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Xiangyun Qiu - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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semantic derivation of the Lexical Item shen in mandarin based on conceptual metaphor
Workshop on Chinese Lexical Semantics, 2013Co-Authors: Xiangyun QiuAbstract:The Mandarin word ‘Shen’ (body)has determined its semantic derivation through conceptual metaphor and metonymy, further resulting in the phenomenon of polysemy. This research discusses how metaphors have influenced the semantic derivation of Mandarin term ‘Shen’ used in Taiwan, analyze the term’s various semantic derivatives, through ontological metaphor, container metaphor, spatial metaphor, metaphor in Buddhist realm, and metonymies of ‘the part for the whole’, ‘the whole for the part’ , ‘the physical for the abstract’, and finally generate a semantic relationship schema.
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CLSW - Semantic derivation of the Lexical Item yan/mu in mandarin: a cognitive study
Lecture Notes in Computer Science, 2013Co-Authors: Xiangyun QiuAbstract:The source of the semantic concept of body words is the body experience. With it we can construct new semantic concepts. Yan/Mu 'eye', as the primary sensory organ, is primarily relied upon to obtain the message to know the world. This article would like to combine the Lexical Semantics and Cognitive Metaphor to explore the Lexical semantics of Yan/Mu in Chinese. The data are from dictionaries of Mandarin both online and printed in Taiwan. The theories applied include "Prototype" and "conceptual metaphor". I hope to construct a more clear system for the semantic derivation of the Lexical Item Yan/Mu in Mandarin.
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semantic derivation of the Lexical Item yan mu in mandarin a cognitive study
Workshop on Chinese Lexical Semantics, 2012Co-Authors: Xiangyun QiuAbstract:The source of the semantic concept of body words is the body experience. With it we can construct new semantic concepts. Yan/Mu 'eye', as the primary sensory organ, is primarily relied upon to obtain the message to know the world. This article would like to combine the Lexical Semantics and Cognitive Metaphor to explore the Lexical semantics of Yan/Mu in Chinese. The data are from dictionaries of Mandarin both online and printed in Taiwan. The theories applied include "Prototype" and "conceptual metaphor". I hope to construct a more clear system for the semantic derivation of the Lexical Item Yan/Mu in Mandarin.
Albert Costa - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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On the temporal dynamics of sign production: An ERP study in Catalan Sign Language (LSC)
Brain Research, 2015Co-Authors: Cristina Baus, Albert CostaAbstract:This study investigates the temporal dynamics of sign production and how particular aspects of the signed modality influence the early stages of Lexical access. To that end, we explored the electrophysiological correlates associated to sign frequency and iconicity in a picture signing task in a group of bimodal bilinguals. Moreover, a subset of the same participants was tested in the same task but naming the pictures instead. Our results revealed that both frequency and iconicity influenced Lexical access in sign production. At the ERP level, iconicity effects originated very early in the course of signing (while absent in the spoken modality), suggesting a stronger activation of the semantic properties for iconic signs. Moreover, frequency effects were modulated by iconicity, suggesting that Lexical access in signed language is determined by the iconic properties of the signs. These results support the idea that Lexical access is sensitive to the same phenomena in word and sign production, but its time-course is modulated by particular aspects of the modality in which a Lexical Item will be finally articulated. (C) 2015 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
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The time course of word retrieval revealed by event-related brain potentials during overt speech
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 2009Co-Authors: Albert Costa, Kristof Strijkers, Clara Martin, Guillaume ThierryAbstract:Speech production is one of the most fundamental activities of humans. A core cognitive operation involved in this skill is the retrieval of words from long-term memory, that is, from the mental lexicon. In this article, we establish the time course of Lexical access by recording the brain electrical activity of participants while they named pictures aloud. By manipulating the ordinal position of pictures belonging to the same semantic categories, the cumulative semantic interference effect, we were able to measure the exact time at which Lexical access takes place. We found significant correlations between naming latencies, ordinal position of pictures , and event-related potential mean amplitudes starting 200 ms after picture presentation and lasting for 180 ms. The study reveals that the brain engages extremely fast in the retrieval of words one wishes to utter and offers a clear time frame of how long it takes for the competitive process of activating and selecting words in the course of speech to be resolved. electrophysiology Lexical access speech production W ord selection is a crucial step in speech production. Considering that the average lexicon contains 50,000 Lexical entries and that an average speaker utters approximately three words per second, the process of Lexical retrieval needs to proceed at high speed and with great accuracy. Failures of this process result in speech errors or anomia, which limit communication , as acutely demonstrated in production aphasia, for instance. Although our understanding of how speakers retrieve words from the lexicon has considerably increased in recent years (1-4), the neural implementation of this process remains poorly understood. In particular, insights regarding the time course of word retrieval in speech production are sparse, and most of the chronometric evidence available is derived from event-related potential (ERP) studies relying on button-press responses rather than in actual overt speech production (5-9). This strategy was adopted because EEG is highly susceptible to mouth movements that could possibly mask the cognitive components of interest. However, at least one EEG study and several MEG studies have shown that artifact-free brain responses can be measured up to at least 400 ms after picture onset (10-13), and a few recent ERP studies demonstrated that classical ERP components can be replicated during overt picture naming (14-17). Although these latter studies reveal the validity of ERPs for studying overt naming, they have not directly investigated the issue of the time course of Lexical selection, but rather other aspects of word production (e.g., morphological processing, bilingual language control, etc.). It is the goal of the present study to identify the time course of word selection during overt naming, capitalizing on the fine temporal resolution of ERPs. In this study, we directly measure the time course of word retrieval during overt naming. Such temporal information is invaluable for understanding brain mechanisms underlying speech production and to elucidate the causes of speech failure. Additionally, this approach may offer a framework to constrain theoretical models of language production. With this aim in mind, we chose to exploit the cumulative semantic interference effect (CSIE) (18) as a proxy for Lexical selection in picture naming. In this paradigm, participants name a set of pictures from intermixed semantic categories (e.g., turtle, hammer, tree, crocodile, bus, axe, snake, etc.). Interestingly, naming latencies for a given picture (e.g., snake) increases linearly with its ordinal position within the semantic category. That is, the naming latency for a given Item correlates positively, linearly, and highly with the number of Items from the same semantic category that have been named previously (e.g., turtle, crocodile). It has been debated whether this striking effect reflects competition at a semantic or a Lexical level (18-23). According to the semantic account, the effect arises at the level at which semantic representations are being selected for production. The idea is that semantically related conceptual representations compete with one another, such that the reactivation of previously selected representations hinders the speed with which the semantic representation corresponding to the target picture is singled out and selected for further processing (22, 23). According to the Lexical interpretation, the interference between semantic competitors is assumed to reflect the difficulty in selecting a specific Lexical Item produced by the reactivation of Lexical Items of the same semantic category that have been produced previously: The more Items of the same semantic category are encountered, the higher the amount of competition when selecting another Item (the target one) from the same semantic category. Although there is still debate about the specific origin of the effect, several fMRI and MEG studies have consistently shown increased activation during semantic competition in the middle temporal gyrus and the left inferior frontal gyrus (12, 24-28), two regions putatively associated with Lexical access and selection (29-31). Knowledge of the timing of ERP effects elicited by the CSIE is likely to provide key temporal information on Lexical selection during picture naming. More specifically, we predict that there should be a time window in which the ERPs correlate positively with the ordinal position of the target within the series of pictures belonging to the same semantic category. To the extent that the CSIE reveals the processes engaged during word selection, such a window can be considered as the time interval in which word retrieval takes place. There are two independent studies that allow for a precise prediction about the time at which word retrieval from the lexicon occurs. First, according to the meta-analysis conducted by Indefrey and Levelt (29), Lexical selection will unfold between
V. M. Mojela - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Borrowing and Loan Words: The Lemmatizing of Newly Acquired Lexical Items in Sesotho sa Leboa
Lexikos, 2010Co-Authors: V. M. MojelaAbstract:ABSTRACT: The influence of foreign languages in Sesotho sa Leboa, or Northern Sotho, results in borrowing, which ultimately leads to an increase in the vocabulary of Sesotho sa Leboa. The languages influencing developments in the vocabulary of Sesotho sa Leboa include, inter alia, English, Afrikaans, Xitsonga, Tshivend√a and the Nguni languages. This article aims to give a critical analysis of the advantages and disadvantages of the adoption of foreign Lexical Items in the lemmatization of vocabulary in Sesotho sa Leboa dictionaries. Most puristic inclined academics and intellectuals are reluctant to adopt loan words as a means of developing the Sesotho sa Leboa vocabulary. When confronted with borrowing, the purists usually prefer coinage, using indigenous Lexical Items to name foreign concepts. This is disadvantageous to the development of the vocabulary of the language because (1) there is no increase in the number of the Lexical Items in the language since only the meanings of the foreign Lexical Item are added to existing indigenous Lexical Items, and (2) in most cases, previously adopted loan words are mistaken for indigenous Lexical Items and given preference to newly acquired Lexical Items which have direct and accurate bearing on the meaning of the newly discovered or designed concepts or objects. OPSOMMING: Ontlening en leenwoorde: Die lemmatisering van nuutverworwe leksikale Items in Sesotho sa Leboa. Die invloed van vreemde tale op Sesotho sa Leboa, of Noord-Sotho, het ontlening tot gevolg, wat uiteindelik lei tot 'n toename in die woordeskat van Sesotho sa Leboa. Die tale wat ontwikkelinge in die woordeskat van Sesotho sa Leboa beinvloed, sluit onder andere Engels, Afrikaans, Xitsonga, Tsivend√a en die Ngunitale in. Die doel van hierdie artikel is om 'n kritiese ontleding van die voordele en nadele van die oorneem van vreemde leksikale Items by die lemmatisering van die woordeskat in woordeboeke van Sesotho sa Leboa te gee. Die meeste puristies gesinde akademici en intellektuele is onwillig om leenwoorde oor te neem as 'n manier om die woordeskat van Sesotho sa Leboa te ontwikkel. Wanneer hulle met ontlening gekonfronteer word, verkies puriste gewoonlik nuutskeppinge deur gebruikmaking van inheemse leksikale Items om vreemde konsepte te benoem. Dit is nadelig vir die ontwikkeling van die woordeskat van die taal omdat (1) daar geen toename in die aantal leksikale Items is nie aangesien slegs die betekenisse van die vreemde leksikale Items tot die bestaande inheemse leksikale Items toegevoeg word, en (2) in die meeste gevalle voorheen oorgeneemde leenwoorde aangesien word vir inheemse leksikale Items en daaraan voorkeur gegee word bo nuutverworwe leksikale Items wat 'n direkte en presiese verband met die betekenis van die nuutontdekte of -ontwerpte konsepte of objekte het. Sleutelwoorde: ONTLENING, LEENWOORDE, LEKSIKALE ItemS, VREEMDE AANWINSTE, VREEMDE WOORDE, NUUTSKEPPING, NUUTGESKEPTE LEKSIKALE ItemS, PURISME, STANDAARDTAAL, STANDAARDISERING, LEMMATISERING, ONTWIKKELDE TALE, KORPUSSE
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Polysemy and Homonymy: Challenges Relating to Lexical Entries in the Sesotho sa Leboa-
2007Co-Authors: V. M. MojelaAbstract:This article outlines the challenges relating to the lemmatization of the Lexical Items which are either polysemous or homonymous, as experienced during the compilation of the Sesotho sa Leboa-English Bilingual Dictionary. These problems can be ascribed to a lack of objectivity result- ing from an inadequate knowledge regarding the etymological relationships of the meanings of some Lexical Items which are subsequently misclassified as either homonyms or polysemous words. This often causes improper Lexical entries in dictionaries, i.e. polysemous words may be lemma- tized as homonyms and vice versa. To unambiguously distinguish between Lexical Items which are either homonyms or polyse- mous words, lexicographers should in this regard consider the criteria suggested by scholars: — In accordance with the relatedness/unrelatedness criterion, the lexicographer will need to determine the extent to which the Lexical Items are related before entering them in the dic- tionary. — The etymological criterion will help the lexicographer to determine the relatedness of the Lexical Items for inclusion in the dictionary according to their historical connection. Using these criteria to lemmatize a Lexical Item properly in the dictionary, the lexicographer will be required to determine whether a Lexical Item can be regarded as one word with more than one meaning (a polysemous word), or as two different Lexical Items which have the same spelling (homonyms). To make this distinction, the lexicographer will need to research the historical back- ground of the Lexical Item. Even though these criteria are important aids for distinguishing polysemy and homonymy, the problem of subjectivity is not altogether removed since the criteria do not specify the level or degree of relatedness/unrelatedness at which the Lexical Item(s) can be said to be polysemous or homonymous.
Cristina Baus - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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On the temporal dynamics of sign production: An ERP study in Catalan Sign Language (LSC)
Brain Research, 2015Co-Authors: Cristina Baus, Albert CostaAbstract:This study investigates the temporal dynamics of sign production and how particular aspects of the signed modality influence the early stages of Lexical access. To that end, we explored the electrophysiological correlates associated to sign frequency and iconicity in a picture signing task in a group of bimodal bilinguals. Moreover, a subset of the same participants was tested in the same task but naming the pictures instead. Our results revealed that both frequency and iconicity influenced Lexical access in sign production. At the ERP level, iconicity effects originated very early in the course of signing (while absent in the spoken modality), suggesting a stronger activation of the semantic properties for iconic signs. Moreover, frequency effects were modulated by iconicity, suggesting that Lexical access in signed language is determined by the iconic properties of the signs. These results support the idea that Lexical access is sensitive to the same phenomena in word and sign production, but its time-course is modulated by particular aspects of the modality in which a Lexical Item will be finally articulated. (C) 2015 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Guillaume Thierry - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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The time course of word retrieval revealed by event-related brain potentials during overt speech
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 2009Co-Authors: Albert Costa, Kristof Strijkers, Clara Martin, Guillaume ThierryAbstract:Speech production is one of the most fundamental activities of humans. A core cognitive operation involved in this skill is the retrieval of words from long-term memory, that is, from the mental lexicon. In this article, we establish the time course of Lexical access by recording the brain electrical activity of participants while they named pictures aloud. By manipulating the ordinal position of pictures belonging to the same semantic categories, the cumulative semantic interference effect, we were able to measure the exact time at which Lexical access takes place. We found significant correlations between naming latencies, ordinal position of pictures , and event-related potential mean amplitudes starting 200 ms after picture presentation and lasting for 180 ms. The study reveals that the brain engages extremely fast in the retrieval of words one wishes to utter and offers a clear time frame of how long it takes for the competitive process of activating and selecting words in the course of speech to be resolved. electrophysiology Lexical access speech production W ord selection is a crucial step in speech production. Considering that the average lexicon contains 50,000 Lexical entries and that an average speaker utters approximately three words per second, the process of Lexical retrieval needs to proceed at high speed and with great accuracy. Failures of this process result in speech errors or anomia, which limit communication , as acutely demonstrated in production aphasia, for instance. Although our understanding of how speakers retrieve words from the lexicon has considerably increased in recent years (1-4), the neural implementation of this process remains poorly understood. In particular, insights regarding the time course of word retrieval in speech production are sparse, and most of the chronometric evidence available is derived from event-related potential (ERP) studies relying on button-press responses rather than in actual overt speech production (5-9). This strategy was adopted because EEG is highly susceptible to mouth movements that could possibly mask the cognitive components of interest. However, at least one EEG study and several MEG studies have shown that artifact-free brain responses can be measured up to at least 400 ms after picture onset (10-13), and a few recent ERP studies demonstrated that classical ERP components can be replicated during overt picture naming (14-17). Although these latter studies reveal the validity of ERPs for studying overt naming, they have not directly investigated the issue of the time course of Lexical selection, but rather other aspects of word production (e.g., morphological processing, bilingual language control, etc.). It is the goal of the present study to identify the time course of word selection during overt naming, capitalizing on the fine temporal resolution of ERPs. In this study, we directly measure the time course of word retrieval during overt naming. Such temporal information is invaluable for understanding brain mechanisms underlying speech production and to elucidate the causes of speech failure. Additionally, this approach may offer a framework to constrain theoretical models of language production. With this aim in mind, we chose to exploit the cumulative semantic interference effect (CSIE) (18) as a proxy for Lexical selection in picture naming. In this paradigm, participants name a set of pictures from intermixed semantic categories (e.g., turtle, hammer, tree, crocodile, bus, axe, snake, etc.). Interestingly, naming latencies for a given picture (e.g., snake) increases linearly with its ordinal position within the semantic category. That is, the naming latency for a given Item correlates positively, linearly, and highly with the number of Items from the same semantic category that have been named previously (e.g., turtle, crocodile). It has been debated whether this striking effect reflects competition at a semantic or a Lexical level (18-23). According to the semantic account, the effect arises at the level at which semantic representations are being selected for production. The idea is that semantically related conceptual representations compete with one another, such that the reactivation of previously selected representations hinders the speed with which the semantic representation corresponding to the target picture is singled out and selected for further processing (22, 23). According to the Lexical interpretation, the interference between semantic competitors is assumed to reflect the difficulty in selecting a specific Lexical Item produced by the reactivation of Lexical Items of the same semantic category that have been produced previously: The more Items of the same semantic category are encountered, the higher the amount of competition when selecting another Item (the target one) from the same semantic category. Although there is still debate about the specific origin of the effect, several fMRI and MEG studies have consistently shown increased activation during semantic competition in the middle temporal gyrus and the left inferior frontal gyrus (12, 24-28), two regions putatively associated with Lexical access and selection (29-31). Knowledge of the timing of ERP effects elicited by the CSIE is likely to provide key temporal information on Lexical selection during picture naming. More specifically, we predict that there should be a time window in which the ERPs correlate positively with the ordinal position of the target within the series of pictures belonging to the same semantic category. To the extent that the CSIE reveals the processes engaged during word selection, such a window can be considered as the time interval in which word retrieval takes place. There are two independent studies that allow for a precise prediction about the time at which word retrieval from the lexicon occurs. First, according to the meta-analysis conducted by Indefrey and Levelt (29), Lexical selection will unfold between