The Experts below are selected from a list of 13620 Experts worldwide ranked by ideXlab platform
David N. Batchelder - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Lead Carbonate–phosphate system: solid–dilute solution exchange reactions in aqueous systems
The Analyst, 1995Co-Authors: Susan M. Grimes, Simon R. Johnston, David N. BatchelderAbstract:The Pb2+—CO32–—PO43– system is described as an example of the exchange relationships that can be established between suspended solids of metal compounds of low solubility and ions in solution, which would also Lead to the precipitation of low solubility compounds. Chemical analysis, X-ray diffraction powder data and FT–Raman spectroscopy confirm that contact between suspended PbCO3 or Pb3(CO3)2(OH)2 and aqueous PO43– Leads to Carbonate exchange with phosphate and to the formation of Pb5(PO4)3OH. The films deposited on Lead metal in contact with Carbonate- and phosphate-containing solutions were characterized by X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, electron diffraction and confocal Raman microscopy. In both systems, tetragonal PbO is identified as the phase formed in the immediate vicinity of the metal surface, although in the case of the Carbonate system, it is present in combination with PbCO3. These oxide layers are overlaid with Pb3(CO3)2(OH)2 and Pb5(PO4)3OH in the Carbonate and phosphate systems, respectively. The presence of calcium in solution Leads to the formation of Pb5–xCax(PO4)3OH, rather than Pb5(PO4)3OH as a discrete phase.
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Lead Carbonate phosphate system solid dilute solution exchange reactions in aqueous systems
Analyst, 1995Co-Authors: Susan M. Grimes, Simon R. Johnston, David N. BatchelderAbstract:The Pb2+—CO32–—PO43– system is described as an example of the exchange relationships that can be established between suspended solids of metal compounds of low solubility and ions in solution, which would also Lead to the precipitation of low solubility compounds. Chemical analysis, X-ray diffraction powder data and FT–Raman spectroscopy confirm that contact between suspended PbCO3 or Pb3(CO3)2(OH)2 and aqueous PO43– Leads to Carbonate exchange with phosphate and to the formation of Pb5(PO4)3OH. The films deposited on Lead metal in contact with Carbonate- and phosphate-containing solutions were characterized by X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, electron diffraction and confocal Raman microscopy. In both systems, tetragonal PbO is identified as the phase formed in the immediate vicinity of the metal surface, although in the case of the Carbonate system, it is present in combination with PbCO3. These oxide layers are overlaid with Pb3(CO3)2(OH)2 and Pb5(PO4)3OH in the Carbonate and phosphate systems, respectively. The presence of calcium in solution Leads to the formation of Pb5–xCax(PO4)3OH, rather than Pb5(PO4)3OH as a discrete phase.
Jiakuan Yang - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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a closed loop ammonium salt system for recovery of high purity Lead tetroxide product from spent Lead acid battery paste
Journal of Cleaner Production, 2020Co-Authors: Jiakuan Yang, Sha Liang, Junxiong Wang, Peiyuan Zhang, Keke Xiao, Huijie Hou, Bingchuan Liu, Vasant R KumarAbstract:Abstract Hydrometallurgical process for recovery of spent Lead-acid battery paste shows great advantages in reducing SO2 and Lead particulates emissions than traditional pyrometallurgical process. However, the hydrometallurgical process usually has drawbacks of high consumption of chemical reagents and difficulty in removing impurities (especially Fe and Ba elements) from the recovered product. In this paper, a closed-loop ammonium salt system is proposed for spent Lead-acid battery paste recovery. Both recirculation of leaching reagents and preparation of low-impurity recovered products have been realized. The spent Lead paste is first leached by a mixed solution of ammonium acetate, acetic acid and hydrogen peroxide. After filtration, the separated Lead acetate solution is reacted with ammonium Carbonate to generate Lead Carbonate via precipitation process. The impurity elements are efficiently removed by pH control and complexation between acetate ions and impurity elements in the leaching and precipitation processes. The soluble SO42− separated from the precipitation process is removed by adding barium acetate to generate solid BaSO4 by-product. At the same time, the regenerated ammonium acetate filtrate is separated and re-used in the next-round leaching process in order to realize a closed-loop process. In the 5th round of filtrate recirculation processes, the leaching ratio of Lead is maintained at levels higher than 92.7 wt%. Furthermore, high-purity Lead tetroxide is prepared by calcination of Lead Carbonate in air at 450 °C. The contents of Fe and Ba in the final recovered Lead tetroxide product are as low as 2.7 and 5.2 mg/kg, respectively. The recovered Lead tetroxide product meets the specifications for use as an additive in the positive active materials for making a new Lead-acid battery. This study provides a feasible technology for high-value utilization of spent Lead paste.
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Preparation of Lead Carbonate from spent Lead paste via chemical conversion
Hydrometallurgy, 2013Co-Authors: Xinfeng Zhu, Jiakuan Yang, Linxia Gao, Jianwen Liu, Danni Yang, Xiaojuan Sun, Wei Zhang, Qin WangAbstract:Abstract Lead paste generated from spent and discarded Lead acid battery has been converted to Lead Carbonate and Lead oxides with a view to investigate a method for minimizing environmental pollution associated with spent Lead paste recycling. The process includes four steps: namely desulfurization, leaching, carbonation and calcination, presented in the details as the follows. (1) In a spent Lead paste, Lead sulfate is the major component and is accompanied by Lead oxides and metallic Lead. On reacting the paste with (NH 4 ) 2 CO 3 , the PbSO 4 is converted to Lead Carbonate with (NH 4 ) 2 SO 4 , generated as a by-product. (2) The desulfurized paste consisting of Lead Carbonate and the unreacted Lead oxides are then leached with an aqueous solution of nitric acid and H 2 O 2 . At a molar ratio of H to Pb > 2.5 and at a slurry density of 100 g · L − 1 , the extraction yield of Lead from the paste into the aqueous solution is achieved up to 98.0%. (3) In the next step, the Pb (II) in the leaching solution is converted with the addition of Na 2 CO 3 (aq) into a Lead Carbonate precipitate. It was found that under optimal conditions more than 99.9% of Pb can be extracted from the leaching solution into the solid Lead Carbonate phase. (4) In the final step, the Lead Carbonate is readily converted by thermal decomposition at a relatively low temperature of 350–450 °C into Lead monoxide (PbO) or Lead tetroxide powders (Pb 3 O 4 ) that can serve as precursor for making new Lead paste and other Lead products.
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preparation of basic Lead oxide from spent Lead acid battery paste via chemical conversion
Hydrometallurgy, 2012Co-Authors: Xinfeng Zhu, Linxia Gao, Jianwen Liu, Danni Yang, Xiaojuan Sun, Vasant R Kumar, Jiakuan YangAbstract:Abstract A process with potentially reduced environmental impact was studied to recover Lead as ultra-fine Lead oxide from Lead paste in spent Lead acid batteries. The Lead paste was desulfurized first and then reacted with citric acid to produce Lead citrate. Finally, Lead citrate was calcined at low-temperature to obtain ultra-fine Lead oxide. The desulfurized paste, Lead citrate and the recovered Lead oxide were characterized by XRD. When desulfurized by Na2CO3, NaHCO3 or (NH4)2CO3, the desulfurization rate of Lead paste was over 99.0% under initial C/S ratio of 2, 35 °C, and slurry density of 100 g/L. The Lead Carbonate and basic Lead Carbonate could be prepared from desulfurized paste, which was acidified with CO2 gas after being desulfurized by sodium Carbonate. The Lead citrate precursor, Pb(C6H6O7)·H2O, was prepared by leaching desulfurized paste with citric acid and H2O2. Ultra-fine PbO/Pb powder with particle size of 100–500 nm was obtained at 370 °C. This process is found to be simple, pollution-free and high efficient in the recovery of valuable Lead oxide from spent Lead acid battery paste, which can replace the traditional smelting method.
Susan M. Grimes - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Lead Carbonate–phosphate system: solid–dilute solution exchange reactions in aqueous systems
The Analyst, 1995Co-Authors: Susan M. Grimes, Simon R. Johnston, David N. BatchelderAbstract:The Pb2+—CO32–—PO43– system is described as an example of the exchange relationships that can be established between suspended solids of metal compounds of low solubility and ions in solution, which would also Lead to the precipitation of low solubility compounds. Chemical analysis, X-ray diffraction powder data and FT–Raman spectroscopy confirm that contact between suspended PbCO3 or Pb3(CO3)2(OH)2 and aqueous PO43– Leads to Carbonate exchange with phosphate and to the formation of Pb5(PO4)3OH. The films deposited on Lead metal in contact with Carbonate- and phosphate-containing solutions were characterized by X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, electron diffraction and confocal Raman microscopy. In both systems, tetragonal PbO is identified as the phase formed in the immediate vicinity of the metal surface, although in the case of the Carbonate system, it is present in combination with PbCO3. These oxide layers are overlaid with Pb3(CO3)2(OH)2 and Pb5(PO4)3OH in the Carbonate and phosphate systems, respectively. The presence of calcium in solution Leads to the formation of Pb5–xCax(PO4)3OH, rather than Pb5(PO4)3OH as a discrete phase.
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Lead Carbonate phosphate system solid dilute solution exchange reactions in aqueous systems
Analyst, 1995Co-Authors: Susan M. Grimes, Simon R. Johnston, David N. BatchelderAbstract:The Pb2+—CO32–—PO43– system is described as an example of the exchange relationships that can be established between suspended solids of metal compounds of low solubility and ions in solution, which would also Lead to the precipitation of low solubility compounds. Chemical analysis, X-ray diffraction powder data and FT–Raman spectroscopy confirm that contact between suspended PbCO3 or Pb3(CO3)2(OH)2 and aqueous PO43– Leads to Carbonate exchange with phosphate and to the formation of Pb5(PO4)3OH. The films deposited on Lead metal in contact with Carbonate- and phosphate-containing solutions were characterized by X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, electron diffraction and confocal Raman microscopy. In both systems, tetragonal PbO is identified as the phase formed in the immediate vicinity of the metal surface, although in the case of the Carbonate system, it is present in combination with PbCO3. These oxide layers are overlaid with Pb3(CO3)2(OH)2 and Pb5(PO4)3OH in the Carbonate and phosphate systems, respectively. The presence of calcium in solution Leads to the formation of Pb5–xCax(PO4)3OH, rather than Pb5(PO4)3OH as a discrete phase.
Xinfeng Zhu - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Preparation of Lead Carbonate from spent Lead paste via chemical conversion
Hydrometallurgy, 2013Co-Authors: Xinfeng Zhu, Jiakuan Yang, Linxia Gao, Jianwen Liu, Danni Yang, Xiaojuan Sun, Wei Zhang, Qin WangAbstract:Abstract Lead paste generated from spent and discarded Lead acid battery has been converted to Lead Carbonate and Lead oxides with a view to investigate a method for minimizing environmental pollution associated with spent Lead paste recycling. The process includes four steps: namely desulfurization, leaching, carbonation and calcination, presented in the details as the follows. (1) In a spent Lead paste, Lead sulfate is the major component and is accompanied by Lead oxides and metallic Lead. On reacting the paste with (NH 4 ) 2 CO 3 , the PbSO 4 is converted to Lead Carbonate with (NH 4 ) 2 SO 4 , generated as a by-product. (2) The desulfurized paste consisting of Lead Carbonate and the unreacted Lead oxides are then leached with an aqueous solution of nitric acid and H 2 O 2 . At a molar ratio of H to Pb > 2.5 and at a slurry density of 100 g · L − 1 , the extraction yield of Lead from the paste into the aqueous solution is achieved up to 98.0%. (3) In the next step, the Pb (II) in the leaching solution is converted with the addition of Na 2 CO 3 (aq) into a Lead Carbonate precipitate. It was found that under optimal conditions more than 99.9% of Pb can be extracted from the leaching solution into the solid Lead Carbonate phase. (4) In the final step, the Lead Carbonate is readily converted by thermal decomposition at a relatively low temperature of 350–450 °C into Lead monoxide (PbO) or Lead tetroxide powders (Pb 3 O 4 ) that can serve as precursor for making new Lead paste and other Lead products.
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preparation of basic Lead oxide from spent Lead acid battery paste via chemical conversion
Hydrometallurgy, 2012Co-Authors: Xinfeng Zhu, Linxia Gao, Jianwen Liu, Danni Yang, Xiaojuan Sun, Vasant R Kumar, Jiakuan YangAbstract:Abstract A process with potentially reduced environmental impact was studied to recover Lead as ultra-fine Lead oxide from Lead paste in spent Lead acid batteries. The Lead paste was desulfurized first and then reacted with citric acid to produce Lead citrate. Finally, Lead citrate was calcined at low-temperature to obtain ultra-fine Lead oxide. The desulfurized paste, Lead citrate and the recovered Lead oxide were characterized by XRD. When desulfurized by Na2CO3, NaHCO3 or (NH4)2CO3, the desulfurization rate of Lead paste was over 99.0% under initial C/S ratio of 2, 35 °C, and slurry density of 100 g/L. The Lead Carbonate and basic Lead Carbonate could be prepared from desulfurized paste, which was acidified with CO2 gas after being desulfurized by sodium Carbonate. The Lead citrate precursor, Pb(C6H6O7)·H2O, was prepared by leaching desulfurized paste with citric acid and H2O2. Ultra-fine PbO/Pb powder with particle size of 100–500 nm was obtained at 370 °C. This process is found to be simple, pollution-free and high efficient in the recovery of valuable Lead oxide from spent Lead acid battery paste, which can replace the traditional smelting method.
Simon R. Johnston - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Lead Carbonate–phosphate system: solid–dilute solution exchange reactions in aqueous systems
The Analyst, 1995Co-Authors: Susan M. Grimes, Simon R. Johnston, David N. BatchelderAbstract:The Pb2+—CO32–—PO43– system is described as an example of the exchange relationships that can be established between suspended solids of metal compounds of low solubility and ions in solution, which would also Lead to the precipitation of low solubility compounds. Chemical analysis, X-ray diffraction powder data and FT–Raman spectroscopy confirm that contact between suspended PbCO3 or Pb3(CO3)2(OH)2 and aqueous PO43– Leads to Carbonate exchange with phosphate and to the formation of Pb5(PO4)3OH. The films deposited on Lead metal in contact with Carbonate- and phosphate-containing solutions were characterized by X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, electron diffraction and confocal Raman microscopy. In both systems, tetragonal PbO is identified as the phase formed in the immediate vicinity of the metal surface, although in the case of the Carbonate system, it is present in combination with PbCO3. These oxide layers are overlaid with Pb3(CO3)2(OH)2 and Pb5(PO4)3OH in the Carbonate and phosphate systems, respectively. The presence of calcium in solution Leads to the formation of Pb5–xCax(PO4)3OH, rather than Pb5(PO4)3OH as a discrete phase.
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Lead Carbonate phosphate system solid dilute solution exchange reactions in aqueous systems
Analyst, 1995Co-Authors: Susan M. Grimes, Simon R. Johnston, David N. BatchelderAbstract:The Pb2+—CO32–—PO43– system is described as an example of the exchange relationships that can be established between suspended solids of metal compounds of low solubility and ions in solution, which would also Lead to the precipitation of low solubility compounds. Chemical analysis, X-ray diffraction powder data and FT–Raman spectroscopy confirm that contact between suspended PbCO3 or Pb3(CO3)2(OH)2 and aqueous PO43– Leads to Carbonate exchange with phosphate and to the formation of Pb5(PO4)3OH. The films deposited on Lead metal in contact with Carbonate- and phosphate-containing solutions were characterized by X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, electron diffraction and confocal Raman microscopy. In both systems, tetragonal PbO is identified as the phase formed in the immediate vicinity of the metal surface, although in the case of the Carbonate system, it is present in combination with PbCO3. These oxide layers are overlaid with Pb3(CO3)2(OH)2 and Pb5(PO4)3OH in the Carbonate and phosphate systems, respectively. The presence of calcium in solution Leads to the formation of Pb5–xCax(PO4)3OH, rather than Pb5(PO4)3OH as a discrete phase.