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Marie-helene Jeuffroy - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Grain legume-cereal intercropping enhances the use of soil-derived and biologically fixed nitrogen in temperate agroecosystems. A meta-analysis
2020Co-Authors: Erik Steen Jensen, Elise Pelzer, Marie-helene Jeuffroy, David Makowski, Carolina Rodriguez, Georg Carlsson, Jan-eric Englund, Adam Flöhr, Erik Steen JensenAbstract:Grain Legumes are known for their benefits to deliver ecosystem services on provisioning of protein-rich food and feed, reducing greenhouse gas emissions through the symbiotic nitrogen fixation function and diversification of cropping systems. Intercropping is an agroecological practice in which two or more crop species are grown simultaneously in the same field, thereby maximizing the use of resources to enhance yields in low input systems and the resilience of cropping systems. We quantified the effect of grain legume-cereal intercropping on the use of N resources in temperate agroecosystems, focusing on dinitrogen (N 2) fixation and soil-derived nitrogen acquisition using a meta-analysis of 29 field-scale studies. We estimated and compared effects of different in-tercrop compositions (proportion of each species in the intercrops), fertilization rates, crop species, soil properties , and other management practices on the symbiotic N 2 fixation and the acquisition of soil-derived nitrogen by the cereals and grain Legumes. The proportion of N derived from N 2 fixation was on average 14 % (95 % CI = [11, 16]) higher in intercropped grain Legumes (76 %) compared to legume sole crops (66 %). On the other hand, intercropping reduced the amount of N 2 fixed (kg ha −1) by about 15 %, when N 2 fixation in inter-and sole cropped Legumes was expressed at equivalent density by compensating for the sown legume proportion in in-tercrops relative to their sole crop sowing rate. The results were mainly influenced by the intercrop composition, Legumes species and the method used to quantify N 2 fixation. Soil-derived nitrogen acquisition in intercropped grain Legumes was significantly reduced (−47 %, 95 % CI = [−56, −36]) compared to sole crop Legumes, expressed at equivalent density, while the soil N acquired by intercropped cereals was much higher (+61 %, 95 % CI = [24, 108]) than in sole crop cereals. Total soil N acquisition (legume + cereal) was significantly higher in intercrops than in legume sole crops (+25 %, 95 % CI = [1, 54]), while there was no significant difference between intercrops and cereal sole crops. The meta-analysis confirms and highlights that intercropping consistently stimulates complementary N use between Legumes and cereals by increasing N 2 fixation by grain le-gumes and increasing soil N acquisition in cereals. Based on the results of this analysis it would be suggested that cropping systems diversification via intercropping can be used for simultaneous production of both cereals and grain Legumes, while increasing the use of N-sources and reducing external inputs of N fertilizers, thereby enhancing the sustainability of agriculture.
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Why are grain-Legumes rarely present in cropping systems despite their environmental and nutritional benefits? Analyzing lock-in in the French agrifood system
2016Co-Authors: Marie-benoît Magrini, Célia Cholez, Jean-marc Meynard, Elise Pelzer, Gerard Duc, Marie-helene Jeuffroy, Guénaëlle Corre-hellou, Anne-sophie Voisin, Marc Anton, Stephane WalrandAbstract:Grain-legume plants fix atmospheric nitrogen in the soil and thus do not need nitrogen fertilizers. Therefore, grain-Legumes can potentially decrease global warming, as nitrogen fertilization is responsible for half of all agricultural greenhouse gas emissions. Moreover, grain-Legumes have many functional and nutritional properties both as feed and food. Despite the fact that the European Union has granted considerable subsidies to promote grain-legume cultivation, their production continues to fall and there has been no satisfactory explanation as to why. This study provides an answer by showing that a situation of technological lock-in has resulted from the co-evolution of crop systems, based on an agrochemical paradigm, public policies, and market dynamics that promote cereals. This process began with the historical choice by European and French public institutions to relegate grain-Legumes to feed in direct competition with imported soybeans. Moreover, interrelated factors, such as breeding selection, public subsidies, and food systems, have favored increasing returns to adoption for cereals to the detriment of grain-Legumes. Finally, the evolutionary economics approach used here identified several actions that must be implemented together, such as agricultural cost-accounting methods, nitrogen management, institutional innovations, and market outlets to promote grain-Legumes and move towards more sustainable agriculture.
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Legumes for feed, food, biomaterials and bioenergy in Europe: a review
2014Co-Authors: Anne-sophie Voisin, Jean-marc Meynard, Marie-benoît Magrini, Marie-helene Jeuffroy, Jacques Guéguen, Christian Huyghe, Christophe Mougel, Sylvain Pellerin, Elise PelzerAbstract:Legume growing has many benefits. Indeed Legumes provide plant proteins for animal feed and human food. Legumes fix atmospheric N_2 and, in turn, provide cheap and green N fertilisers. Additionally, Legumes are used as diversification crops in rotations based on oilseed rape and cereals. Despite those benefits, legume crops in Europe represent less than 4 % of arable lands, and European legume seeds are underused for animal and human nutrition. Nonetheless, European authorities are now fostering the development of legume crops for sustainable agriculture. Here, we analyse forage and grain legume-producing systems since 1950 in order to identify the actual constraints of legume development. We show that Legumes can contribute to the agroecological transition for sustainable agriculture, food and energy and for sustainable agri-food systems. Then, we point out that high added-value niche markets are required for supporting legume production. The major research needs identified are (1) analysing the constraints of the current systems and identifying ways of moving towards systems that include more Legumes, (2) identifying new and diversified uses for Legumes in a sustainable food chain, (3) assessing and improving the ecosystem services provided by Legumes at cropping system and territory scales and (4) promoting agroecology through and for legume crop management.
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relay intercropped forage Legumes help to control weeds in organic grain production
2013Co-Authors: Camille Amosse, Florian Celette, Marie-helene Jeuffroy, Christophe DavidAbstract:a b s t r a c t In organic grain production, weeds are one of the major limiting factors along with crop nitrogen defi- ciency. Relay intercropping of forage legume cover crops in an established winter cereal crop might be a viable option but is still not well documented, especially under organic conditions. Four species of forage Legumes (Medicago lupulina, Medicago sativa, Trifolium pratense and Trifolium repens) were undersown in six organic wheat fields. The density and aerial dry matter of wheat, relay- intercropped Legumes and weeds were monitored during wheat-legume relay intercropping and after wheat harvest until late autumn, before the ploughing of cover crops. Our results showed a large diversity of aerial growth of weeds depending on soil, climate and wheat development. The dynamics of the legume cover crops were highly different between species and crop- ping periods (during relay intercropping and after wheat harvest). For instance, T. repens was two times less developed than the other species during relay intercropping while obtaining the highest aerial dry matter in late autumn. During the relay intercropping period, forage legume cover crops were only effi- cient in controlling weed density in comparison with wheat sole crop. The control of the aerial dry matter of weeds at the end of the relay intercropping period was better explained considering both Legumes and wheat biomasses instead of Legumes alone. In late autumn, 24 weeks after wheat harvest, weed biomass was largely reduced by the cover crops. Weed density and biomass reductions were correlated with cover crop biomass at wheat harvest and in late autumn. The presence of a cover crop also exhibited another positive effect by decreasing the density of spring-germinating annual weeds during the relay intercropping period.
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Relay-intercropped forage Legumes help to control weeds in organic grain production
2013Co-Authors: Camille Amosse, Florian Celette, Marie-helene Jeuffroy, Christophe DavidAbstract:In organic grain production, weeds are one of the major limiting factors along with crop nitrogen deficiency. Relay intercropping of forage legume cover crops in an established winter cereal crop might be a viable option but is still not well documented, especially under organic conditions. Four species of forage Legumes (Medicago lupulina, Medicago sativa, Trifolium pratense and Trifolium repens) were undersown in six organic wheat fields. The density and aerial dry matter of wheat, relay-intercropped Legumes and weeds were monitored during wheat-legume relay intercropping and after wheat harvest until late autumn, before the ploughing of cover crops. Our results showed a large diversity of aerial growth of weeds depending on soil, climate and wheat development. The dynamics of the legume cover crops were highly different between species and cropping periods (during relay intercropping and after wheat harvest). For instance, T. repens was two times less developed than the other species during relay intercropping while obtaining the highest aerial dry matter in late autumn. During the relay intercropping period, forage legume cover crops were only efficient in controlling weed density in comparison with wheat sole crop. The control of the aerial dry matter of weeds at the end of the relay intercropping period was better explained considering both Legumes and wheat biomasses instead of Legumes alone. In late autumn, 24 weeks after wheat harvest, weed biomass was largely reduced by the cover crops. Weed density and biomass reductions were correlated with cover crop biomass at wheat harvest and in late autumn. The presence of a cover crop also exhibited another positive effect by decreasing the density of spring-germinating annual weeds during the relay intercropping period. (C) 2013 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Christophe David - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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relay intercropped forage Legumes help to control weeds in organic grain production
2013Co-Authors: Camille Amosse, Florian Celette, Marie-helene Jeuffroy, Christophe DavidAbstract:a b s t r a c t In organic grain production, weeds are one of the major limiting factors along with crop nitrogen defi- ciency. Relay intercropping of forage legume cover crops in an established winter cereal crop might be a viable option but is still not well documented, especially under organic conditions. Four species of forage Legumes (Medicago lupulina, Medicago sativa, Trifolium pratense and Trifolium repens) were undersown in six organic wheat fields. The density and aerial dry matter of wheat, relay- intercropped Legumes and weeds were monitored during wheat-legume relay intercropping and after wheat harvest until late autumn, before the ploughing of cover crops. Our results showed a large diversity of aerial growth of weeds depending on soil, climate and wheat development. The dynamics of the legume cover crops were highly different between species and crop- ping periods (during relay intercropping and after wheat harvest). For instance, T. repens was two times less developed than the other species during relay intercropping while obtaining the highest aerial dry matter in late autumn. During the relay intercropping period, forage legume cover crops were only effi- cient in controlling weed density in comparison with wheat sole crop. The control of the aerial dry matter of weeds at the end of the relay intercropping period was better explained considering both Legumes and wheat biomasses instead of Legumes alone. In late autumn, 24 weeks after wheat harvest, weed biomass was largely reduced by the cover crops. Weed density and biomass reductions were correlated with cover crop biomass at wheat harvest and in late autumn. The presence of a cover crop also exhibited another positive effect by decreasing the density of spring-germinating annual weeds during the relay intercropping period.
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Relay-intercropped forage Legumes help to control weeds in organic grain production
2013Co-Authors: Camille Amosse, Florian Celette, Marie-helene Jeuffroy, Christophe DavidAbstract:In organic grain production, weeds are one of the major limiting factors along with crop nitrogen deficiency. Relay intercropping of forage legume cover crops in an established winter cereal crop might be a viable option but is still not well documented, especially under organic conditions. Four species of forage Legumes (Medicago lupulina, Medicago sativa, Trifolium pratense and Trifolium repens) were undersown in six organic wheat fields. The density and aerial dry matter of wheat, relay-intercropped Legumes and weeds were monitored during wheat-legume relay intercropping and after wheat harvest until late autumn, before the ploughing of cover crops. Our results showed a large diversity of aerial growth of weeds depending on soil, climate and wheat development. The dynamics of the legume cover crops were highly different between species and cropping periods (during relay intercropping and after wheat harvest). For instance, T. repens was two times less developed than the other species during relay intercropping while obtaining the highest aerial dry matter in late autumn. During the relay intercropping period, forage legume cover crops were only efficient in controlling weed density in comparison with wheat sole crop. The control of the aerial dry matter of weeds at the end of the relay intercropping period was better explained considering both Legumes and wheat biomasses instead of Legumes alone. In late autumn, 24 weeks after wheat harvest, weed biomass was largely reduced by the cover crops. Weed density and biomass reductions were correlated with cover crop biomass at wheat harvest and in late autumn. The presence of a cover crop also exhibited another positive effect by decreasing the density of spring-germinating annual weeds during the relay intercropping period. (C) 2013 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Camille Amosse - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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relay intercropped forage Legumes help to control weeds in organic grain production
2013Co-Authors: Camille Amosse, Florian Celette, Marie-helene Jeuffroy, Christophe DavidAbstract:a b s t r a c t In organic grain production, weeds are one of the major limiting factors along with crop nitrogen defi- ciency. Relay intercropping of forage legume cover crops in an established winter cereal crop might be a viable option but is still not well documented, especially under organic conditions. Four species of forage Legumes (Medicago lupulina, Medicago sativa, Trifolium pratense and Trifolium repens) were undersown in six organic wheat fields. The density and aerial dry matter of wheat, relay- intercropped Legumes and weeds were monitored during wheat-legume relay intercropping and after wheat harvest until late autumn, before the ploughing of cover crops. Our results showed a large diversity of aerial growth of weeds depending on soil, climate and wheat development. The dynamics of the legume cover crops were highly different between species and crop- ping periods (during relay intercropping and after wheat harvest). For instance, T. repens was two times less developed than the other species during relay intercropping while obtaining the highest aerial dry matter in late autumn. During the relay intercropping period, forage legume cover crops were only effi- cient in controlling weed density in comparison with wheat sole crop. The control of the aerial dry matter of weeds at the end of the relay intercropping period was better explained considering both Legumes and wheat biomasses instead of Legumes alone. In late autumn, 24 weeks after wheat harvest, weed biomass was largely reduced by the cover crops. Weed density and biomass reductions were correlated with cover crop biomass at wheat harvest and in late autumn. The presence of a cover crop also exhibited another positive effect by decreasing the density of spring-germinating annual weeds during the relay intercropping period.
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Relay-intercropped forage Legumes help to control weeds in organic grain production
2013Co-Authors: Camille Amosse, Florian Celette, Marie-helene Jeuffroy, Christophe DavidAbstract:In organic grain production, weeds are one of the major limiting factors along with crop nitrogen deficiency. Relay intercropping of forage legume cover crops in an established winter cereal crop might be a viable option but is still not well documented, especially under organic conditions. Four species of forage Legumes (Medicago lupulina, Medicago sativa, Trifolium pratense and Trifolium repens) were undersown in six organic wheat fields. The density and aerial dry matter of wheat, relay-intercropped Legumes and weeds were monitored during wheat-legume relay intercropping and after wheat harvest until late autumn, before the ploughing of cover crops. Our results showed a large diversity of aerial growth of weeds depending on soil, climate and wheat development. The dynamics of the legume cover crops were highly different between species and cropping periods (during relay intercropping and after wheat harvest). For instance, T. repens was two times less developed than the other species during relay intercropping while obtaining the highest aerial dry matter in late autumn. During the relay intercropping period, forage legume cover crops were only efficient in controlling weed density in comparison with wheat sole crop. The control of the aerial dry matter of weeds at the end of the relay intercropping period was better explained considering both Legumes and wheat biomasses instead of Legumes alone. In late autumn, 24 weeks after wheat harvest, weed biomass was largely reduced by the cover crops. Weed density and biomass reductions were correlated with cover crop biomass at wheat harvest and in late autumn. The presence of a cover crop also exhibited another positive effect by decreasing the density of spring-germinating annual weeds during the relay intercropping period. (C) 2013 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Elise Pelzer - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Grain legume-cereal intercropping enhances the use of soil-derived and biologically fixed nitrogen in temperate agroecosystems. A meta-analysis
2020Co-Authors: Erik Steen Jensen, Elise Pelzer, Marie-helene Jeuffroy, David Makowski, Carolina Rodriguez, Georg Carlsson, Jan-eric Englund, Adam Flöhr, Erik Steen JensenAbstract:Grain Legumes are known for their benefits to deliver ecosystem services on provisioning of protein-rich food and feed, reducing greenhouse gas emissions through the symbiotic nitrogen fixation function and diversification of cropping systems. Intercropping is an agroecological practice in which two or more crop species are grown simultaneously in the same field, thereby maximizing the use of resources to enhance yields in low input systems and the resilience of cropping systems. We quantified the effect of grain legume-cereal intercropping on the use of N resources in temperate agroecosystems, focusing on dinitrogen (N 2) fixation and soil-derived nitrogen acquisition using a meta-analysis of 29 field-scale studies. We estimated and compared effects of different in-tercrop compositions (proportion of each species in the intercrops), fertilization rates, crop species, soil properties , and other management practices on the symbiotic N 2 fixation and the acquisition of soil-derived nitrogen by the cereals and grain Legumes. The proportion of N derived from N 2 fixation was on average 14 % (95 % CI = [11, 16]) higher in intercropped grain Legumes (76 %) compared to legume sole crops (66 %). On the other hand, intercropping reduced the amount of N 2 fixed (kg ha −1) by about 15 %, when N 2 fixation in inter-and sole cropped Legumes was expressed at equivalent density by compensating for the sown legume proportion in in-tercrops relative to their sole crop sowing rate. The results were mainly influenced by the intercrop composition, Legumes species and the method used to quantify N 2 fixation. Soil-derived nitrogen acquisition in intercropped grain Legumes was significantly reduced (−47 %, 95 % CI = [−56, −36]) compared to sole crop Legumes, expressed at equivalent density, while the soil N acquired by intercropped cereals was much higher (+61 %, 95 % CI = [24, 108]) than in sole crop cereals. Total soil N acquisition (legume + cereal) was significantly higher in intercrops than in legume sole crops (+25 %, 95 % CI = [1, 54]), while there was no significant difference between intercrops and cereal sole crops. The meta-analysis confirms and highlights that intercropping consistently stimulates complementary N use between Legumes and cereals by increasing N 2 fixation by grain le-gumes and increasing soil N acquisition in cereals. Based on the results of this analysis it would be suggested that cropping systems diversification via intercropping can be used for simultaneous production of both cereals and grain Legumes, while increasing the use of N-sources and reducing external inputs of N fertilizers, thereby enhancing the sustainability of agriculture.
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Why are grain-Legumes rarely present in cropping systems despite their environmental and nutritional benefits? Analyzing lock-in in the French agrifood system
2016Co-Authors: Marie-benoît Magrini, Célia Cholez, Jean-marc Meynard, Elise Pelzer, Gerard Duc, Marie-helene Jeuffroy, Guénaëlle Corre-hellou, Anne-sophie Voisin, Marc Anton, Stephane WalrandAbstract:Grain-legume plants fix atmospheric nitrogen in the soil and thus do not need nitrogen fertilizers. Therefore, grain-Legumes can potentially decrease global warming, as nitrogen fertilization is responsible for half of all agricultural greenhouse gas emissions. Moreover, grain-Legumes have many functional and nutritional properties both as feed and food. Despite the fact that the European Union has granted considerable subsidies to promote grain-legume cultivation, their production continues to fall and there has been no satisfactory explanation as to why. This study provides an answer by showing that a situation of technological lock-in has resulted from the co-evolution of crop systems, based on an agrochemical paradigm, public policies, and market dynamics that promote cereals. This process began with the historical choice by European and French public institutions to relegate grain-Legumes to feed in direct competition with imported soybeans. Moreover, interrelated factors, such as breeding selection, public subsidies, and food systems, have favored increasing returns to adoption for cereals to the detriment of grain-Legumes. Finally, the evolutionary economics approach used here identified several actions that must be implemented together, such as agricultural cost-accounting methods, nitrogen management, institutional innovations, and market outlets to promote grain-Legumes and move towards more sustainable agriculture.
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Legumes for feed, food, biomaterials and bioenergy in Europe: a review
2014Co-Authors: Anne-sophie Voisin, Jean-marc Meynard, Marie-benoît Magrini, Marie-helene Jeuffroy, Jacques Guéguen, Christian Huyghe, Christophe Mougel, Sylvain Pellerin, Elise PelzerAbstract:Legume growing has many benefits. Indeed Legumes provide plant proteins for animal feed and human food. Legumes fix atmospheric N_2 and, in turn, provide cheap and green N fertilisers. Additionally, Legumes are used as diversification crops in rotations based on oilseed rape and cereals. Despite those benefits, legume crops in Europe represent less than 4 % of arable lands, and European legume seeds are underused for animal and human nutrition. Nonetheless, European authorities are now fostering the development of legume crops for sustainable agriculture. Here, we analyse forage and grain legume-producing systems since 1950 in order to identify the actual constraints of legume development. We show that Legumes can contribute to the agroecological transition for sustainable agriculture, food and energy and for sustainable agri-food systems. Then, we point out that high added-value niche markets are required for supporting legume production. The major research needs identified are (1) analysing the constraints of the current systems and identifying ways of moving towards systems that include more Legumes, (2) identifying new and diversified uses for Legumes in a sustainable food chain, (3) assessing and improving the ecosystem services provided by Legumes at cropping system and territory scales and (4) promoting agroecology through and for legume crop management.
A C Franke - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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benefits of legume maize rotations assessing the impact of diversity on the productivity of smallholders in western kenya
2014Co-Authors: J O Ojiem, A C Franke, Bernard Vanlauwe, N De Ridder, K E GillerAbstract:Abstract Agricultural intensification of farming systems in sub-Saharan Africa is a prerequisite to alleviate rural poverty and improve livelihoods. Legumes have shown great potential to enhance system productivity. On-farm experiments were conducted in different agro-ecological zones (AEZ) in Western Kenya to assess the agronomic and economic benefits of promising Legumes. In each zone, trials were established in fields of high, medium and low fertility to assess the effect of soil fertility heterogeneity on legume productivity and subsequent maize yield. Common bean, soybean, groundnut, lima bean, lablab, velvet bean, crotalaria, and jackbean were grown in the short rains season, followed by maize in the long rains season. Alongside, continuous maize treatments fertilised at different rates were established. AEZs and soil fertility gradients within these zones greatly affected crop productivity, returns to land and labour of rotations, as well as the relative performance of rotations. Poorer soil fertility and AEZs with lower rainfall gave smaller legume and maize yields and consequently, smaller returns to land and labour. The cultivation of Legumes increased maize yields in the subsequent long rains season compared with continuous maize receiving fertiliser at a similar rate, while the increase of maize after green manure Legumes was stronger than that after grain Legumes. Maize yield responded strongly to increasing amounts of N applied as legume residues with diminishing returns to legume-N application rates above 100 kg N ha−1. In the low potential zones, factors other than improved N availability likely also stimulated maize yield. Rotations with grain Legumes generally provided better returns than those with green manures. Intercropping bean with maize in the long rains season provided an additional bean yield that did not come at the expense of maize yield and improved returns to land and labour, but more so in the high potential zones. The results demonstrate the strong impact of biophysical diversity on the productivity of the Legumes and suggest the need for careful targeting of legume technologies to the different biophysical conditions.
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which farmers benefit most from sustainable intensification an ex ante impact assessment of expanding grain legume production in malawi
2014Co-Authors: A C Franke, G J Van Den Brand, K E GillerAbstract:Abstract Legume technologies are widely promoted among smallholders in southern Africa, providing an opportunity for sustainable intensification. Farms and farming strategies of smallholders differ greatly within any given locality and determine the opportunities for uptake of technologies. We provide an ex-ante assessment of the impact of grain Legumes on different types of farms and identify niches for grain Legumes in Malawi. After creation of a farm typology, detailed farm characterisations were used to describe the farming system. The characterisations provided the basis for the construction of simplified, virtual farms on which possible scenarios for expanding and intensifying grain legume production were explored using the farm-scale simulation model NUANCES-FARMSIM. Observed yields and labour inputs suggested that maize provides more edible yield per unit area with a higher calorific value and greater labour use efficiency than groundnut and soybean. Crop yields simulated by the model partly confirmed these yield trends, but at farm level maize-dominated systems often produced less food than systems with more grain Legumes. Improved management practices such as addition of P-based fertiliser to grain Legumes and inoculation of soybean were crucial to increase biological nitrogen fixation and grain yields of Legumes and maize, and created systems with increased area of Legumes that were more productive than the current farms. Improved legume management was especially a necessity for low resource endowed farmers who, due to little past use of P-based fertiliser and organic inputs, have soils with a poorer P status than wealthier farmers. Economic analyses suggested that legume cultivation was considerably more profitable than continuous maize cropping. Highest potential net benefits were achieved with tobacco, but the required financial investment made tobacco cultivation riskier. Grain Legumes have excellent potential as food and cash crops particularly for medium and high resource endowed farmers, a role that could grow in importance as legume markets further develop. For low resource endowed farmers, Legumes can improve food self-sufficiency of households, but only if Legumes can be managed with P fertiliser and inoculation in the case of soybean. Given that low resource endowed farmers tend to be risk averse and have few resources to invest, the ability of poorer farmers to adopt legume technologies could be limited.
