The Experts below are selected from a list of 51087 Experts worldwide ranked by ideXlab platform
Mica R Endsley - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Level of Automation forms a key aspect of autonomy design
Journal of Cognitive Engineering and Decision Making, 2018Co-Authors: Mica R EndsleyAbstract:The concept of different Levels of Automation (LOAs) has been pervasive in the Automation literature since its introduction by Sheridan and Verplanck. LOA taxonomies have been very useful in guidin...
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the effects of Level of Automation and adaptive Automation on human performance situation awareness and workload in a dynamic control task
Theoretical Issues in Ergonomics Science, 2004Co-Authors: David B Kaber, Mica R EndsleyAbstract:This paper extends previous research on two approaches to human-centred Automation: (1) intermediate Levels of Automation (LOAs) for maintaining operator involvement in complex systems control and facilitating situation awareness; and (2) adaptive Automation (AA) for managing operator workload through dynamic control allocations between the human and machine over time. Some empirical research has been conducted to examine LOA and AA independently, with the objective of detailing a theory of human-centred Automation. Unfortunately, no previous work has studied the interaction of these two approaches, nor has any research attempted to systematically determine which LOAs should be used in adaptive systems and how certain types of dynamic function allocations should be scheduled over time. The present research briefly reviews the theory of human-centred Automation and LOA and AA approaches. Building on this background, an initial study was presented that attempts to address the conjuncture of these two approa...
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Level of Automation effects on performance situation awareness and workload in a dynamic control task
Ergonomics, 1999Co-Authors: Mica R Endsley, David B KaberAbstract:Various Levels of Automation (LOA) designating the degree of human operator and computer control were explored within the context of a dynamic control task as a means of improving overall human/machine performance. Automated systems have traditionally been explored as binary function allocations; either the human or the machine is assigned to a given task. More recently, intermediary Levels of Automation have been discussed as a means of maintaining operator involvement in system performance, leading to improvements in situation awareness and reductions in out-of-the-loop performance problems. A LOA taxonomy applicable to a wide range of psychomotor and cognitive tasks is presented here. The taxonomy comprises various schemes of generic control system function allocations. The functions allocated to a human operator and/or computer included monitoring displays, generating processing options, selecting an ‘optimal’ option and implementing that option. The impact of the LOA taxonomy was assessed within a dy...
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Level of Automation effects on performance situation awareness and workload in a dynamic control task
Ergonomics, 1999Co-Authors: Mica R Endsley, David B KaberAbstract:Various Levels of Automation (LOA) designating the degree of human operator and computer control were explored within the context of a dynamic control task as a means of improving overall human/machine performance. Automated systems have traditionally been explored as binary function allocations; either the human or the machine is assigned to a given task. More recently, intermediary Levels of Automation have been discussed as a means of maintaining operator involvement in system performance, leading to improvements in situation awareness and reductions in out-of-the-loop performance problems. A LOA taxonomy applicable to a wide range of psychomotor and cognitive tasks is presented here. The taxonomy comprises various schemes of generic control system function allocations. The functions allocated to a human operator and/or computer included monitoring displays, generating processing options, selecting an 'optimal' option and implementing that option. The impact of the LOA taxonomy was assessed within a dynamic and complex cognitive control task by measuring its effect on human/system performance, situation awareness and workload. Thirty subjects performed simulation trials involving various Levels of Automation. Several Automation failures occurred and out-of-the-loop performance decrements were assessed. Results suggest that, in terms of performance, human operators benefit most from Automation of the implementation portion of the task, but only under normal operating conditions; in contrast, removal of the operator from task implementation is detrimental to performance recovery if the automated system fails. Joint human/system option generation significantly degraded performance in comparison to human or automated option generation alone. Lower operator workload and higher situation awareness were observed under Automation of the decision making portion of the task (i.e. selection of options), although human/system performance was only slightly improved. The implications of these findings for the design of automated systems are discussed.
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Level of Automation integrating humans and automated systems
Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting, 1997Co-Authors: Mica R EndsleyAbstract:Automation is being implemented in a variety of systems in an effort to improve performance and overcome high operator workload. Current Automation approaches may underlie these problems by reducing operator situation awareness. Evidence suggests that in many ways current Automation approaches fail to achieve the desired reduction in workload, yet the prevailing approach to system design is still to automate to reduce workload. An alternate design approach is presented that focuses on utilizing intermediate Levels of Automation (LOA) that integrate the human and the automated system in substantially different ways. Three studies are examined that explore the effects of LOA on performance, situation awareness and workload under normal and failure conditions. Intermediate LOAs were found to significantly enhance SA and performance as compared to full Automation or purely manual performance. Factors that determine when Automation may be advantageous and when it may be detrimental are revealed through this sy...
J D Decotignie - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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ethernet based real time and industrial communications
Proceedings of the IEEE, 2005Co-Authors: J D DecotignieAbstract:Despite early attempts to use Ethernet in the industrial context, only recently has it attracted a lot of attention as a support for industrial communication. A number of vendors are offering industrial communication products based on Ethernet and TCP/IP as a means to interconnect field devices to the first Level of Automation. Others restrict their offer to communication between Automation devices such as programmable logic controllers and provide integration means to existing fieldbuses. This paper first details the requirements that an industrial network has to fulfill. It then shows how Ethernet has been enhanced to comply with the real-time requirements in particular in the industrial context. Finally, we show how the requirements that cannot be fulfilled at layer 2 of the OSI model can be addressed in the higher layers adding functionality to existing standard protocols.
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ethernet based real time and industrial communications
Proceedings of the IEEE, 2005Co-Authors: J D DecotignieAbstract:Despite early attempts to use Ethernet in the industrial context, only recently has it attracted a lot of attention as a support for industrial communication. A number of vendors are offering industrial communication products based on Ethernet and TCP/IP as a means to interconnect field devices to the first Level of Automation. Others restrict their offer to communication between Automation devices such as programmable logic controllers and provide integration means to existing fieldbuses. This paper first details the requirements that an industrial network has to fulfill. It then shows how Ethernet has been enhanced to comply with the real-time requirements in particular in the industrial context. Finally, we show how the requirements that cannot be fulfilled at layer 2 of the OSI model can be addressed in the higher layers adding functionality to existing standard protocols.
Anas Salmi - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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a cost estimation model to support Automation decision in assembly systems design
International Journal of Production Research, 2018Co-Authors: Anas Salmi, Pierre David, Eric Blanco, Olivier Briant, Joshua D SummersAbstract:Cost analysis is crucial in the design of assembly systems and the decision on their Level of Automation (LoA). This paper presents a cost estimation model of assembly system that is used to decide...
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Deciding The Level of Automation During the Design of Assembly Systems: Literature Review of Decision Methods and a New Approach Proposal
2015Co-Authors: Anas Salmi, Pierre David, Eric Blanco, Joshua SummersAbstract:This paper reviews research in the field of Automation deciding for assembly systems design. The purpose is to analyze the decision making methodologies already developed in the topic, evaluating previous efforts against practical use by manufacturers in such complex and important decision. Based on this study, a procedure is proposed to support the decision making process regarding the Automation throughout the workstations of assembly systems during early conceptual design phase. Requirements for the decision methods are defined. The evaluations and analyzes of existing methods lead to a new decision approach then evaluated against the identified requirements. It is tailored to assist systems designers and decision makers in the determination of the appropriate Automation Level for their assembly systems.
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a modelling language for assembly sequences representation scheduling and analyses
International Journal of Production Research, 2014Co-Authors: Anas Salmi, Pierre David, Joshua D Summers, Eric BlancoAbstract:The aim of this paper is to study the methods for assembly representation supporting the Level of Automation (LoA) decision process. Based on a literature review on the topic of LoA decision-making, a need for involving the assembly sequence in the decision was identified. The representation methods used in both assembly modelling and planning and other more generic approaches in the literature were studied and evaluated. The evaluation has been based on a requirements definition describing how the representation should support the decision about Automation. Identified gaps in requirement satisfaction from the existing approaches led to the definition of the assembly sequence modelling language (ASML), a new modelling language that combines principles from and improvements on the studied methods and a standard vocabulary of assembly actions. The modelling language was demonstrated in an assembly example and was successfully evaluated with regard to the defined requirements. Thus, this new modelling approa...
Eric Blanco - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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a cost estimation model to support Automation decision in assembly systems design
International Journal of Production Research, 2018Co-Authors: Anas Salmi, Pierre David, Eric Blanco, Olivier Briant, Joshua D SummersAbstract:Cost analysis is crucial in the design of assembly systems and the decision on their Level of Automation (LoA). This paper presents a cost estimation model of assembly system that is used to decide...
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Deciding The Level of Automation During the Design of Assembly Systems: Literature Review of Decision Methods and a New Approach Proposal
2015Co-Authors: Anas Salmi, Pierre David, Eric Blanco, Joshua SummersAbstract:This paper reviews research in the field of Automation deciding for assembly systems design. The purpose is to analyze the decision making methodologies already developed in the topic, evaluating previous efforts against practical use by manufacturers in such complex and important decision. Based on this study, a procedure is proposed to support the decision making process regarding the Automation throughout the workstations of assembly systems during early conceptual design phase. Requirements for the decision methods are defined. The evaluations and analyzes of existing methods lead to a new decision approach then evaluated against the identified requirements. It is tailored to assist systems designers and decision makers in the determination of the appropriate Automation Level for their assembly systems.
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a modelling language for assembly sequences representation scheduling and analyses
International Journal of Production Research, 2014Co-Authors: Anas Salmi, Pierre David, Joshua D Summers, Eric BlancoAbstract:The aim of this paper is to study the methods for assembly representation supporting the Level of Automation (LoA) decision process. Based on a literature review on the topic of LoA decision-making, a need for involving the assembly sequence in the decision was identified. The representation methods used in both assembly modelling and planning and other more generic approaches in the literature were studied and evaluated. The evaluation has been based on a requirements definition describing how the representation should support the decision about Automation. Identified gaps in requirement satisfaction from the existing approaches led to the definition of the assembly sequence modelling language (ASML), a new modelling language that combines principles from and improvements on the studied methods and a standard vocabulary of assembly actions. The modelling language was demonstrated in an assembly example and was successfully evaluated with regard to the defined requirements. Thus, this new modelling approa...
Joshua D Summers - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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a cost estimation model to support Automation decision in assembly systems design
International Journal of Production Research, 2018Co-Authors: Anas Salmi, Pierre David, Eric Blanco, Olivier Briant, Joshua D SummersAbstract:Cost analysis is crucial in the design of assembly systems and the decision on their Level of Automation (LoA). This paper presents a cost estimation model of assembly system that is used to decide...
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a modelling language for assembly sequences representation scheduling and analyses
International Journal of Production Research, 2014Co-Authors: Anas Salmi, Pierre David, Joshua D Summers, Eric BlancoAbstract:The aim of this paper is to study the methods for assembly representation supporting the Level of Automation (LoA) decision process. Based on a literature review on the topic of LoA decision-making, a need for involving the assembly sequence in the decision was identified. The representation methods used in both assembly modelling and planning and other more generic approaches in the literature were studied and evaluated. The evaluation has been based on a requirements definition describing how the representation should support the decision about Automation. Identified gaps in requirement satisfaction from the existing approaches led to the definition of the assembly sequence modelling language (ASML), a new modelling language that combines principles from and improvements on the studied methods and a standard vocabulary of assembly actions. The modelling language was demonstrated in an assembly example and was successfully evaluated with regard to the defined requirements. Thus, this new modelling approa...
