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Hans-jörg Schmid - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • The Dynamics of the Linguistic System - Summary of Part II
    The Dynamics of the Linguistic System, 2020
    Co-Authors: Hans-jörg Schmid
    Abstract:

    This short chapter provides a summary of Part II of the book. It highlights the multidimensional contingency of conventionalized utterance types and suggests a pseudo-technical formula for describing how the conventionality of utterance types is a function of onomasiological, semasiological, and syntagmatic conformity within a community depending on cotext and context. In addition, the chapter recapitulates how the conventionalization processes of usualization and diffusion contribute to establishing, sustaining, and adapting conventionalized utterance types. The diverse forms of interaction between the two processes control and modulate to what extent different parts of the Linguistic System remain quite uniform and stable or are subject to Linguistic variation and change.

  • The Dynamics of the Linguistic System: Usage, Conventionalization, and Entrenchment
    2020
    Co-Authors: Hans-jörg Schmid
    Abstract:

    This book develops a model of language which can be characterized as functionalist, usage-based, dynamic, and complex-adaptive. Its core idea is that Linguistic structure is not stable and uniform, but continually refreshed and in fact reconstituted by the feedback-loop interaction of three components: usage, i.e. the interpersonal and cognitive activities of speakers in concrete communication; conventionalization, i.e. the social processes taking place in speech communities; and entrenchment, i.e. the cognitive processes taking place in the minds of individual speakers. Extending the so-called Entrenchment-and-Conventionalization Model, the book shows that what we call the Linguistic System is created, sustained, and continually adapted by the ongoing interaction between usage, conventionalization, and entrenchment. The model contributes to closing the gap in usage-based models concerning how exactly usage is transformed into collective and individual grammar and how these two grammars in turn feed back into usage. The book exploits and extends insights from an exceptionally wide range of fields, including usage-based cognitive Linguistics, psychoLinguistics, interactional Linguistics and pragmatics, historical Linguistics, socioLinguistics and the sociology and philosophy of language, as well as quantitative corpus Linguistics. It makes numerous original suggestions about, among other things, how cognitive processing and representation are related and about the manifold ways in which individuals and communities contribute to shaping language and bringing about language variation and change. It presents a coherent account of the role of forces that are known to affect language structure, variation, and change, e.g. economy, efficiency, extravagance, embodiment, identity, social order, prestige, mobility, multilingualism, and language contact.

  • The Dynamics of the Linguistic System - Forces affecting usage
    The Dynamics of the Linguistic System, 2020
    Co-Authors: Hans-jörg Schmid
    Abstract:

    This chapter discusses forces that affect usage. According to the feedback-loop idea dominant in the EC-Model, processes and activities can also act as forces: the more conventionalized and entrenched, the more likely to be used. Production circumstances (i.e. channel and medium) affect the choice of utterance types in context. Cognitive economy and communicative efficiency are competing forces, with the former promoting the use of speakers’ entrenched routines and the latter encouraging them to factor in hearers’ needs. Extravagance, expressivity, foregrounding, and attention-seeking salience facilitate the production of creative utterances. Politeness and impoliteness are social forces influencing the choice of utterance and affecting their conventionalization and entrenchment. Solidarity and distance can influence the choice of utterances in context to signal in-group membership or emphasize group differences. Speakers assert power in their behaviour in concrete usage events.

  • Conclusion
    The Dynamics of the Linguistic System, 2020
    Co-Authors: Hans-jörg Schmid
    Abstract:

    This chapter concludes the book. The distinguishing features of the EC-Model are highlighted, especially those that set it apart from the functionalist usage-based mainstream. An outlook on future work identifies weaknesses of the model that must be redressed in the future and sketches some avenues for future research, e.g. by means of computer simulations. The final section returns to the questions what and where the Linguistic System can be found and defines the Linguistic System as a multidimensional dynamic contingency space populated by multidimensionally competing co-semiotic potentialities afforded by the interaction of speakers’ usage activities and social and cognitive processes under the influence of a wide range of forces.

  • The Dynamics of the Linguistic System - Summary of Part I
    The Dynamics of the Linguistic System, 2020
    Co-Authors: Hans-jörg Schmid
    Abstract:

    This short chapter provides a summary of Part I of the book. It emphasizes the claim that all aspects associated with usage events have the potential to become conventionalized and entrenched. These include the forms and meanings of utterances, the interpersonal and cognitive activities involved in their production and comprehension, and the cotextual, contextual, and social characteristics of utterances. The chapter also highlights the special role played by pragmatic associations as mediators between interpersonal and cognitive activities and their conventionalization and entrenchment. Forces affecting usage are portrayed as fairly stable sociopragmatic and emotive principles whose concrete manifestations are, however, subject to change.

Olegas Vasilecas - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

Harald Clahsen - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • lexical entries and rules of language a multidisciplinary study of german inflection
    Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 1999
    Co-Authors: Harald Clahsen
    Abstract:

    Following much work in Linguistic theory, it is hypothesized that the language faculty has a modular structure and consists of two basic components, a lexicon of (structured) entries and a computational System of combinatorial operations to form larger Linguistic expressions from lexical entries. This target article provides evidence for the dual nature of the language faculty by describing recent results of a multidisciplinary investigation of German inflection. We have examined: (1) its Linguistic representation, focussing on noun plurals and verb inflection (participles), (2) processes involved in the way adults produce and comprehend inflected words, (3) brain potentials generated during the processing of inflected words, and (4) the way children acquire and use inflection. It will be shown that the evidence from all these sources converges and supports the distinction between lexical entries and combinatorial operations. Our experimental results indicate that adults have access to two distinct processing routes, one accessing (irregularly) inflected entries from the mental lexicon and another involving morphological decomposition of (regularly) inflected words into stem+affix representations. These two processing routes correspond to the dual structure of the Linguistic System. Results from event-related potentials confirm this Linguistic distinction at the level of brain structures. In children's language, we have also found these two processes to be clearly dissociated; regular and irregular inflection are used under different circumstances, and the constraints under which children apply them are identical to those of the adult Linguistic System. Our findings will be explained in terms of a Linguistic model that maintains the distinction between the lexicon and the computational System but replaces the traditional view of the lexicon as a simple list of idiosyncrasies with the notion of internally structured lexical representations.

  • Dissociations in SLI children's inflectional Systems. A study of participle inflection and subject-verb agreement
    Scandinavian Journal of Logopedics and Phoniatrics, 1993
    Co-Authors: Monika Rothweiler, Harald Clahsen
    Abstract:

    This paper presents results from a study of the acquisition of participles and subject-verb-agreement (SVA) in impaired and unimpaired monolingual German-speaking children. In earlier studies, we characterized specific language impairment (SLI) as a selective deficit of an otherwise normally developed Linguistic System. We argued that the specific deficits of SLI children are restricted to inflectional morphology, and, in particular, that these children have problems establishing grammatical agreement relations. Consequently, we expected that the acquisition of participle morphology should not be impaired in SLI children, since German participle inflection does not involve grammatical agreement. The results of this study confirm that while SVA morphology is considerably affected in SLI, participle morphology is not impaired.

Albertas Caplinskas - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

Simon Kirby - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • simplicity and specificity in language domain general biases have domain specific effects
    Frontiers in Psychology, 2016
    Co-Authors: Jennifer Culbertson, Simon Kirby
    Abstract:

    The extent to which the Linguistic System—its architecture, the representations it operates on, the constraints it is subject to—is specific to language has broad implications for cognitive science and its relation to evolutionary biology. Importantly, a given property of the Linguistic System can be “specific” to the domain of language in several ways. For example, if the property evolved by natural selection under the pressure of the Linguistic function it serves then the property is domain­-specific in the sense that its design is tailored for language. Equally though, if that property evolved to serve a different function or if that property is domain-general, it may nevertheless interact with the Linguistic System in a way that is unique. This gives a second sense in which a property can be thought of as specific to language. An evolutionary approach to the language faculty might at first blush appear to favor domain­-specificity in the first sense, with individual properties of the language faculty being specifically Linguistic adaptations. However, we argue that interactions between learning, culture and biological evolution mean any domain-specific adaptations that evolve will take the form of weak biases rather than hard constraints. Turning to the latter sense of domain-specificity, we highlight a very general bias, simplicity, which operates widely in cognition and yet interacts with Linguistic representations in a domain-­specific way.