The Experts below are selected from a list of 36006 Experts worldwide ranked by ideXlab platform
Tara W. Strine - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Race/ethnicity, substance abuse, and mental illness among suicide victims in 13 US states: 2004 Data from the National Violent Death Reporting System
Injury Prevention, 2006Co-Authors: Debra L Karch, Lawrence E. Barker, Tara W. StrineAbstract:Objective: To calculate the prevalence of substance abuse and mental illness among suicide victims of different racial/ethnic groups and to identify race/ethnicity trends in mental health and substance abuse that may be used to improve suicide prevention. Methods: Data are from the National Violent Death Reporting System (NVDRS), a state-based Data integration system that, for 2004, includes Data from 13 US states. The NVDRS integrates medical examiner, toxicology, death certificate, and Law Enforcement Data. Results: Within participating states, for Data year 2004, 6865 suicide incidents in which race/ethnicity are known were identified. This included 5797 (84.4%) non-Hispanic whites, 501 (7.3%) non-Hispanic blacks, 257 (3.7%) Hispanics, and 310 (4.5%) persons from other racial/ethnic groups. At the time of the suicide event, non-Hispanic blacks had lower blood alcohol contents than other groups. Non-Hispanic whites had less cocaine but more antidepressants and opiates. There were no differences in the levels of amphetamines or marijuana by race/ethnicity. Hispanics were less likely to have been diagnosed with a mental illness or to have received treatment, although family reports of depression were comparable to non-Hispanic whites and other racial/ethnic groups. Non-Hispanic whites were more likely to be diagnosed with depression or bipolar disorder and non-Hispanic blacks with schizophrenia. Comorbid substance abuse and mental health problems were more likely among non-Hispanic whites and non- Hispanic blacks, while Hispanics were more likely to have a substance abuse problem without comorbid mental health problems. Conclusion: The results support earlier research documenting differences in race/ethnicity, substance abuse, and mental health problems as they relate to completed suicide. The Data suggest that suicide prevention efforts must address not only substance abuse and mental health problems in general, but the unique personal, family, and social characteristics of different racial/ethnic groups.
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Race/ethnicity, substance abuse, and mental illness among suicide victims in 13 US states: 2004 Data from the National Violent Death Reporting System.
Injury prevention : journal of the International Society for Child and Adolescent Injury Prevention, 2006Co-Authors: D L Karch, L Barker, Tara W. StrineAbstract:To calculate the prevalence of substance abuse and mental illness among suicide victims of different racial/ethnic groups and to identify race/ethnicity trends in mental health and substance abuse that may be used to improve suicide prevention. Data are from the National Violent Death Reporting System (NVDRS), a state-based Data integration system that, for 2004, includes Data from 13 US states. The NVDRS integrates medical examiner, toxicology, death certificate, and Law Enforcement Data. Within participating states, for Data year 2004, 6865 suicide incidents in which race/ethnicity are known were identified. This included 5797 (84.4%) non-Hispanic whites, 501 (7.3%) non-Hispanic blacks, 257 (3.7%) Hispanics, and 310 (4.5%) persons from other racial/ethnic groups. At the time of the suicide event, non-Hispanic blacks had lower blood alcohol contents than other groups. Non-Hispanic whites had less cocaine but more antidepressants and opiates. There were no differences in the levels of amphetamines or marijuana by race/ethnicity. Hispanics were less likely to have been diagnosed with a mental illness or to have received treatment, although family reports of depression were comparable to non-Hispanic whites and other racial/ethnic groups. Non-Hispanic whites were more likely to be diagnosed with depression or bipolar disorder and non-Hispanic blacks with schizophrenia. Comorbid substance abuse and mental health problems were more likely among non-Hispanic whites and non-Hispanic blacks, while Hispanics were more likely to have a substance abuse problem without comorbid mental health problems. The results support earlier research documenting differences in race/ethnicity, substance abuse, and mental health problems as they relate to completed suicide. The Data suggest that suicide prevention efforts must address not only substance abuse and mental health problems in general, but the unique personal, family, and social characteristics of different racial/ethnic groups.
Lawrence E. Barker - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Race/ethnicity, substance abuse, and mental illness among suicide victims in 13 US states: 2004 Data from the National Violent Death Reporting System
Injury Prevention, 2006Co-Authors: Debra L Karch, Lawrence E. Barker, Tara W. StrineAbstract:Objective: To calculate the prevalence of substance abuse and mental illness among suicide victims of different racial/ethnic groups and to identify race/ethnicity trends in mental health and substance abuse that may be used to improve suicide prevention. Methods: Data are from the National Violent Death Reporting System (NVDRS), a state-based Data integration system that, for 2004, includes Data from 13 US states. The NVDRS integrates medical examiner, toxicology, death certificate, and Law Enforcement Data. Results: Within participating states, for Data year 2004, 6865 suicide incidents in which race/ethnicity are known were identified. This included 5797 (84.4%) non-Hispanic whites, 501 (7.3%) non-Hispanic blacks, 257 (3.7%) Hispanics, and 310 (4.5%) persons from other racial/ethnic groups. At the time of the suicide event, non-Hispanic blacks had lower blood alcohol contents than other groups. Non-Hispanic whites had less cocaine but more antidepressants and opiates. There were no differences in the levels of amphetamines or marijuana by race/ethnicity. Hispanics were less likely to have been diagnosed with a mental illness or to have received treatment, although family reports of depression were comparable to non-Hispanic whites and other racial/ethnic groups. Non-Hispanic whites were more likely to be diagnosed with depression or bipolar disorder and non-Hispanic blacks with schizophrenia. Comorbid substance abuse and mental health problems were more likely among non-Hispanic whites and non- Hispanic blacks, while Hispanics were more likely to have a substance abuse problem without comorbid mental health problems. Conclusion: The results support earlier research documenting differences in race/ethnicity, substance abuse, and mental health problems as they relate to completed suicide. The Data suggest that suicide prevention efforts must address not only substance abuse and mental health problems in general, but the unique personal, family, and social characteristics of different racial/ethnic groups.
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Can we talk? Importance of random-digit-dial surveys for injury prevention research.
American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 2006Co-Authors: Thomas R. Simon, James A. Mercy, Lawrence E. BarkerAbstract:Abstract Prevention research in public health requires quality Data. In injury prevention research, “official” Data sources, such as medical or Law Enforcement Data, often do not possess the required depth or completeness. Self-reported Data can fill this gap. Such Data allow us to understand knowledge, attitudes, exposures, and behaviors associated with injury risk. Self-reported Data are also needed to understand outcomes that are often missing from official sources, such as victimization by an intimate partner that is not reported because of concerns about legal consequences and less severe injuries from suicide attempts that go untreated. Data on risk and protective factors and specific types of violence exposures can often only be obtained by directly asking those affected. In addition, “official” Data sources are rarely representative. Random-digit-dialing (RDD) surveys are a method of obtaining representative self-reported Data. The RDD approach is relatively cost effective, handles non–English-speaking households with relative ease, and possesses a well-developed theory for constructing sample weights. However, there are significant challenges to using RDD surveys. These include declining participation rates; possible self-selection bias, since potential respondents can choose to opt out of the survey; and, with sensitive topics such as intimate partner violence, the need to anticipate potential risks for participants. This theme issue provides suggestions for how we can improve the design and implementation of RDD surveys in a manner that is both practical and ethical.
Hsinchun Chen - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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ISI - Using burst detection techniques to identify suspicious vehicular traffic at border crossings
2012 IEEE International Conference on Intelligence and Security Informatics, 2012Co-Authors: Siddharth Kaza, Daniel Zeng, Hsinchun ChenAbstract:Border safety is a critical part of national and international security. The Department of Homeland Security (DHS) searches vehicles entering the country at land borders for drugs and other contraband. However, this process is time-consuming and operational efficiency is needed for smooth operations at the border. To aid in the screening of vehicles, we propose to examine traffic patterns at checkpoints using burst detection algorithms. Our results show that the overall traffic at the border shows bursting patterns attributable to week days and the holiday seasons. In addition, using local Law-Enforcement Data we also find that traffic with prior contacts with Law-Enforcement shows a bursting pattern distinct from other traffic. We also find that such bursts in suspicious traffic can be attributable to increases in vehicular traffic associated with certain kinds of criminal activity. This information can be used to specifically target vehicles searches during primary screening at ports and in the surrounding areas.
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Enhancing border security: Mutual information analysis to identify suspect vehicles
Decision Support Systems, 2007Co-Authors: Siddharth Kaza, Yuan Wang, Hsinchun ChenAbstract:In recent years border safety has been identified as a critical part of homeland security. The Department of Homeland Security searches vehicles entering the country for drugs and other contraband. Customs and Border Protection (CBP) agents believe that such vehicles operate in groups and if the criminal links of one vehicle are known then their border crossing patterns can be used to identify other partner vehicles. We perform this association analysis by using mutual information (MI) to identify pairs of vehicles that may be involved in criminal activity. CBP agents also suggest that criminal vehicles may cross at certain times or ports to try and evade inspection. We propose to modify the MI formulation to include these heuristics by using Law Enforcement Data from border-area jurisdictions. Statistical tests and selected cases judged by domain experts show that modified MI performs significantly better than classical MI in identifying potentially criminal vehicles.
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ISI - Using importance flooding to identify interesting networks of criminal activity
Intelligence and Security Informatics, 2006Co-Authors: Byron Marshall, Hsinchun ChenAbstract:In spite of policy concerns and high costs, the Law Enforcement community is investing heavily in Data sharing initiatives. Cross-jurisdictional criminal justice information (e.g., open warrants and convictions) is important, but different Data sets are needed for investigational activities where requirements are not as clear and policy concerns abound. The community needs sharing models that employ obtainable Data sets and support real-world investigational tasks. This work presents a methodology for sharing and analyzing investigation-relevant Data. Our importance flooding application extracts interesting networks of relationships from large Law Enforcement Data sets using user-controlled investigation heuristics and spreading activation. Our technique implements path-based interestingness rules to help identify promising associations to support creation of investigational link charts. In our experiments, the importance flooding approach outperformed relationship-weight-only models in matching expert-selected associations. This methodology is potentially useful for large cross-jurisdictional Data sets and investigations.
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Using importance flooding to identify interesting networks of criminal activity
Lecture Notes in Computer Science, 2006Co-Authors: Byron Marshall, Hsinchun ChenAbstract:In spite of policy concerns and high costs, the Law Enforcement community is investing heavily in Data sharing initiatives. Cross-jurisdictional criminal justice information (e.g., open warrants and convictions) is important, but different Data sets are needed for investigational activities where requirements are not as clear and policy concerns abound. The community needs sharing models that employ obtainable Data sets and support real-world investigational tasks. This work presents a methodology for sharing and analyzing investigation-relevant Data. Our importance flooding application extracts interesting networks of relationships from large Law Enforcement Data sets using user-controlled investigation heuristics and spreading activation. Our technique implements path-based interestingness rules to help identify promising associations to support creation of investigational link charts. In our experiments, the importance flooding approach outperformed relationship-weight-only models in matching expert-selected associations. This methodology is potentially useful for large cross-jurisdictional Data sets and investigations.
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DG.O - Cross-jurisdictional activity networks to support criminal investigations
2004Co-Authors: Byron Marshall, Homa Atabakhsh, Siddharth Kaza, Tim Petersen, Chuck Violette, Hsinchun ChenAbstract:Border and transportation security is a critical part of the Department of Homeland Security's (DHS) national strategy. DHS strategy calls for the creation of "smart borders" where information from local, state, federal, and international sources can be combined to support risk-based management tools for border-management agencies. Sharing cross-jurisdictional Law Enforcement Data is important because criminals take advantage of the fact that information sharing between Law Enforcement jurisdictions is very limited. Challenges to information integration in this important domain include policy and privacy concerns, Data security requirements, semantic or schema-level matching of legacy system Data, and identity matching. The BorderSafe project leverages the skills and experiences of a diverse group of researchers, Law Enforcement officials, and government agencies to address Data sharing needs in the Southwest United States. Our demo presents a framework for combining Law Enforcement Data across jurisdictions to support criminal investigation and describes how that framework was used in combining three large, overlapping Datasets to produce an integrated system for visualizing criminal activity networks.
Debra L Karch - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Data consistency in multiple source documents findings from homicide incidents in the national violent death reporting system 2003 2004
Homicide Studies, 2008Co-Authors: Debra L Karch, Joseph E LoganAbstract:Data from the 2003-2004 National Violent Death Reporting System were used to compare consistency of homicide variables across multiple source documents. The NVDRS integrates death certificate, coroner/medical examiner and Law Enforcement Data. Included in this analysis are 5,737 homicide incidents. Variables include victim demographics, manner of death, autopsy and pregnancy status, place, date and location of injury/death, and suspected use of alcohol. Demographic variables matched from lows of 70.9% for marital status to 99.9% for race. Injury/death variables matched from 72.6% for date of injury to 99.5% for state of injury. Situational variables ranged from 75.6% for suspected alcohol use to 97.5% for pregnancy status. Overall, Data collected across multiple source documents matched at greater than 70%; however inconsistencies have implications for analyzing Data from systems with multiple source documents. Understanding and mitigating Data mismatches will increase the consistency of Data on which vio...
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Race/ethnicity, substance abuse, and mental illness among suicide victims in 13 US states: 2004 Data from the National Violent Death Reporting System
Injury Prevention, 2006Co-Authors: Debra L Karch, Lawrence E. Barker, Tara W. StrineAbstract:Objective: To calculate the prevalence of substance abuse and mental illness among suicide victims of different racial/ethnic groups and to identify race/ethnicity trends in mental health and substance abuse that may be used to improve suicide prevention. Methods: Data are from the National Violent Death Reporting System (NVDRS), a state-based Data integration system that, for 2004, includes Data from 13 US states. The NVDRS integrates medical examiner, toxicology, death certificate, and Law Enforcement Data. Results: Within participating states, for Data year 2004, 6865 suicide incidents in which race/ethnicity are known were identified. This included 5797 (84.4%) non-Hispanic whites, 501 (7.3%) non-Hispanic blacks, 257 (3.7%) Hispanics, and 310 (4.5%) persons from other racial/ethnic groups. At the time of the suicide event, non-Hispanic blacks had lower blood alcohol contents than other groups. Non-Hispanic whites had less cocaine but more antidepressants and opiates. There were no differences in the levels of amphetamines or marijuana by race/ethnicity. Hispanics were less likely to have been diagnosed with a mental illness or to have received treatment, although family reports of depression were comparable to non-Hispanic whites and other racial/ethnic groups. Non-Hispanic whites were more likely to be diagnosed with depression or bipolar disorder and non-Hispanic blacks with schizophrenia. Comorbid substance abuse and mental health problems were more likely among non-Hispanic whites and non- Hispanic blacks, while Hispanics were more likely to have a substance abuse problem without comorbid mental health problems. Conclusion: The results support earlier research documenting differences in race/ethnicity, substance abuse, and mental health problems as they relate to completed suicide. The Data suggest that suicide prevention efforts must address not only substance abuse and mental health problems in general, but the unique personal, family, and social characteristics of different racial/ethnic groups.
Louis J. Magnotti - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Caught in the crossfire: 37 Years of firearm violence afflicting America's youth.
The journal of trauma and acute care surgery, 2021Co-Authors: Nathan R. Manley, Dih-dih Huang, Richard H. Lewis, Tiffany K. Bee, Peter E. Fischer, Martin A. Croce, Louis J. MagnottiAbstract:INTRODUCTION Publicly available firearm Data are difficult to access. Trauma registry Data are excellent at documenting patterns of firearm-related injury. Law Enforcement Data excel at capturing national violence trends to include both circumstances and firearm involvement. The goal of this study was to use publicly available Law Enforcement Data from all 50 states to better define patterns of firearm-related homicides in the young. METHODS All homicides in individuals 25 years or younger in the United States over a 37-year period ending in 2016 were analyzed: infant, 1 year or younger; child, 1 to 9 years old; adolescent, 10 to 19 years old; and young adult, 20 to 25 years old. Primary Data files were obtained from the Federal Bureau of Investigation and comprised the Database. Data analyzed included homicide type, situation, circumstance, month, firearm type, and demographics. Rates of all homicides and firearm-related homicides per 1 million population and the proportion of firearm-related homicides (out of all homicides) were stratified by year and compared over time using simple linear regression. RESULTS A total of 171,113 incidents of firearm-related homicide were analyzed (69% of 246,437 total homicides): 5,313 infants, 2,332 children, 59,777 adolescents, and 103,691 young adults. Most (88%) were male and Black (59%) with a median age of 20 years. Firearm-related homicides peaked during the summer months of June, July, and August (median, 1,156 per year; p = 0.0032). Rates of all homicides (89 to 53 per 1 million population) and firearm-related homicides (56 to 41 per 1 million population) decreased significantly from 1980 to 2016 (β = -1.12, p < 0.0001 and β = -0.57, p = 0.0039, respectively). However, linear regression analysis identified a significant increase in the proportion of firearm-related homicides (out of all homicides) from 63% in 1980 to 76% in 2016 (β = 0.33, p < 0.0001). CONCLUSION For those 25 years or younger, the proportion of firearm-related homicides has steadily and significantly increased over the past 37 years, with 3 of 4 homicides firearm related in the modern era. Despite focused efforts, reductions in the rate of firearm-related homicides still lag behind those for all other methods of homicide by nearly 50%. That is, while the young are less likely to die from homicide, for those unfortunate victims, it is more likely to be due to a firearm. This increasing role of firearms in youth homicides underscores the desperate need to better direct prevention efforts and firearm policy if we hope to further reduce firearm-related deaths in the young. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Epidemiological study, level III.
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Separating Truth from Alternative Facts: 37 Years of Guns, Murder, and Violence Across the US
Journal of the American College of Surgeons, 2020Co-Authors: Nathan R. Manley, Peter E. Fischer, Martin A. Croce, John P. Sharpe, Ethan W. Stranch, Timothy C. Fabian, Louis J. MagnottiAbstract:Background Gun violence remains a significant public health problem that is both understudied and underfunded, and plagued by inadequate or inaccessible Data sources. Over the years, numerous trauma centers have attempted to use local registries to study single-institutional trends, however, this approach limits generalizability to our national epidemic. In fact, even easily accessible, health-centered Data from the CDC lack national relevance because they are limited to those enrolled states only. We sought to examine how publicly available Law Enforcement Data from all 50 states might complement our understanding of circumstances and demographics surrounding national firearm death and help forge the first step in partnering Law Enforcement with trauma centers. Methods All homicide that occurred in the US during a 37-year period ending in 2016 was analyzed. Primary Data files were obtained from the Federal Bureau of Investigation and comprised the Database. Data analyzed included homicide type, situation, circumstance, firearm type, and demographic characteristics of victims and offenders. The proportion of firearm-related homicide was stratified by year and compared over time using simple linear regression. Results There were 485,288 incidents of firearm homicide analyzed (64% of 752,935 total homicides). Most victims were male (85%), black (53%), and a mean age of 33 years; offenders were predominantly male (67%), black (39%), and a mean age of 30 years. Fifty-four percent of all homicide involved a single victim and single offender, followed by a single victim and unknown offender(s) (31%); 4% of firearm homicide had multiple victims. Overall, handguns, shotguns, and rifles accounted for 76%, 7%, and 5% of all firearm homicide, respectively; 11% had no firearm type listed and Conclusions Gun violence represents an ongoing public health concern, with the proportion of firearm homicide steadily and significantly increasing from 1980 to 2016. Homicide Data from the Federal Bureau of Investigation can serve to supplement trauma registry Data by helping to define gun violence patterns. However, stronger partnerships between local Law Enforcement agencies and trauma centers are necessary to better characterize firearm type and resultant injury patterns, direct prevention efforts and firearm policy, and reduce gun-related deaths.