Language Attitude

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Rosseel Laura - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • Measuring Language Attitudes in context: Exploring the potential of the Personalized Implicit Association Test
    'Cambridge University Press (CUP)', 2019
    Co-Authors: Rosseel Laura, Speelman Dirk, Geeraerts Dirk
    Abstract:

    After decades of relative methodological stagnation, Language Attitude research is witnessing an influx of new experimental methods originally developed in social psychology. One such measure is the Personalized Implicit Association Test (P-IAT), a reaction-time-based method that measures the association between two concepts. The P-IAT has been used successfully to measure Language Attitudes, yet presents a number of challenges, like the fact that it measures Attitudes void of linguistic or interactional context. This article aims to address that challenge and introduces a contextualized version of the P-IAT, which was used alongside an explicit measurement to explore Attitudes towards varieties of Dutch in formal vs. informal settings. While the explicit Attitudes show the expected pattern of preference for the standard variety in formal contexts, results from the implicit measurement are not as clear-cut. We discuss potential explanations for these findings and reflect on consequences for future sociolinguistic research using the P-IAT.status: Published onlin

  • The role of awareness in the measurement of Language Attitudes
    2018
    Co-Authors: Rosseel Laura, Speelman Dirk, Geeraerts Dirk
    Abstract:

    In the linguistic tradition of Attitude research, awareness has always been considered a key concept (Kristiansen 2010). Many linguists distinguish between overt/public/conscious and covert/private/unconscious Attitudes. Language users are assumed to be aware of the former, while potentially unaware of the latter. These unconscious Attitudes are traditionally probed using indirect methods like the matched-guise technique in which researchers make sure participants are unaware of the fact that they are eliciting Language Attitudes. Recently, however, Language Attitude research has adopted a new strand of Attitude measures which have been developed in the field of social psychology (e.g. Speelman et al. 2013; Campbell-Kibler 2012). These new methods aim to measure implicit Attitudes as opposed to explicit Attitudes. Contrary to the linguistic emphasis on awareness, the social psychological concept of implicitness goes beyond this single feature of awareness and includes aspects like controllability, resource-dependence and intentionality. In this paper, we reflect on the potential of a re-evaluation of the concept of awareness in Language Attitudes research in the context of a study introducing one of those novel social psychological implicit Attitude measures, the Relational Responding Taks (RRT, De Houwer et al. 2015), to sociolinguistics. In our study, we investigate Attitudes towards two varieties of Dutch, Standard Belgian Dutch (SBD) and Colloquial Belgian Dutch (CBD), in a sample of Flemish students. Previous research has suggested that the former variety enjoys prestige associations, while the latter is perceived as dynamic and trendy (e.g. Impe & Speelman 2007; Grondelaers & Speelman 2013). Some of those studies have emphasized that the dynamism Attitudes towards CBD are strictly situated at a level of unconsciousness (Grondelaers & Speelman 2013). We use the RRT to check whether we can also measure these dynamism associations at the level of implicitness, where unawareness is replaced by uncontrollability and unintentionality. Additionally, a traditional questionnaire was used to probe the same Attitudes at the explicit level, i.e. with respondents fully aware and in control of the expression of their Attitudes. Results confirm prestige Attitudes towards SBD and dynamism associations with CBD, both on the implicit, and the explicit level. References Campbell-Kibler, K. (2012). The Implicit Association Test and sociolinguistic meaning. Lingua 122(7): 753–763. De Houwer, J., Heider, N., Spruyt, A., Roets, A., & Hughes, S. (2015). The relational responding task: toward a new implicit measure of beliefs. Frontiers in Psychology 6(article319). Grondelaers, S., & Speelman, D. (2013). Can speaker evaluation return private Attitudes towards stigmatised varieties? Evidence from emergent standardisation in Belgian Dutch. In T. Kristiansen & S. Grondelaers (Eds.), Language (De)standardisations in Late Modern Europe: Experimental Studies 171–191. Oslo: Novus. Impe, L., & Speelman, D. (2007). Vlamingen en hun (tussen)taal: Een attittudineel mixed guise-onderzoek. Handelingen van de Koninklijke Zuid-Nederlandse Maatschappij voor Taal- En Letterkunde en Geschiedenis, 16, 109-128. Kristiansen, T. (2010). Attitudes, ideology and awareness. In R. Wodak, B. Johnston, & P. Kerswill (Eds.), The Sage Handbook of Sociolinguistics (pp. 265-278). London: Sage. Speelman, D., Spruyt, A., Impe, L., & Geeraerts, D. (2013). Language Attitudes revisited: Auditory affective priming. Journal of Pragmatics 52: 83–92.status: accepte

  • The role of awareness in the measurement of Language Attitudes
    2018
    Co-Authors: Rosseel Laura, Speelman Dirk, Geeraerts Dirk
    Abstract:

    In the linguistic tradition of Attitude research, awareness has always been considered a key concept (Kristiansen 2010). Many linguists distinguish between overt/public/conscious and covert/private/unconscious Attitudes. Language users are assumed to be aware of the former, while potentially unaware of the latter. These unconscious Attitudes are traditionally probed using indirect methods like the matched-guise technique in which researchers make sure participants are unaware of the fact that they are eliciting Language Attitudes. Recently, however, Language Attitude research has adopted a new strand of Attitude measures which have been developed in the field of social psychology (e.g. Speelman et al. 2013; Campbell-Kibler 2012). These new methods aim to measure implicit Attitudes as opposed to explicit Attitudes. Contrary to the linguistic emphasis on awareness, the social psychological concept of implicitness goes beyond this single feature of awareness and includes aspects like controllability, resource-dependence and intentionality. In this paper, we reflect on the potential of a re-evaluation of the concept of awareness in Language Attitudes research in the context of a study introducing one of those novel social psychological implicit Attitude measures, the Relational Responding Taks (RRT, De Houwer et al. 2015), to sociolinguistics. In our study, we investigate Attitudes towards two varieties of Dutch, Standard Belgian Dutch (SBD) and Colloquial Belgian Dutch (CBD), in a sample of Flemish students. Previous research has suggested that the former variety enjoys prestige associations, while the latter is perceived as dynamic and trendy (e.g. Impe & Speelman 2007; Grondelaers & Speelman 2013). Some of those studies have emphasized that the dynamism Attitudes towards CBD are strictly situated at a level of unconsciousness (Grondelaers & Speelman 2013). We use the RRT to check whether we can also measure these dynamism associations at the level of implicitness, where unawareness is replaced by uncontrollability and unintentionality. Additionally, a traditional questionnaire was used to probe the same Attitudes at the explicit level, i.e. with respondents fully aware and in control of the expression of their Attitudes. Results confirm prestige Attitudes towards SBD and dynamism associations with CBD, both on the implicit, and the explicit level. References Campbell-Kibler, K. (2012). The Implicit Association Test and sociolinguistic meaning. Lingua 122(7): 753–763. De Houwer, J., Heider, N., Spruyt, A., Roets, A., & Hughes, S. (2015). The relational responding task: toward a new implicit measure of beliefs. Frontiers in Psychology 6(article319). Grondelaers, S., & Speelman, D. (2013). Can speaker evaluation return private Attitudes towards stigmatised varieties? Evidence from emergent standardisation in Belgian Dutch. In T. Kristiansen & S. Grondelaers (Eds.), Language (De)standardisations in Late Modern Europe: Experimental Studies 171–191. Oslo: Novus. Impe, L., & Speelman, D. (2007). Vlamingen en hun (tussen)taal: Een attittudineel mixed guise-onderzoek. Handelingen van de Koninklijke Zuid-Nederlandse Maatschappij voor Taal- En Letterkunde en Geschiedenis, 16, 109-128. Kristiansen, T. (2010). Attitudes, ideology and awareness. In R. Wodak, B. Johnston, & P. Kerswill (Eds.), The Sage Handbook of Sociolinguistics (pp. 265-278). London: Sage. Speelman, D., Spruyt, A., Impe, L., & Geeraerts, D. (2013). Language Attitudes revisited: Auditory affective priming. Journal of Pragmatics 52: 83–92.status: publishe

  • Nieuwe meetmethodes voor de sociale betekenis van taalvariatie: een exploratie van de Personalized Implicit Association Test en de Relational Responding Task
    2017
    Co-Authors: Rosseel Laura
    Abstract:

    The objective of this work is twofold. It sets out to contribute to the study of Language Attitudes on a methodological as well as a descriptive level. The main goal of the study is the methodological one. Notwithstanding some exceptions (e.g. Preston 1982), quantitative Language Attitude research has known little methodological innovation since the introduction of the matched-guise technique in the 1960s (Lambert et al. 1960). This relative methodological stagnation forms a stark contrast with the recent explosion of new methods in social psychology. The latter field is heavily invested in the study of Attitudes and has witnessed the development of a large amount of new Attitude measures in the last few decades (Petty et al. 2009; Gawronski & De Houwer 2014). In this thesis, we investigate whether linguistic Attitude research can take advantage of these recent developments in psychological Attitude research: is it possible to use those new Attitude measures to study the social meaning of Language variation? The second goal of our research is a descriptive one. In the past decades, Attitudes towards Dutch Language variation have been relatively understudied. In the Netherlands, this situation is changing as more linguistic Attitude studies are being carried out (cf. recent work by Grondelaers et al. 2009; Grondelaers & Van Hout 2010). By contrast, in Flanders, the Dutch speaking part of Belgium, there is still much work to be done. Against this background, we aim to make a contribution to the emerging picture of the Language attitudinal landscape in Flanders. To accomplish these goals, three studies were conducted. These studies focus on three different social psychological Attitude measures and feature five varieties of Belgian Dutch. The first study explores the Personalized Implicit Association Test (P-IAT, Olson & Fazio 2004) to measure Attitudes towards Standard Belgian Dutch and two regional varieties of Belgian Dutch (Chapter 2). The P-IAT is compared to two other Attitude measures in this study: a direct rating task and a second social psychological technique called affective priming (AP, Speelman et al. 2013). Following up on the successful implementation of the P-IAT as a Language Attitude measure in the first study, the second study continues the exploration of the P-IAT. Experimental methods like the P-IAT often decontextualise the Attitude object. Given the abundant evidence in both the social psychological and sociolinguistic literature that context significantly influences Attitudes (e.g. Gawronski & De Houwer 2014; Campbell-Kibler 2007; Soukup 2013a), we set out to investigate whether we could introduce context cues in the design of the P-IAT. If successful, the method could be used to measure Attitudes in a more contextualised way. In the final study, we investigate the potential of the Relational Responding Task (RRT, De Houwer et al. 2015) as a measure for Language Attitudes. The RRT is used to measure which social meaning listeners associate with Standard Belgian Dutch and Colloquial Belgian Dutch. To provide the necessary background for the studies, we first present a state of the art of Attitude measurement in linguistics and social psychology. In addition to this overview, we discuss in detail how the social psychological measures under study (AP, the P-IAT and the RRT) function. This is followed by a comparative review of their procedural characteristics, which points out potential advantages and shortcomings in the light of their use in sociolinguistic Attitude research. Overall, on the methodological level, the results are promising: we have been able to successfully implement the P-IAT and RRT to measure Language Attitudes. However, further research is required to obtain a more thorough understanding of certain procedural aspects of the methods, but also to investigate a number of theoretical issues, such as the categorization processes involved in Language Attitudes. From a descriptive perspective, the results of our studies corroborate a number of findings that have come out of previous research and add to them. For instance, Language users hold very positive Attitudes towards Standard Belgian Dutch. This variety is particularly associated with status and competence and formal usage contexts, although it is also perceived positively in informal situations. Supraregional varieties of Dutch, by contrast, are exclusively associated with informal situations. Speakers of these varieties are perceived as sounding dynamic and trendy. Contrary to previous research, we have been able to measure these associations with supraregional Dutch using a direct Attitude measure. The final chapter of this thesis situates our research in a larger framework to illustrate its theoretical relevance. Although the main objective of this work is to provide novel tools for sociolinguistic research on Language Attitudes, it also goes beyond this methodological aim. That is to say, our work fits within the tradition of Cognitive Sociolinguistics. This emerging field aims to combine the strengths of sociolinguistics and Cognitive Linguistics, namely the empirical study of intralinguistic variation and the study of meaning (Geeraerts & Kristiansen 2015). That Cognitive Sociolinguistic project takes shape in this thesis through the study of the social meaning Language users attribute to Language variation. References: Campbell-Kibler, K. (2007). Accent, (ING), and the social logic of listener perceptions. American Speech, 82(1), 32–64. De Houwer, J., Heider, N., Spruyt, A., Roets, A., & Hughes, S. (2015). The relational responding task: Toward a new implicit measure of beliefs. Frontiers in Psychology, 6, article 319. Gawronski, B., & De Houwer, J. (2014). Implicit measures in social and personality psychology. In H. T. Reis, & C. M. Judd (Eds.), Handbook of Research Methods in Social and Personality Psychology (2nd ed., pp. 283–310). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Geeraerts, D., & Kristiansen, G. (2015). Variationist linguistics. In E. Dąbrowska, & D. Divjak (Eds.), Handbook of Cognitive Linguistics (pp. 365–388). Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton. Grondelaers, S. & Van Hout, R. (2010). Is Standard Dutch with a regional accent standard or not? Evidence from native speakers’ Attitudes. Language Variation and Change, 22(2), 221–239. Grondelaers, S., Van Hout, R., & Steegs, M. (2009). Evaluating regional accent variation in Standard Dutch. Journal of Language and Social Psychology, 29(1), 101–116. Lambert, W. E., Hodgson, R. C., Gardner, R. C., & Fillenbaum, S. (1960). Evaluational reactions to spoken Languages. The Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 60(1), 44–51. Olson, M. A., & Fazio, R. H. (2004). Reducing the influence of extrapersonal associations on the Implicit Association Test: Personalizing the IAT. Journal of Personality & Social Psychology, 86(5), 653–667. Petty, R. E., Fazio, R. H., & Briñol, P. (2009). The new implicit measures: An overview. In R. E. Petty, R. H. Fazio, & P. Brinol (Eds.), Attitudes: Insights from the New Implicit Measures (pp. 3–18). New York: Psychology Press. Preston, D. R. (1982). Perceptual dialectology: Mental maps of United States dialects from a Hawaiian perspective. Working Papers in Linguistics, 14(2), 5-49. Department of Linguistics, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu. Soukup, B. (2013a). The measurement of ‘Language Attitudes’ - A reappraisal from a constructionist perspective. In T. Kristiansen, & S. Grondelaers (Eds.), Language (De)standardisations in Late Modern Europe: Experimental Studies (pp. 251–266). Oslo: Novus. Speelman, D., Spruyt, A., Impe, L., & Geeraerts, D. (2013). Language Attitudes revisited: Auditory affective priming. Journal of Pragmatics, 52, 83–92.nrpages: 222status: publishe

  • Implicitness and experimental methods in Language variation research
    2017
    Co-Authors: Rosseel Laura, Grondelaers Stefan
    Abstract:

    Implicitness, whether it is used in the context of Language Attitude research (Garrett 2010), work on Language regard (Preston 2010) or studies focussing on the social meaning of Language variation (Campbell-Kibler 2007), is a problematic concept in linguistics. Few researchers have taken up the challenge of reflecting on, and defining its nature, let alone that anyone has ever pinpointed its theoretical significance or how exactly we can measure it. Firstly, from a conceptual point of view, several definitions and interpretations of implicitness have been put forward, but in linguistics the focus tends to be on awareness/level of consciousness (e.g. Labov 1972; Kristiansen 2009; Garrett 2010; Grondelaers & Kristiansen 2013; Preston 2013; Preston 2015). In social psychology, by contrast, the concept of implicitness has been questioned extensively and researchers have proposed multidimensional definitions that recognize more facets in the concept of implicitness than just awareness, facets which are not usually considered in linguistic research. Implicitness in this field is usually understood in terms of automaticity which comprises multiple features (unintentionality, resource-independence, uncontrollability as well as unconsciousness) that need not all be present, but can qualify the way in which the outcome of an Attitude measure is implicit (De Houwer et al. 2009; De Houwer & Moors 2010; Gawronski & De Houwer 2014). Such definitions of implicitness seems to allow for a conceptualization in terms of gradience, or a continuum between implicitness and explicitness. Secondly, when it comes to the theoretical importance of implicitness, it has been claimed that implicit, private, deep evaluations can access the perceptual correlates of linguistic change (Grondelaers & Kristiansen 2013; Kristiansen 2010; Preston 2013). However, studies like Soukup (2013) which showcases that the use of an open guise technique (where participants are aware of the fact that one speaker uses different Language varieties), claim to be able to explain Language variation in certain contexts. This may raise questions like: do we always need implicit measures? What is the theoretical significance of implicitness in the study of Language variation and change? Should it occupy a privileged position when it comes to explaining the driving force behind Language change as suggested by Kristiansen (2010) contrary to for instance Labov’s (2001) current more anti-subjective position? Finally, challenging the linguistic conception of implicitness has important methodological consequences. If we ask ourselves the question what exactly we mean by implicitness, and if we should find that it is a multifaceted concept, we should also ask ourselves which aspect of implicitness we are measuring with specific methods and tools. This goes for traditional sociolinguistic methods like matched guise experiments, but the question is especially relevant in the context of the recent upsurge in social psychological measures to study implicit associations. Linguists are gradually starting to use methods originally developed in social psychology, like the Implicit Association Test (e.g. Campbell-Kibler 2012; Redinger 2010; Babel 2010; Pantos & Perkins 2012; Lee 2015; Rosseel et al. 2015; Loudermilk 2015; Watt & Llamas 2015). Yet, they do not always question what it is exactly that these tools measure, how these methods fit in with sociolinguistic conceptions of Attitudes and social meaning, and how the measurements compare to the ones obtained from more traditional tools (e.g. matched/verbal guise experiments). This workshop aims to bring together experimental research into Language regard and into the social meaning of Language variation, which approaches and reflects on implicitness from different angles: conceptual, theoretical or methodological. Contributions to the workshop deal with questions such as: - What aspects of implicitness play a crucial role for linguistic Attitude research and research into Language variation and change? - How do different interpretations of implicitness relate to different methods to capture Language regard/Attitudes/social meaning of Language variation? - What is the relationship between implicit and explicit Attitudes? Are they discrete entities or are they the extreme ends of a continuum? - What is the link between concepts like implicitness, salience and awareness? - Which research questions require measuring implicit Attitudes/associations and which ones are better studied using explicit measures or a combination of both? References Babel, M. (2010). Dialect divergence and convergence in New Zealand English. Language in Society, 39(4), 437–456. Campbell-Kibler, K. (2007). Accent, (ING), and the social logic of listener perceptions. American Speech, 82(1), 32–64. Campbell-Kibler, K. (2012). The Implicit Association Test and sociolinguistic meaning. Lingua, 122(7), 753–763. De Houwer, J., & Moors, A. (2010). Implicit measures: Similarities and differences. In B. Gawronski & B. K. Payne (Eds.), Handbook of Implicit Social Cognition: Measurement, Theory and Applications. New York: Guilford Press. De Houwer, J., Teige-Mocigemba, S., Spruyt, A., & Moors, A. (2009). Implicit measures: A normative analysis and review. Psychological Bulletin, 135(3), 347–68. Garrett, P. (2010). Attitudes to Language. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Gawronski, B., & De Houwer, J. (2014). Implicit measures in social and personality psychology. In H. T. Reis & C. M. Judd (Eds.), Handbook of Research Methods in Social and Personality Psychology (2nd ed., pp. 283–310). New York: Cambridge University Press. Greenwald, A. G., McGhee, D. E., & Schwartz, J. L. K. (1998). Measuring individual differences in implicit cognition: The implicit association test. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 74(6), 1464–1480. Grondelaers, S., & Kristiansen, T. (2013). On the need to access deep evaluations when searching for the motor of standard Language change. In T. Kristiansen & S. Grondelaers (Eds.), Language (De)standardisations in Late Modern Europe: Experimental Studies (pp. 9–52). Oslo: Novus Press. Kristiansen, T. (2009). The macro level social meaning of late modern Danish accents. Acta Linguistica Hafniensia 41(1), 167–192. Kristiansen, T. (2010). Attitudes, ideology and awareness. In R. Wodak, B. Johnston, & P. Kerswill (Eds.), The Sage Handbook of Sociolinguistics (pp. 265–278). Los Angeles, London, New Delhi, Singapore, Washington DC: Sage. Labov, W. (1972.) Sociolinguistic Patterns. Philadelphia: Pennsylvania University Press. Labov, W. (2001.) Principles of Linguistic Change. Social Factors (Vol. 2). Oxford: Blackwell. Lee, R. (2015). Implicit associations with Welsh in two educational contexts. York Papers in Linguistics, 2(14), 81–105. Loudermilk, B. C. (2015). Implicit Attitudes and the perception of sociolinguistic variation. In A. Prikhodkine & D. Preston (Eds.), Responses to Language Varieties. Variability, Processes and Outcomes (pp. 137-156). Amsterdam/Philadelphia: John Bejamins. Pantos, A. J., & Perkins, A. W. (2012). Measuring Implicit and Explicit Attitudes Toward Foreign Accented Speech. Journal of Language and Social Psychology, 32(1), 3–20. Preston, D. R. (2010). Variation in Language regard. In E. Zeigler, P. Gilles, & J. Scharloth (Eds.), Variatio delectat: empirische Evidenzen und theoretische Passungen sprachlicher Variation (pp. 7-27). Frankfurt am Main: Peter Lang. Preston, D. R. (2013). The influence of regard on Language variation and change. Journal of Pragmatics, 52, 93–104. Preston, D. R. (2015). Does Language regard vary? In A. Prikhodkine & D. Preston (Eds.), Responses to Language Varieties. Variability, Processes and Outcomes (pp. 3-36). Amsterdam/Philadelphia: John Bejamins. Redinger, D. (2010). Language Attitudes and Code-switching Behaviour in a Multilingual Educational Context : The Case of Luxembourg. The University of York. Rosseel, L., Speelman, D., & Geeraerts, D. (2015). Can social psychological Attitude measures be used to study Language Attitudes? A case study exploring the Personalized Implicit Association Test. In Proceedings of the 6th Conference on Quantitative Investigations in Theoretical Linguistics. Soukup, B. (2013). On matching speaker (dis)guises - revisiting a methodological tradition. In T. Kristiansen & S. Grondelaers (Eds.), Language (De)standardisation in Late Modern Europe: Experimental Studies (pp. 267–285). Oslo: Novus Press. Watt, D., & Llamas, C. (2015). Perception of difference: Socioindexical forms in the Scottish/English border region. Talk presented at ICLaVE 8, Leipzig.status: publishe

Geeraerts Dirk - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • Measuring Language Attitudes in context: Exploring the potential of the Personalized Implicit Association Test
    'Cambridge University Press (CUP)', 2019
    Co-Authors: Rosseel Laura, Speelman Dirk, Geeraerts Dirk
    Abstract:

    After decades of relative methodological stagnation, Language Attitude research is witnessing an influx of new experimental methods originally developed in social psychology. One such measure is the Personalized Implicit Association Test (P-IAT), a reaction-time-based method that measures the association between two concepts. The P-IAT has been used successfully to measure Language Attitudes, yet presents a number of challenges, like the fact that it measures Attitudes void of linguistic or interactional context. This article aims to address that challenge and introduces a contextualized version of the P-IAT, which was used alongside an explicit measurement to explore Attitudes towards varieties of Dutch in formal vs. informal settings. While the explicit Attitudes show the expected pattern of preference for the standard variety in formal contexts, results from the implicit measurement are not as clear-cut. We discuss potential explanations for these findings and reflect on consequences for future sociolinguistic research using the P-IAT.status: Published onlin

  • The role of awareness in the measurement of Language Attitudes
    2018
    Co-Authors: Rosseel Laura, Speelman Dirk, Geeraerts Dirk
    Abstract:

    In the linguistic tradition of Attitude research, awareness has always been considered a key concept (Kristiansen 2010). Many linguists distinguish between overt/public/conscious and covert/private/unconscious Attitudes. Language users are assumed to be aware of the former, while potentially unaware of the latter. These unconscious Attitudes are traditionally probed using indirect methods like the matched-guise technique in which researchers make sure participants are unaware of the fact that they are eliciting Language Attitudes. Recently, however, Language Attitude research has adopted a new strand of Attitude measures which have been developed in the field of social psychology (e.g. Speelman et al. 2013; Campbell-Kibler 2012). These new methods aim to measure implicit Attitudes as opposed to explicit Attitudes. Contrary to the linguistic emphasis on awareness, the social psychological concept of implicitness goes beyond this single feature of awareness and includes aspects like controllability, resource-dependence and intentionality. In this paper, we reflect on the potential of a re-evaluation of the concept of awareness in Language Attitudes research in the context of a study introducing one of those novel social psychological implicit Attitude measures, the Relational Responding Taks (RRT, De Houwer et al. 2015), to sociolinguistics. In our study, we investigate Attitudes towards two varieties of Dutch, Standard Belgian Dutch (SBD) and Colloquial Belgian Dutch (CBD), in a sample of Flemish students. Previous research has suggested that the former variety enjoys prestige associations, while the latter is perceived as dynamic and trendy (e.g. Impe & Speelman 2007; Grondelaers & Speelman 2013). Some of those studies have emphasized that the dynamism Attitudes towards CBD are strictly situated at a level of unconsciousness (Grondelaers & Speelman 2013). We use the RRT to check whether we can also measure these dynamism associations at the level of implicitness, where unawareness is replaced by uncontrollability and unintentionality. Additionally, a traditional questionnaire was used to probe the same Attitudes at the explicit level, i.e. with respondents fully aware and in control of the expression of their Attitudes. Results confirm prestige Attitudes towards SBD and dynamism associations with CBD, both on the implicit, and the explicit level. References Campbell-Kibler, K. (2012). The Implicit Association Test and sociolinguistic meaning. Lingua 122(7): 753–763. De Houwer, J., Heider, N., Spruyt, A., Roets, A., & Hughes, S. (2015). The relational responding task: toward a new implicit measure of beliefs. Frontiers in Psychology 6(article319). Grondelaers, S., & Speelman, D. (2013). Can speaker evaluation return private Attitudes towards stigmatised varieties? Evidence from emergent standardisation in Belgian Dutch. In T. Kristiansen & S. Grondelaers (Eds.), Language (De)standardisations in Late Modern Europe: Experimental Studies 171–191. Oslo: Novus. Impe, L., & Speelman, D. (2007). Vlamingen en hun (tussen)taal: Een attittudineel mixed guise-onderzoek. Handelingen van de Koninklijke Zuid-Nederlandse Maatschappij voor Taal- En Letterkunde en Geschiedenis, 16, 109-128. Kristiansen, T. (2010). Attitudes, ideology and awareness. In R. Wodak, B. Johnston, & P. Kerswill (Eds.), The Sage Handbook of Sociolinguistics (pp. 265-278). London: Sage. Speelman, D., Spruyt, A., Impe, L., & Geeraerts, D. (2013). Language Attitudes revisited: Auditory affective priming. Journal of Pragmatics 52: 83–92.status: accepte

  • The role of awareness in the measurement of Language Attitudes
    2018
    Co-Authors: Rosseel Laura, Speelman Dirk, Geeraerts Dirk
    Abstract:

    In the linguistic tradition of Attitude research, awareness has always been considered a key concept (Kristiansen 2010). Many linguists distinguish between overt/public/conscious and covert/private/unconscious Attitudes. Language users are assumed to be aware of the former, while potentially unaware of the latter. These unconscious Attitudes are traditionally probed using indirect methods like the matched-guise technique in which researchers make sure participants are unaware of the fact that they are eliciting Language Attitudes. Recently, however, Language Attitude research has adopted a new strand of Attitude measures which have been developed in the field of social psychology (e.g. Speelman et al. 2013; Campbell-Kibler 2012). These new methods aim to measure implicit Attitudes as opposed to explicit Attitudes. Contrary to the linguistic emphasis on awareness, the social psychological concept of implicitness goes beyond this single feature of awareness and includes aspects like controllability, resource-dependence and intentionality. In this paper, we reflect on the potential of a re-evaluation of the concept of awareness in Language Attitudes research in the context of a study introducing one of those novel social psychological implicit Attitude measures, the Relational Responding Taks (RRT, De Houwer et al. 2015), to sociolinguistics. In our study, we investigate Attitudes towards two varieties of Dutch, Standard Belgian Dutch (SBD) and Colloquial Belgian Dutch (CBD), in a sample of Flemish students. Previous research has suggested that the former variety enjoys prestige associations, while the latter is perceived as dynamic and trendy (e.g. Impe & Speelman 2007; Grondelaers & Speelman 2013). Some of those studies have emphasized that the dynamism Attitudes towards CBD are strictly situated at a level of unconsciousness (Grondelaers & Speelman 2013). We use the RRT to check whether we can also measure these dynamism associations at the level of implicitness, where unawareness is replaced by uncontrollability and unintentionality. Additionally, a traditional questionnaire was used to probe the same Attitudes at the explicit level, i.e. with respondents fully aware and in control of the expression of their Attitudes. Results confirm prestige Attitudes towards SBD and dynamism associations with CBD, both on the implicit, and the explicit level. References Campbell-Kibler, K. (2012). The Implicit Association Test and sociolinguistic meaning. Lingua 122(7): 753–763. De Houwer, J., Heider, N., Spruyt, A., Roets, A., & Hughes, S. (2015). The relational responding task: toward a new implicit measure of beliefs. Frontiers in Psychology 6(article319). Grondelaers, S., & Speelman, D. (2013). Can speaker evaluation return private Attitudes towards stigmatised varieties? Evidence from emergent standardisation in Belgian Dutch. In T. Kristiansen & S. Grondelaers (Eds.), Language (De)standardisations in Late Modern Europe: Experimental Studies 171–191. Oslo: Novus. Impe, L., & Speelman, D. (2007). Vlamingen en hun (tussen)taal: Een attittudineel mixed guise-onderzoek. Handelingen van de Koninklijke Zuid-Nederlandse Maatschappij voor Taal- En Letterkunde en Geschiedenis, 16, 109-128. Kristiansen, T. (2010). Attitudes, ideology and awareness. In R. Wodak, B. Johnston, & P. Kerswill (Eds.), The Sage Handbook of Sociolinguistics (pp. 265-278). London: Sage. Speelman, D., Spruyt, A., Impe, L., & Geeraerts, D. (2013). Language Attitudes revisited: Auditory affective priming. Journal of Pragmatics 52: 83–92.status: publishe

  • Exploring the limits of implicit Attitude measures from social psychology to study Language Attitudes:contextualizing the P-IAT
    2016
    Co-Authors: Rosseel Laura, Geeraerts Dirk, Speelman Dirk
    Abstract:

    Since the introduction of the matched guise technique in the 1960s (Lambert et al. 1960), there has been little methodological innovation in the field of Language Attitude research (Speelman et al. 2013). In social psychology, by contrast, a considerable number of new methods to measure implicit Attitudes has been developed in the past two decades (Gawronski & De Houwer 2014). It is only recently that sociolinguistics has started to explore the potential of some of these social psychological techniques to study Language Attitudes (Redinger 2010, Pantos 2012, Campbell-Kibler 2012 for the Implicit Association Test; Speelman et al. 2013 for Auditory Affective Priming) and so far only the surface has been scratched when it comes to exploring the possibilities and limitations these new methods have to offer for linguistic Attitude research. Moreover many of these measures remain unexplored by linguists altogether. In this paper, we report the results of a case study using the Personalized Implicit Association Test (Olson & Fazio 2004), one of these recently developed social psychological implicit Attitude measures. The P-IAT measures the association between a target concept and an attribute concept (respectively Language variety and valence in our study) by comparing participants’ reaction times in categorisation tasks in which the target and attribute concepts are paired either congruently or incongruently. We measured Attitudes towards two regional varieties of Dutch in Belgium and Standard Belgian Dutch. Results show all participants strongly favour the standard variety over both regional varieties. Yet, between the two regional varieties, participants tend to prefer their own regiolect. In addition to the implicit Attitude measurement using the P-IAT, the case study comprised an explicit Attitude measurement based on semantic differential scales. Outcomes of the implicit and explicit measure were not significantly correlated. Potential methodological and theoretical explanations for this lack of correlation will be discussed in addition to a provisional evaluation of the P-IAT as a measure of Language Attitudes. References Campbell-Kibler, K. (2012). The Implicit Association Test and sociolinguistic meaning. Lingua, 122(7), 753–763. Gawronski, B., & De Houwer, J. (2014). Implicit measures in social and personality psychology. In H. T. Reis & C. M. Judd (Eds.), Handbook of Research Methods in Social and Personality Psychology (2nd ed., pp. 283–310). New York: CUP. Lambert, W. E., Hodgson, R. C., Gardner, R. C., & Fillenbaum, S. (1960). Evaluational reactions to spoken Languages. The Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 60(1), 44–51. Olson, M. A., & Fazio, R. H. (2004). Reducing the influence of extrapersonal associations on the Implicit Association Test: personalizing the IAT. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 86(5), 653–667. Pantos, A. J. (2012). Defining the cognitive mechanisms underlying reactions to foreign accented speech. An experimental approach. Review of Cognitive Linguistics, 10(2), 427–453. Redinger, D. (2010). Language Attitudes and Code-switching Behaviour in a Multilingual Educational Context : The Case of Luxembourg. Unpublished PhD thesis, The University of York. Speelman, D., Spruyt, A., Impe, L., & Geeraerts, D. (2013). Language Attitudes revisited: Auditory affective priming. Journal of Pragmatics, 52, 83–92.status: publishe

Speelman Dirk - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • Measuring Language Attitudes in context: Exploring the potential of the Personalized Implicit Association Test
    'Cambridge University Press (CUP)', 2019
    Co-Authors: Rosseel Laura, Speelman Dirk, Geeraerts Dirk
    Abstract:

    After decades of relative methodological stagnation, Language Attitude research is witnessing an influx of new experimental methods originally developed in social psychology. One such measure is the Personalized Implicit Association Test (P-IAT), a reaction-time-based method that measures the association between two concepts. The P-IAT has been used successfully to measure Language Attitudes, yet presents a number of challenges, like the fact that it measures Attitudes void of linguistic or interactional context. This article aims to address that challenge and introduces a contextualized version of the P-IAT, which was used alongside an explicit measurement to explore Attitudes towards varieties of Dutch in formal vs. informal settings. While the explicit Attitudes show the expected pattern of preference for the standard variety in formal contexts, results from the implicit measurement are not as clear-cut. We discuss potential explanations for these findings and reflect on consequences for future sociolinguistic research using the P-IAT.status: Published onlin

  • The role of awareness in the measurement of Language Attitudes
    2018
    Co-Authors: Rosseel Laura, Speelman Dirk, Geeraerts Dirk
    Abstract:

    In the linguistic tradition of Attitude research, awareness has always been considered a key concept (Kristiansen 2010). Many linguists distinguish between overt/public/conscious and covert/private/unconscious Attitudes. Language users are assumed to be aware of the former, while potentially unaware of the latter. These unconscious Attitudes are traditionally probed using indirect methods like the matched-guise technique in which researchers make sure participants are unaware of the fact that they are eliciting Language Attitudes. Recently, however, Language Attitude research has adopted a new strand of Attitude measures which have been developed in the field of social psychology (e.g. Speelman et al. 2013; Campbell-Kibler 2012). These new methods aim to measure implicit Attitudes as opposed to explicit Attitudes. Contrary to the linguistic emphasis on awareness, the social psychological concept of implicitness goes beyond this single feature of awareness and includes aspects like controllability, resource-dependence and intentionality. In this paper, we reflect on the potential of a re-evaluation of the concept of awareness in Language Attitudes research in the context of a study introducing one of those novel social psychological implicit Attitude measures, the Relational Responding Taks (RRT, De Houwer et al. 2015), to sociolinguistics. In our study, we investigate Attitudes towards two varieties of Dutch, Standard Belgian Dutch (SBD) and Colloquial Belgian Dutch (CBD), in a sample of Flemish students. Previous research has suggested that the former variety enjoys prestige associations, while the latter is perceived as dynamic and trendy (e.g. Impe & Speelman 2007; Grondelaers & Speelman 2013). Some of those studies have emphasized that the dynamism Attitudes towards CBD are strictly situated at a level of unconsciousness (Grondelaers & Speelman 2013). We use the RRT to check whether we can also measure these dynamism associations at the level of implicitness, where unawareness is replaced by uncontrollability and unintentionality. Additionally, a traditional questionnaire was used to probe the same Attitudes at the explicit level, i.e. with respondents fully aware and in control of the expression of their Attitudes. Results confirm prestige Attitudes towards SBD and dynamism associations with CBD, both on the implicit, and the explicit level. References Campbell-Kibler, K. (2012). The Implicit Association Test and sociolinguistic meaning. Lingua 122(7): 753–763. De Houwer, J., Heider, N., Spruyt, A., Roets, A., & Hughes, S. (2015). The relational responding task: toward a new implicit measure of beliefs. Frontiers in Psychology 6(article319). Grondelaers, S., & Speelman, D. (2013). Can speaker evaluation return private Attitudes towards stigmatised varieties? Evidence from emergent standardisation in Belgian Dutch. In T. Kristiansen & S. Grondelaers (Eds.), Language (De)standardisations in Late Modern Europe: Experimental Studies 171–191. Oslo: Novus. Impe, L., & Speelman, D. (2007). Vlamingen en hun (tussen)taal: Een attittudineel mixed guise-onderzoek. Handelingen van de Koninklijke Zuid-Nederlandse Maatschappij voor Taal- En Letterkunde en Geschiedenis, 16, 109-128. Kristiansen, T. (2010). Attitudes, ideology and awareness. In R. Wodak, B. Johnston, & P. Kerswill (Eds.), The Sage Handbook of Sociolinguistics (pp. 265-278). London: Sage. Speelman, D., Spruyt, A., Impe, L., & Geeraerts, D. (2013). Language Attitudes revisited: Auditory affective priming. Journal of Pragmatics 52: 83–92.status: accepte

  • The role of awareness in the measurement of Language Attitudes
    2018
    Co-Authors: Rosseel Laura, Speelman Dirk, Geeraerts Dirk
    Abstract:

    In the linguistic tradition of Attitude research, awareness has always been considered a key concept (Kristiansen 2010). Many linguists distinguish between overt/public/conscious and covert/private/unconscious Attitudes. Language users are assumed to be aware of the former, while potentially unaware of the latter. These unconscious Attitudes are traditionally probed using indirect methods like the matched-guise technique in which researchers make sure participants are unaware of the fact that they are eliciting Language Attitudes. Recently, however, Language Attitude research has adopted a new strand of Attitude measures which have been developed in the field of social psychology (e.g. Speelman et al. 2013; Campbell-Kibler 2012). These new methods aim to measure implicit Attitudes as opposed to explicit Attitudes. Contrary to the linguistic emphasis on awareness, the social psychological concept of implicitness goes beyond this single feature of awareness and includes aspects like controllability, resource-dependence and intentionality. In this paper, we reflect on the potential of a re-evaluation of the concept of awareness in Language Attitudes research in the context of a study introducing one of those novel social psychological implicit Attitude measures, the Relational Responding Taks (RRT, De Houwer et al. 2015), to sociolinguistics. In our study, we investigate Attitudes towards two varieties of Dutch, Standard Belgian Dutch (SBD) and Colloquial Belgian Dutch (CBD), in a sample of Flemish students. Previous research has suggested that the former variety enjoys prestige associations, while the latter is perceived as dynamic and trendy (e.g. Impe & Speelman 2007; Grondelaers & Speelman 2013). Some of those studies have emphasized that the dynamism Attitudes towards CBD are strictly situated at a level of unconsciousness (Grondelaers & Speelman 2013). We use the RRT to check whether we can also measure these dynamism associations at the level of implicitness, where unawareness is replaced by uncontrollability and unintentionality. Additionally, a traditional questionnaire was used to probe the same Attitudes at the explicit level, i.e. with respondents fully aware and in control of the expression of their Attitudes. Results confirm prestige Attitudes towards SBD and dynamism associations with CBD, both on the implicit, and the explicit level. References Campbell-Kibler, K. (2012). The Implicit Association Test and sociolinguistic meaning. Lingua 122(7): 753–763. De Houwer, J., Heider, N., Spruyt, A., Roets, A., & Hughes, S. (2015). The relational responding task: toward a new implicit measure of beliefs. Frontiers in Psychology 6(article319). Grondelaers, S., & Speelman, D. (2013). Can speaker evaluation return private Attitudes towards stigmatised varieties? Evidence from emergent standardisation in Belgian Dutch. In T. Kristiansen & S. Grondelaers (Eds.), Language (De)standardisations in Late Modern Europe: Experimental Studies 171–191. Oslo: Novus. Impe, L., & Speelman, D. (2007). Vlamingen en hun (tussen)taal: Een attittudineel mixed guise-onderzoek. Handelingen van de Koninklijke Zuid-Nederlandse Maatschappij voor Taal- En Letterkunde en Geschiedenis, 16, 109-128. Kristiansen, T. (2010). Attitudes, ideology and awareness. In R. Wodak, B. Johnston, & P. Kerswill (Eds.), The Sage Handbook of Sociolinguistics (pp. 265-278). London: Sage. Speelman, D., Spruyt, A., Impe, L., & Geeraerts, D. (2013). Language Attitudes revisited: Auditory affective priming. Journal of Pragmatics 52: 83–92.status: publishe

  • Exploring the limits of implicit Attitude measures from social psychology to study Language Attitudes:contextualizing the P-IAT
    2016
    Co-Authors: Rosseel Laura, Geeraerts Dirk, Speelman Dirk
    Abstract:

    Since the introduction of the matched guise technique in the 1960s (Lambert et al. 1960), there has been little methodological innovation in the field of Language Attitude research (Speelman et al. 2013). In social psychology, by contrast, a considerable number of new methods to measure implicit Attitudes has been developed in the past two decades (Gawronski & De Houwer 2014). It is only recently that sociolinguistics has started to explore the potential of some of these social psychological techniques to study Language Attitudes (Redinger 2010, Pantos 2012, Campbell-Kibler 2012 for the Implicit Association Test; Speelman et al. 2013 for Auditory Affective Priming) and so far only the surface has been scratched when it comes to exploring the possibilities and limitations these new methods have to offer for linguistic Attitude research. Moreover many of these measures remain unexplored by linguists altogether. In this paper, we report the results of a case study using the Personalized Implicit Association Test (Olson & Fazio 2004), one of these recently developed social psychological implicit Attitude measures. The P-IAT measures the association between a target concept and an attribute concept (respectively Language variety and valence in our study) by comparing participants’ reaction times in categorisation tasks in which the target and attribute concepts are paired either congruently or incongruently. We measured Attitudes towards two regional varieties of Dutch in Belgium and Standard Belgian Dutch. Results show all participants strongly favour the standard variety over both regional varieties. Yet, between the two regional varieties, participants tend to prefer their own regiolect. In addition to the implicit Attitude measurement using the P-IAT, the case study comprised an explicit Attitude measurement based on semantic differential scales. Outcomes of the implicit and explicit measure were not significantly correlated. Potential methodological and theoretical explanations for this lack of correlation will be discussed in addition to a provisional evaluation of the P-IAT as a measure of Language Attitudes. References Campbell-Kibler, K. (2012). The Implicit Association Test and sociolinguistic meaning. Lingua, 122(7), 753–763. Gawronski, B., & De Houwer, J. (2014). Implicit measures in social and personality psychology. In H. T. Reis & C. M. Judd (Eds.), Handbook of Research Methods in Social and Personality Psychology (2nd ed., pp. 283–310). New York: CUP. Lambert, W. E., Hodgson, R. C., Gardner, R. C., & Fillenbaum, S. (1960). Evaluational reactions to spoken Languages. The Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 60(1), 44–51. Olson, M. A., & Fazio, R. H. (2004). Reducing the influence of extrapersonal associations on the Implicit Association Test: personalizing the IAT. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 86(5), 653–667. Pantos, A. J. (2012). Defining the cognitive mechanisms underlying reactions to foreign accented speech. An experimental approach. Review of Cognitive Linguistics, 10(2), 427–453. Redinger, D. (2010). Language Attitudes and Code-switching Behaviour in a Multilingual Educational Context : The Case of Luxembourg. Unpublished PhD thesis, The University of York. Speelman, D., Spruyt, A., Impe, L., & Geeraerts, D. (2013). Language Attitudes revisited: Auditory affective priming. Journal of Pragmatics, 52, 83–92.status: publishe

Moro F.r. - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • Divergence in heritage Ambon Malay in the Netherlands: The role of social-psychological factors
    'SAGE Publications', 2018
    Co-Authors: Moro F.r.
    Abstract:

    Aims and Objectives/Purpose/Research Questions: This article examines the role of social-psychological factors in the development of heritage Ambon Malay in the Netherlands. More specifically, it aims to answer this question: Can social-psychological factors account for the different frequency of Dutch-like structures among heritage speakers? Design/Methodology/Approach: Data from 32 Ambon Malay heritage speakers and 27 Ambon Malay homeland speakers were collected by means of video stimuli and a sociolinguistic interview. Data and Analysis: The database provides six linguistic variables and three social-psychological factors. The linguistic variables are as follows: the pre-verbal marker ada; the definite marker =nya; the double object construction; the prepositional phrase and adjectival phrase in resultative constructions; the pre-nominal order for the demonstrative itu and the numeral satu ‘one’. The social-psychological factors are where the speaker lives, onset of Dutch bilingualism and Attitude.The effect of the social-psychological factors on the linguistic variables was assessed using a multivariate general linear model. Findings/Conclusions: The results show that place where the speaker lives is the best predictor. Heritage speakers living outside a Moluccan ward have a higher rate of Dutch-like features than speakers living inside a Moluccan ward. In some cases, sequential bilinguals are more innovative than simultaneous bilinguals. Finally, speakers with only a mild positive Attitude towards the heritage Language have a higher rate of Dutch-like features. Originality: Unlike previous studies, this article does not test the role of social-psychological factors against self-ratings of heritage Language proficiency, but it uses real Language data. Significance/Implications: The theoretical significance of this study is to bridge the gap between the sphere of Language structure and the sphere of Language use and Language Attitude. An additional value lies in its findings that frequent use of the heritage Language means not only a higher rate of maintenance but also accelerated change.Language Use in Past and Presen

  • Divergence in heritage Ambon Malay in the Netherlands: The role of social-psychological factors
    2018
    Co-Authors: Moro F.r.
    Abstract:

    Aims and Objectives/Purpose/Research Questions: This article examines the role of social-psychological factors in the development of heritage Ambon Malay in the Netherlands. More specifically, it aims to answer this question: Can social-psychological factors account for the different frequency of Dutch-like structures among heritage speakers? Design/Methodology/Approach: Data from 32 Ambon Malay heritage speakers and 27 Ambon Malay homeland speakers were collected by means of video stimuli and a sociolinguistic interview. Data and Analysis: The database provides six linguistic variables and three social-psychological factors. The linguistic variables are as follows: the pre-verbal marker ada; the definite marker =nya; the double object construction; the prepositional phrase and adjectival phrase in resultative constructions; the pre-nominal order for the demonstrative itu and the numeral satu ‘one’. The social-psychological factors are where the speaker lives, onset of Dutch bilingualism and Attitude.The effect of the social-psychological factors on the linguistic variables was assessed using a multivariate general linear model. Findings/Conclusions: The results show that place where the speaker lives is the best predictor. Heritage speakers living outside a Moluccan ward have a higher rate of Dutch-like features than speakers living inside a Moluccan ward. In some cases, sequential bilinguals are more innovative than simultaneous bilinguals. Finally, speakers with only a mild positive Attitude towards the heritage Language have a higher rate of Dutch-like features. Originality: Unlike previous studies, this article does not test the role of social-psychological factors against self-ratings of heritage Language proficiency, but it uses real Language data. Significance/Implications: The theoretical significance of this study is to bridge the gap between the sphere of Language structure and the sphere of Language use and Language Attitude. An additional value lies in its findings that frequent use of the heritage Language means not only a higher rate of maintenance but also accelerated change

Zhu Hua - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • voices from the diaspora changing hierarchies and dynamics of chinese multilingualism
    International Journal of the Sociology of Language, 2010
    Co-Authors: Li Wei, Zhu Hua
    Abstract:

    The so-called Chinese diasporas, i.e. Chinese communities outside Greater China (China, Hong Kong, Macau, and Taiwan), have traditionally been dialect dominant; that is, the vast majority of Chinese immigrants are speakers of (especially Southern) dialects. Cantonese and Hokkien are two of the most prominent dialects. With globalization and the rise of China as a world politico-economic power, the national, standardized variety, Putonghua, is gaining particular prestige amongst the Chinese diasporas. For example, all the Cantonese schools for British Chinese children in the UK now also teach Putonghua, but none of the Putonghua schools teach Cantonese. Using ethnographic interviews with and participant observation of Chinese people of different generations in various diasporic communities, this paper examines the changing hierarchies of varieties of Chinese, the implications of such changes for the education and identity development of the young, and the constitution of a (speech) community in the post-modern era. It focuses on Language Attitude and linguistic practices (including literacy practices). It also investigates the tensions between the competing ideologies and discourses on national and ethnic identities, nationalism, community relations and cultural values.

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