ideomotor compatible tasks do not bypass response selection.
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Effects of response eccentricity and relative position on orthogonal stimulus-response compatibility with joystick and keypress responses.
The Quarterly journal of experimental psychology. A Human experimental psychology, 2003Co-Authors: Robert W. Proctor, Yang Seok ChoAbstract:When unimanual leftright movement responses are made to updown stimuli, performance is better with the upright/downleft mapping when responding in the right hemispace and with the upleft/downright mapping when responding in the left hemispace. We evaluated whether this response eccentricity effect is explained best in terms of rotational properties of the hand (the end-state comfort hypothesis) or asymmetric coding of the stimulus and response alternatives (the salient features coding hypothesis). Experiment 1 showed that bimanual Keypresses yield a response eccentricity effect similar to that obtained with unimanual movement responses. In Experiment 2, an inactive response apparatus was placed to the left or right of the active response apparatus to provide a referent. For half of the participants, the active and inactive apparatuses were joysticks, and for half they were response boxes with keys. For both response types, an upright/downleft advantage was evident when the relative position of the...
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Effect of an initiating action on the up-right/down-left advantage for vertically arrayed stimuli and horizontally arrayed responses.
Journal of experimental psychology. Human perception and performance, 2001Co-Authors: Yang Seok Cho, Robert W. ProctorAbstract:When up and down stimuli are mapped to left and right Keypresses or "left" and "right" vocalizations in a 2-choice reaction task, performance is often better with the up-right/down-left mapping than with the opposite mapping. This study investigated whether performance is influenced by the type of initiating action. In all, 4 experiments showed the up-right/down-left advantage to be reduced when the participant's initiating action was a left response compared with when it was a right response. This reduction occurred when the initiating action and response were both Keypresses, both were spoken location names, and one was a spoken location name and the other a keypress. The results are consistent with the view that the up-right/down-left advantage is due to asymmetry in coding the alternatives on each dimension, and a distinction between categorical and coordinate spatial codes seems to provide the best explanation of the advantage.
Wilfried Kunde - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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joint response effect compatibility
Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 2014Co-Authors: Roland Pfister, Wolfgang Prinz, Thomas Dolk, Wilfried KundeAbstract:When performing jointly on a task, human agents are assumed to represent their coactor's share of this task, and research in various joint action paradigms has focused on representing the coactor's stimulus-response assignments. Here we show that the response-effect (R-E) contingencies exploited by a coactor also affect performance, and thus might be represented as if they were used by oneself. Participants performed an R-E compatibility task, with Keypresses pro- ducingspatiallycompatibleorincompatible actioneffects.We did not observe any R-E compatibility effects when the task was performed in isolation (individual go-no-go). By con- trast, small but reliable R-E compatibility effects emerged when the same task was performed in a joint setting. These results indicate that the knowledge of a coactor' sR - Ec ontin- gencies can influence whether self-produced action effects are used for one's own motor control.
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See what you've done! Active touch affects the number of perceived visual objects.
Psychonomic bulletin & review, 2006Co-Authors: Wilfried Kunde, Andrea KieselAbstract:Previous research has shown that visual perception is affected by sensory information from other modalities. For example, sound can alter the visual intensity or the number of visual objects perceived. However, when touch and vision are combined, vision normally dominates—a phenomenon known asvisual capture. Here we report a cross-modal interaction between active touch and vision: The perceived number of brief visual events (flashes) is affected by the number of concurrently performed finger movements (Keypresses). This sensorimotor illusion occurred despite little ambiguity in the visual stimuli themselves and depended on a close temporal proximity between movement execution and vision.
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temporal response effect compatibility
Psychological Research-psychologische Forschung, 2003Co-Authors: Wilfried KundeAbstract:This study investigated the impact of duration-varying response effects on the generation and execution of duration-varying responses. Participants performed short or long Keypresses which produced auditory effects of corresponding duration (short response ->short tone, long response ->long tone) or of noncorresponding duration (short response ->long tone, long response ->short tone). Experiment 1 revealed faster responding with a corresponding than with a noncorresponding Response-Effect (R-E) mapping; that is, a temporal R-E compatibility effect. Additionally, increasing effect duration increased response latencies, whereas it decreased keypress duration. Experiment 2 showed that the influence of temporal R-E compatibility persists even when responses are cued in advance, suggesting that at least part of it originates from response generation processes occurring later than a traditional response selection stage. These findings corroborate and complement effect-based theories of action control which assume that the selection, initiation, and execution of movements is mediated by anticipation of their sensory effects.
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A Simon effect for stimulus-response duration.
The Quarterly journal of experimental psychology. A Human experimental psychology, 2002Co-Authors: Wilfried Kunde, Christian StöckerAbstract:A non-spatial variant of the Simon effect for the stimulus-response (S-R) feature of duration is reported. In Experiment 1 subjects were required to press a single response key either briefly or longer in response to the colour of a visual stimulus that varied in its presentation duration. Short Keypresses were initiated faster with short than with long stimulus duration whereas the inverse was observed with long Keypresses. In Experiment 2 subjects were required to press a left or right key (according to stimulus form) either briefly or longer (according to stimulus colour). The stimuli concurrently varied in their location (left or right) and duration (short or long), which were both task irrelevant. Approximately additive correspondence effects for S-R location and S-R duration were observed. To summarize, the results suggest that the irrelevant stimulus features of location and duration are processed automatically and prime corresponding responses in an independent manner.
Jessica L. Kruer - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Investigating hemispheric specialization in a novel face-word stroop task
Brain and Language, 2004Co-Authors: Michael D. Anes, Jessica L. KruerAbstract:Abstract We examined hemispheric specialization in a lateralized Stroop facial identification task. A 2 (presentation side: left or right visual field [LVF or RVF]) × 2 (picture emotion: happy or angry) × 3 (emotion of distractor word: happy, angry, or blank) factorial design placed the right hemispheric specialization for emotional expression processing and the left hemispheric specialization for verbal processing in conflict. Faces (from Ekman & Friesen, 1976 ) and emotion words were briefly displayed, and participants responded with Keypresses corresponding to the picture emotion. As predicted, greater Stroop interference in identification accuracy was found with incongruent displays of facial expression in the LVF and emotion words in the RVF, and females exhibited less Stroop interference. Reaction times were moderated by emotion and visual field.
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Investigating hemispheric specialization in a novel face–word stroop task
Brain and language, 2004Co-Authors: Michael D. Anes, Jessica L. KruerAbstract:Abstract We examined hemispheric specialization in a lateralized Stroop facial identification task. A 2 (presentation side: left or right visual field [LVF or RVF]) × 2 (picture emotion: happy or angry) × 3 (emotion of distractor word: happy, angry, or blank) factorial design placed the right hemispheric specialization for emotional expression processing and the left hemispheric specialization for verbal processing in conflict. Faces (from Ekman & Friesen, 1976 ) and emotion words were briefly displayed, and participants responded with Keypresses corresponding to the picture emotion. As predicted, greater Stroop interference in identification accuracy was found with incongruent displays of facial expression in the LVF and emotion words in the RVF, and females exhibited less Stroop interference. Reaction times were moderated by emotion and visual field.
