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Dennis L. Helder - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Landsat 4 Thematic Mapper Calibration Update
IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing, 2012Co-Authors: Dennis L. Helder, Cory Mettler, Rimy Malla, Brian L. Markham, Esad MicijevicAbstract:The Landsat 4 Thematic Mapper (TM) collected imagery of the Earth's surface from 1982 to 1993. Although largely overshadowed by Landsat 5 which was launched in 1984, Landsat 4 TM imagery extends the TM-based record of the Earth back to 1982 and also substantially supplements the image archive collected by Landsat 5. To provide a consistent calibration record for the TM instruments, Landsat 4 TM was cross-calibrated to Landsat 5 using nearly simultaneous overpass imagery of pseudo-invariant calibration sites (PICS) in the time period of 1988-1990. To determine if the radiometric gain of Landsat 4 had changed over its lifetime, time series from two PICS locations (a Saharan site known as Libya 4 and a site in southwest North America, commonly referred to as the Sonoran Desert site) were developed. The results indicated that Landsat 4 had been very stable over its lifetime, with no discernible degradation in sensor performance in all reflective bands except band 1. In contrast, band 1 exhibited a 12% decay in responsivity over the lifetime of the instrument. Results from this paper have been implemented at USGS EROS, which enables users of Landsat TM data sets to obtain consistently calibrated data from Landsat 4 and 5 TM as well as Landsat 7 ETM+ instruments.
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Cross-calibration of the Landsat-4 and Landsat-5 thematic mappers
Proceedings of SPIE, 2005Co-Authors: Cory Mettler, Dennis L. HelderAbstract:The Landsat Thematic Mappers have obtained imagery of the Earth's surface since 1982 with the launch of Landsat 4. However, the absolute calibration of this first instrument, as well as it's cross-calibration to the other two thematic mappers on Landsat 5 and 7, remains in question. The objective for this work was to provide an absolute radiometric calibration of the Landsat 4 instrument. Landsat 4's internal calibrator, while still useful, does not provide an absolute calibration; it does provide a relative calibration of the instrument's responsivity over the lifetime of the mission. The same is true for the Landsat 5 internal calibrator; however, Landsat 5 has been cross-calibrated to Landsat 7's Enhanced Thematic Mapper Plus, which is believed to be absolutely calibrated to within 5%. Therefore, by cross-calibrating Landsat 4 to Landsat 7 through Landsat 5, an absolute calibration for Landsat 4 can be determined. This study provides only the Landsat 4 and 5 cross-calibration models. To determine these models, Landsat 4/Landsat 5 scene pairs were studied. Within each pair, 8 400x400-pixel sub-regions were selected from the image. The exact geo-located sub-region was located from both instruments and an assumption was made that the ground and the atmosphere did not change between image dates. Therefore, any difference between the images may be attributed to the difference in the instruments. Results of this cross-calibration using multiple dates were consistent to within 2%. Once the cross-calibration points were determined, they were used to correct the relative lifetime-calibration model from the internal calibrator, hence producing an absolute lifetime-calibration model.
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Landsat 5 tm and Landsat 7 etm absolute radiometric calibration using the reflectance based method
IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing, 2004Co-Authors: Kurtis J. Thome, Dennis L. Helder, J.d. DewaldAbstract:The reflectance-based method of vicarious calibration has been used for the absolute radiometric calibration of the Landsat series of sensors since the launch of Landsat-4. The reflectance-based method relies on ground-based measurements of the surface reflectance and atmospheric conditions at a selected test site nearly coincident with the imaging of that site by the sensor of interest. The results of this approach are presented here for Landsat-5 Thematic Mapper (TM) and Landsat-7 Enhanced Thematic Mapper Plus (ETM+). The data have been collected by two groups, one from the University of Arizona and the other from South Dakota State University. The test sites used by the University of Arizona group for this work are the Railroad Valley Playa, Lunar Lake Playa, and Roach Lake Playa all of which are in Nevada, Ivanpah Playa in California, and White Sands Missile Range, New Mexico. The test site for the South Dakota State group is a grass site in Brookings, SD. The gains derived from dates using these sites spanning the period from 1984 to 2003 are presented for TM and for the period of 1999 to 2003 for ETM+. Differences between the two groups are less than the combined uncertainties of the methods, and the data are thus treated as a single dataset. The results of these vicarious data indicate that there has been no degradation apparent in TM since 1995 and in ETM+ since launch. Agreement between the reflectance-based results and the preflight calibration of ETM+ is better than 4% in all bands, and the standard deviation of the average difference indicates a precision of the reflectance-based method on the order of 3%.
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Landsat thematic mapper reflective band radiometric artifacts
IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing, 2004Co-Authors: Dennis L. Helder, T A RugglesAbstract:Radiometric "artifacts" are known to be present to varying degrees in the reflective-band imagery from both Landsat-4 and Lansat-5 Thematic Mappers (TMs). The most common artifacts are known as scan-correlated shift (SCS), memory effect (ME), and coherent noise (CN). The characterization and correction of these artifacts has been performed for both the Landsat-4 and Lansat-5 TMs. SCS is a sudden shift in bias that can be as large as 2 DN. However, this artifact can be accurately quantified and easily removed from imagery using a line-by-line bias subtraction. ME causes the detector response to undershoot after a sudden transition from a bright target to a dark target. For large transitions, this can cause a 2% radiometric error. This artifact can be removed through a spatial filtering operation. Lastly, CN is a periodic pattern that is most often seen in homogeneous portions of TM imagery. The amplitude of this noise artifact is quite small, less than 0.5 DN. While CN has been accurately characterized, a correction procedure is not recommended, due to the small amplitude of this artifact. Recommendations are given for proper processing of TM imagery to remove the effects of these artifacts.
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Landsat 4 5 band 6 relative radiometry
IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing, 2002Co-Authors: G Chander, Dennis L. Helder, W C BoncykAbstract:Relative radiometric responses for the thematic mapper (TM) band 6 data from Landsat-4 and Landsat-5 were analyzed, and an algorithm has been developed that significantly reduces the striping in Band 6 images due to detector mismatch. The TM internal calibration system as originally designed includes a DC restore circuit, which acts as a feedback system designed to keep detector bias at a constant value. There is a strong indication that the DC restore circuitry implemented in Band 6 does not function as it had been designed to. It operates as designed only during a portion of the calibration interval and not at all during acquisition of scene data. This renders the data acquired during the calibration shutter interval period virtually useless for correction of the individual responses of the four detectors in Band 6. It was observed and statistically quantified that the relative response of each of the detectors to the band average is stable over the dynamic range and throughout the lifetime of the instrument. This allows an alternate approach to relative radiometric correction of TM Band 6 images.
P Blonda - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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automatic spectral rule based preliminary classification of radiometrically calibrated spot 4 5 irs avhrr msg aatsr ikonos quickbird orbview geoeye and dmc spot 1 2 imagery part ii classification accuracy assessment
IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing, 2010Co-Authors: Andrea Baraldi, L Durieux, D Simonetti, G Conchedda, F Holecz, P BlondaAbstract:In Part I of this paper, an operational fully automated Landsat-like image spectral rule-based decision-tree classifier (LSRC), suitable for mapping radiometrically calibrated seven-band Landsat-4/-5 Thematic Mapper (TM) and Landsat-7 Enhanced TM+ (ETM+) spaceborne images [eventually synthesized from the Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer (ASTER) and the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) imaging sensor] into a discrete and finite set of spectral categories, has been downscaled to properly deal with spaceborne multispectral imaging sensors whose spectral resolution overlaps with, but is inferior to Landsat's, namely: 1) Satellite Pour l'Observation de la Terre (SPOT)-4/-5, Indian Remote Sensing Satellite (IRS)-1C/-1D/-P6 Linear Imaging Self-Scanner (LISS)-III, and IRS-P6 Advanced Wide Field Sensor (AWiFS); 2) National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) and Meteosat Second Generation (MSG); 3) Environmental Satellite (ENVISAT) Advanced Along-Track Scanning Radiometer (AATSR); 4) GeoEye-1, IKONOS-2, QuickBird-2, OrbView-3, TopSat, KOrean MultiPurpose SATellite (KOMPSAT)-2, FORMOsa SATellite (FORMOSAT)-2, Advanced Land Observing Satellite (ALOS) Advanced Visible and Near Infrared Radiometer type 2 (AVNIR-2), RapidEye, WorldView-2, PLEIADES-1/-2, and SPOT-6/-7; and 5) Disaster Monitoring Constellation (DMC), IRS-P6 LISS-IV, and SPOT-1/-2. LSRC, together with its five downscaled versions, identified, respectively, as the four-band SPOT-like SRC (SSRC), the four-band AVHRR-like SRC (AVSRC), the five-band AATSR-like SRC (AASRC), the four-band IKONOS-like SRC (ISRC), and the three-band DMC-like SRC (DSRC), form the so-called integrated SRC system of systems. In this paper, first, the classification accuracy and robustness to changes in the input data set of SSRC, AVSRC, AASRC, ISRC, and DSRC are assessed, both qualitatively and quantitatively, in comparison with LSRC's. Next, ongoing and future SRC applications are presented and discussed. They encompass: 1) the implementation of operational two-stage stratified hierarchical Remote Sensing (RS) image understanding systems discussed in Part I of this paper; 2) the integration of near real-time satellite mapping services with Internet map servers; and 3) the development of a new approach to semantic querying of large-scale multisensor image databases. These experimental results and application examples prove that the integrated SRC system of systems is operational, namely, it is effective, near real-time, automatic, and robust to changes in the input data set. Therefore, SRC appears eligible for use in operational satellite-based measurement systems such as those envisaged by the ongoing international Global Earth Observation System of Systems (GEOSS) Programme and the Global Monitoring for Environment and Security (GMES) system project.
Brian L. Markham - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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thermal infrared radiometric calibration of the entire Landsat 4 5 and 7 archive 1982 2010
Remote Sensing of Environment, 2012Co-Authors: John R Schott, Julia A Barsi, Brian L. Markham, Simon J Hook, Jonathan Miller, Francis P Padula, Nina RaquenoAbstract:Abstract Landsat's continuing record of the thermal state of the earth's surface represents the only long term (1982 to the present) global record with spatial scales appropriate for human scale studies (i.e., tens of meters). Temperature drives many of the physical and biological processes that impact the global and local environment. As our knowledge of, and interest in, the role of temperature on these processes have grown, the value of Landsat data to monitor trends and process has also grown. The value of the Landsat thermal data archive will continue to grow as we develop more effective ways to study the long term processes and trends affecting the planet. However, in order to take proper advantage of the thermal data, we need to be able to convert the data to surface temperatures. A critical step in this process is to have the entire archive completely and consistently calibrated into absolute radiance so that it can be atmospherically compensated to surface leaving radiance and then to surface radiometric temperature. This paper addresses the methods and procedures that have been used to perform the radiometric calibration of the earliest sizable thermal data set in the archive (Landsat 4 data). The completion of this effort along with the updated calibration of the earlier (1985–1999) Landsat 5 data, also reported here, concludes a comprehensive calibration of the Landsat thermal archive of data from 1982 to the present.
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Landsat 4 Thematic Mapper Calibration Update
IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing, 2012Co-Authors: Dennis L. Helder, Cory Mettler, Rimy Malla, Brian L. Markham, Esad MicijevicAbstract:The Landsat 4 Thematic Mapper (TM) collected imagery of the Earth's surface from 1982 to 1993. Although largely overshadowed by Landsat 5 which was launched in 1984, Landsat 4 TM imagery extends the TM-based record of the Earth back to 1982 and also substantially supplements the image archive collected by Landsat 5. To provide a consistent calibration record for the TM instruments, Landsat 4 TM was cross-calibrated to Landsat 5 using nearly simultaneous overpass imagery of pseudo-invariant calibration sites (PICS) in the time period of 1988-1990. To determine if the radiometric gain of Landsat 4 had changed over its lifetime, time series from two PICS locations (a Saharan site known as Libya 4 and a site in southwest North America, commonly referred to as the Sonoran Desert site) were developed. The results indicated that Landsat 4 had been very stable over its lifetime, with no discernible degradation in sensor performance in all reflective bands except band 1. In contrast, band 1 exhibited a 12% decay in responsivity over the lifetime of the instrument. Results from this paper have been implemented at USGS EROS, which enables users of Landsat TM data sets to obtain consistently calibrated data from Landsat 4 and 5 TM as well as Landsat 7 ETM+ instruments.
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Landsat-4 and Landsat-5 thematic mapper band 6 historical performance and calibration
Proceedings of SPIE, 2005Co-Authors: Julia A Barsi, Gyanesh Chander, Brian L. Markham, Nicholas HiggsAbstract:Launched in 1982 and 1984 respectively, the Landsat-4 and -5 Thematic Mappers (TM) are the backbone of an extensive archive of moderate resolution Earth imagery. However, these sensors and their data products were not subjected to the type of intensive monitoring that has been part of the Landsat-7 system since its launch in 1999. With Landsat-4's 11 year and Landsat-5's 20+ year data record, there is a need to understand the historical behavior of the instruments in order to verify the scientific integrity of the archive and processed products. Performance indicators of the Landsat-4 and -5 thermal bands have recently been extracted from a processing system database allowing for a more complete study of thermal band characteristics and calibration than was previously possible. The database records responses to the internal calibration system, instrument temperatures and applied gains and offsets for each band for every scene processed through the National Landsat Archive Production System (NLAPS). Analysis of this database has allowed for greater understanding of the calibration and improvement in the processing system. This paper will cover the trends in the Landsat-4 and -5 thermal bands, the effect of the changes seen in the trends, and how these trends affect the use of the thermal data.
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Landsat sensor performance history and current status
IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing, 2004Co-Authors: Brian L. Markham, James C. Storey, D L Williams, James R IronsAbstract:The current Thematic Mapper (TM) class of Landsat sensors began with Landsat-4, which was launched in 1982. This series continued with the nearly identical sensor on Landsat-5, launched in 1984. The final sensor in the series was the Landsat-7 Enhanced Thematic Mapper Plus (ETM+), which was carried into orbit in 1999. Varying degrees of effort have been devoted to the characterization of these instruments and data over the past 22 years. Extensive short-lived efforts early in the history, very limited efforts in the middle years, and now a systematic program for continuing characterization of all three systems are apparent. Currently, both the Landsat-5 TM and the Landsat-7 ETM+ are operational and providing data. Despite 20+ years of operation, the TM on Landsat-5 is fully functional, although downlinks for the data are limited. Landsat-7 ETM+ experienced a failure of its Scan Line Corrector mechanism in May 2003. Although there are gaps in the data coverage, the data remain of equivalent quality to prefailure data. Data products have been developed to fill these gaps using other ETM+ scenes.
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Landsat 7 enhanced thematic mapper plus radiometric calibration
Canadian Journal of Remote Sensing, 1997Co-Authors: Brian L. Markham, Wayne C Boncyk, D L Helder, John L BarkerAbstract:Le satellite Landsat-7 est presentement en phase de construction et d'essai en vue de son lancement prevu en 1998. Le capteur ETM+ (Enhanced Thematic Mapper Plus) de Landsat-7, une version derivee des capteurs Thematic Mapper (TM) de Landsat 4 et 5 dont la performance a ete reconnue unanimement, de meme que le systeme de support terrestre pour Landsat-7 ont ete concus pour permettre l'amelioration de la performance de l'etalonnage radiometrique des donnees. De plus, des campagnes regulieres de mesures associees d'etalonnage sont planifiees pour fournir une information additionnelle en vue de l'etalonnage de l'instrument ETM+. Les modifications primaires de l'instrument incluent l'ajout de deux instruments d'etalonnage solaire: le calibreur solaire a pleine ouverture, un diffuseur deployable, et le calibreur solaire a ouverture partielle, un instrument passif qui permet au capteur ETM+ d'imager le soleil. La procedure de traitement au sol incorpore pour la premiere fois une capacite autonome de traitement, le systeme IAS (Image Assessment System) pour effectuer l'etalonnage, l'evaluation et l'analyse des donnees. Les capacites de traitement du systeme IAS comprennent la caracterisation et la correction radiometrique des artefacts, l'etalonnage radiometrique a partir de sources multiples de calibreurs, l'inclusion des resultats des campagnes de mesures associees d'etalonnage et de l'analyse de tendance des donnees d'etalonnage pour ameliorer l'estimation de l'etalonnage. Le Systeme de generation de produits Landsat (Landsat Product Generation System), la portion du systeme terrestre responsable de la production des produits etalonnes, incorporera les algorithmes de correction radiometrique des artefacts et utilisera l'information sur l'etalonnage generee par le systeme IAS. L'information sur l'etalonnage sera aussi relayee aux systemes de traitement au sol a travers le monde.
Andrea Baraldi - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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automatic spectral rule based preliminary classification of radiometrically calibrated spot 4 5 irs avhrr msg aatsr ikonos quickbird orbview geoeye and dmc spot 1 2 imagery part ii classification accuracy assessment
IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing, 2010Co-Authors: Andrea Baraldi, L Durieux, D Simonetti, G Conchedda, F Holecz, P BlondaAbstract:In Part I of this paper, an operational fully automated Landsat-like image spectral rule-based decision-tree classifier (LSRC), suitable for mapping radiometrically calibrated seven-band Landsat-4/-5 Thematic Mapper (TM) and Landsat-7 Enhanced TM+ (ETM+) spaceborne images [eventually synthesized from the Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer (ASTER) and the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) imaging sensor] into a discrete and finite set of spectral categories, has been downscaled to properly deal with spaceborne multispectral imaging sensors whose spectral resolution overlaps with, but is inferior to Landsat's, namely: 1) Satellite Pour l'Observation de la Terre (SPOT)-4/-5, Indian Remote Sensing Satellite (IRS)-1C/-1D/-P6 Linear Imaging Self-Scanner (LISS)-III, and IRS-P6 Advanced Wide Field Sensor (AWiFS); 2) National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) and Meteosat Second Generation (MSG); 3) Environmental Satellite (ENVISAT) Advanced Along-Track Scanning Radiometer (AATSR); 4) GeoEye-1, IKONOS-2, QuickBird-2, OrbView-3, TopSat, KOrean MultiPurpose SATellite (KOMPSAT)-2, FORMOsa SATellite (FORMOSAT)-2, Advanced Land Observing Satellite (ALOS) Advanced Visible and Near Infrared Radiometer type 2 (AVNIR-2), RapidEye, WorldView-2, PLEIADES-1/-2, and SPOT-6/-7; and 5) Disaster Monitoring Constellation (DMC), IRS-P6 LISS-IV, and SPOT-1/-2. LSRC, together with its five downscaled versions, identified, respectively, as the four-band SPOT-like SRC (SSRC), the four-band AVHRR-like SRC (AVSRC), the five-band AATSR-like SRC (AASRC), the four-band IKONOS-like SRC (ISRC), and the three-band DMC-like SRC (DSRC), form the so-called integrated SRC system of systems. In this paper, first, the classification accuracy and robustness to changes in the input data set of SSRC, AVSRC, AASRC, ISRC, and DSRC are assessed, both qualitatively and quantitatively, in comparison with LSRC's. Next, ongoing and future SRC applications are presented and discussed. They encompass: 1) the implementation of operational two-stage stratified hierarchical Remote Sensing (RS) image understanding systems discussed in Part I of this paper; 2) the integration of near real-time satellite mapping services with Internet map servers; and 3) the development of a new approach to semantic querying of large-scale multisensor image databases. These experimental results and application examples prove that the integrated SRC system of systems is operational, namely, it is effective, near real-time, automatic, and robust to changes in the input data set. Therefore, SRC appears eligible for use in operational satellite-based measurement systems such as those envisaged by the ongoing international Global Earth Observation System of Systems (GEOSS) Programme and the Global Monitoring for Environment and Security (GMES) system project.
Esad Micijevic - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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radiometric characterization of Landsat collection 1 products
Earth Observing Systems XXII, 2017Co-Authors: Esad Micijevic, Md Obaidul Haque, Nischal MishraAbstract:Landsat data in the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) archive are being reprocessed to generate a tiered collection of consistently geolocated and radiometrically calibrated products that are suitable for time series analyses. With the implementation of the collection management, no major updates will be made to calibration of the Landsat sensors within a collection. Only calibration parameters needed to maintain the established calibration trends without an effect on derived environmental records will be regularly updated, while all other changes will be deferred to a new collection. This first collection, Collection 1, incorporates various radiometric calibration updates to all Landsat sensors including absolute and relative gains for Landsat 8 Operational Land Imager (OLI), stray light correction for Landsat 8 Thermal Infrared Sensor (TIRS), absolute gains for Landsat 4 and 5 Thematic Mappers (TM), recalibration of Landsat 1-5 Multispectral Scanners (MSS) to ensure radiometric consistency among different formats of archived MSS data, and a transfer of Landsat 8 OLI reflectance based calibration to all previous Landsat sensors. While all OLI/TIRS, ETM+ and majority of TM data have already been reprocessed to Collection 1, a completion of MSS and remaining TM data reprocessing is expected by the end of this year. It is important to note that, although still available for download from the USGS web pages, the products generated using the Pre-Collection processing do not benefit from the latest radiometric calibration updates. In this paper, we are assessing radiometry of solar reflective bands in Landsat Collection 1 products through analysis of trends in on-board calibrator and pseudo invariant site (PICS) responses.
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Landsat 4 Thematic Mapper Calibration Update
IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing, 2012Co-Authors: Dennis L. Helder, Cory Mettler, Rimy Malla, Brian L. Markham, Esad MicijevicAbstract:The Landsat 4 Thematic Mapper (TM) collected imagery of the Earth's surface from 1982 to 1993. Although largely overshadowed by Landsat 5 which was launched in 1984, Landsat 4 TM imagery extends the TM-based record of the Earth back to 1982 and also substantially supplements the image archive collected by Landsat 5. To provide a consistent calibration record for the TM instruments, Landsat 4 TM was cross-calibrated to Landsat 5 using nearly simultaneous overpass imagery of pseudo-invariant calibration sites (PICS) in the time period of 1988-1990. To determine if the radiometric gain of Landsat 4 had changed over its lifetime, time series from two PICS locations (a Saharan site known as Libya 4 and a site in southwest North America, commonly referred to as the Sonoran Desert site) were developed. The results indicated that Landsat 4 had been very stable over its lifetime, with no discernible degradation in sensor performance in all reflective bands except band 1. In contrast, band 1 exhibited a 12% decay in responsivity over the lifetime of the instrument. Results from this paper have been implemented at USGS EROS, which enables users of Landsat TM data sets to obtain consistently calibrated data from Landsat 4 and 5 TM as well as Landsat 7 ETM+ instruments.
