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Sakayu Shimizu - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • microbial production of conjugated γ Linolenic Acid from γ Linolenic Acid by lactobacillus plantarum aku 1009a
    Journal of Applied Microbiology, 2010
    Co-Authors: Shigenobu Kishino, Jun Ogawa, Akinori Ando, Kenzo Yokozeki, Sakayu Shimizu
    Abstract:

    Aims:  Optimal production conditions of conjugated γ-Linolenic Acid (CGLA) from γ-Linolenic Acid using washed cells of Lactobacillus plantarum AKU 1009a as catalysts were investigated. Methods and Results:  Washed cells of Lact. plantarum AKU 1009a exhibiting a high level of CGLA productivity were obtained by cultivation in a nutrient medium supplemented with 0·03% (w/v) α-Linolenic Acid as an inducer. Under the optimal reaction conditions with 13 mg ml−1γ-Linolenic Acid as a substrate in 5 -ml reaction volume, the washed cells [32% (wet cells, w/v) corresponding to 46 mg ml−1 dry cells] as the catalysts produced 8·8 mg CGLA per millilitre reaction mixture (68% molar yield) in 27 h. The produced CGLA was a mixture of two isomers, i.e., cis-6,cis-9,trans-11-octadecatrienoic Acid (CGLA1, 40% of total CGLA) and cis-6,trans-9,trans-11-octadecatrienoic Acid (CGLA2, 60% of total CGLA), and accounted for 66% of total fatty Acid obtained. The CGLA produced was obtained as free fatty Acids adsorbed mostly on the surface of the cells of Lact. plantarum AKU1009a. Conclusion:  The practical process of CGLA production from γ-Linolenic Acid using washed cells of Lact. plantarum AKU 1009a was successfully established. Significance and Impact of the Study:  We presented the first example of microbial production of CGLA. CGLA produced by the process is valuable for evaluating their physiological and nutritional effects, and chemical characteristics.

  • conjugated α Linolenic Acid production from α Linolenic Acid by lactobacillus plantarum aku 1009a
    European Journal of Lipid Science and Technology, 2003
    Co-Authors: Shigenobu Kishino, Jun Ogawa, Akinori Ando, Sakayu Shimizu
    Abstract:

    Conjugated α-Linolenic Acid (CALA) was produced by incubation of α-Linolenic Acid with the washed cells of Lactobacillus plantarum AKU 1009a. The washed cells expressing high levels of CALA productivity were obtained by cultivation in a nutrient medium supplemented with 0.01% (wt/vol) α-Linolenic Acid as an inducer. Under the optimum reaction conditions with 63 mg/ml α-Linolenic Acid as substrate, the washed cells produced 25 mg CALA/ml reaction mixture (40 mol-% yield) in 72 h. The produced CALA were a mixture of the two isomers, i.e., cis-9,trans-11,cis-15-octadecatrienoic Acid (CALA1, 67% of total CALA) and trans-9, trans-11, cis-15-octadecatrienoic Acid (CALA2, 33% of total CALA), and accounted for 48% of total fatty Acid obtained. Almost stoichiometric conversion was attained with 12 mg/ml α-Linolenic Acid as the substrate in 48 h reaction time. It resulted in 12 mg CALA/ml reaction mixture consisting of 43% CALA1 and 57% CALA2 accounting for 66% of total fatty Acid obtained. The CALA produced was obtained as the free fatty Acid.

  • a novel δ5 desaturase defective mutant of mortierella alpina 1s 4 and its dihomo γ Linolenic Acid productivity
    Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 1993
    Co-Authors: Saeree Jareonkitmongkol, Eiji Sakuradani, Sakayu Shimizu
    Abstract:

    A novel Delta5-desaturase-defective mutant was derived from an arachidonic Acid-producing fungus, Mortierella alpina 1S-4, after treating the parental spores with N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine. The mutant produced only a trace (about 1%) amount of arachidonic Acid, and the ratio of dihomo-gamma-Linolenic Acid (DGLA) to total fatty Acids in each lipid class was markedly high, accounting for as much as 60% in phosphatidylcholine. Under submerged batch culture conditions, the mutant produced 2.4 g of DGLA per liter (43.3% of total fatty Acids) when grown at 28 degrees C for 7 days in a 5-liter jar fermentor. The other major (more that 1%) fatty Acids were palmitic Acid (21.2%), stearic Acid (9.6%), oleic Acid (14.3%), linoleic Acid (4.4%), and gamma-Linolenic Acid (5.8%). About 80 mol% of the DGLA produced was found in triacylglycerol.

  • Production of dihomo-γ-Linolenic Acid by a Δ5-desaturase-defective mutant of Mortierella alpina 1S-4
    Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 1992
    Co-Authors: Saeree Jareonkitmongkol, Sakayu Shimizu, Hiroshi Kawashima, Norifumi Shirasaka, Hideaki Yamada
    Abstract:

    A mutant, which has low Δ5-desaturase activity, of an arachidonic Acid-producing fungus, Mortierella alpina 1S-4, was shown to be a novel potent producer of dihomo-γ-Linolenic Acid (DHGA). On submerged culture under optimal conditions for 6 days at 28°C in a 10-liter fermentor, the mutant produced 3.2 g of DHGA per liter of culture broth (123 mg/g of dry mycelia), which accounted for 23.4% of the total mycelial fatty Acids. Mycelial arachidonic Acid amounted to only 19 mg/g of dry mycelia (0.5 g/liter of culture broth), which accounted for 3.7% of the total mycelial fatty Acids. The other major mycelial fatty Acids were palmitic Acid (11.0%), stearic Acid (12.8%), oleic Acid (22.7%), linoleic Acid (8.9%), γ-Linolenic Acid (6.5%), and lignoceric Acid (7.8%). More than 97 mol% of the DHGA produced was found in the triglyceride fraction irrespective of the growth temperature employed (12 to 28°C).

Kristin D. Bilyeu - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • combinations of mutant fad2 and fad3 genes to produce high oleic Acid and low Linolenic Acid soybean oil
    Theoretical and Applied Genetics, 2012
    Co-Authors: Anhtung Pham, Grover J Shannon, Kristin D. Bilyeu
    Abstract:

    High oleic Acid soybeans were produced by combining mutant FAD2-1A and FAD2-1B genes. Despite having a high oleic Acid content, the Linolenic Acid content of these soybeans was in the range of 4-6 %, which may be high enough to cause oxidative instability of the oil. Therefore, a study was conducted to incorporate one or two mutant FAD3 genes into the high oleic Acid background to further reduce the Linolenic Acid content. As a result, soybean lines with high oleic Acid and low Linolenic Acid (HOLL) content were produced using different sources of mutant FAD2-1A genes. While oleic Acid content of these HOLL lines was stable across two testing environments, the reduction of Linolenic Acid content varied depending on the number of mutant FAD3 genes combined with mutant FAD2-1 genes, on the severity of mutation in the FAD2-1A gene, and on the testing environment. Combination of two mutant FAD2-1 genes and one mutant FAD3 gene resulted in less than 2 % Linolenic Acid content in Portageville, Missouri (MO) while four mutant genes were needed to achieve the same Linolenic Acid in Columbia, MO. This study generated non-transgenic soybeans with the highest oleic Acid content and lowest Linolenic Acid content reported to date, offering a unique alternative to produce a fatty Acid profile similar to olive oil.

  • mutations in soybean microsomal omega 3 fatty Acid desaturase genes reduce Linolenic Acid concentration in soybean seeds
    Crop Science, 2005
    Co-Authors: Kristin D. Bilyeu, Lavanya Palavalli, David A. Sleper, Paul R. Beuselinck
    Abstract:

    to contribute to the Linolenic Acid level in soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] seeds. The Fan gene encodes a microsomal omega-3 fatty Acid seeds. The relative importance of GmFAD3B and desaturase(ArabidopsisFAD3homolog),andsoybeanscontainthree GmFAD3C to seed Linolenic Acid levels has not yet FAD3 genes. The objective of this work was to characterize candidate been described, although they have been shown to be soybeanFAD3 genesfrom lowLinolenicAcid soybeanlines andassoci- expressed at low levels in developing seeds (Bilyeu et ate those alleles with the trait. Mutations in two of the three soybean al., 2003). Nuclear-encoded, chloroplast-targeted omegaFAD3 genes were identified, and genotypes with the mutant alleles three fatty Acid desaturases may also contribute to seed conferred a reduction of over two thirds of the Linolenic Acid present Linolenic Acid levels (Yadav et al., 1993). Omega-3 fatty intheseed.Thetwomutantgenescontributedunequallybutadditively to the phenotype. The results demonstrated that the mutant genotype Acid desaturases are members of an enzyme family charcan be identified with mutation-specific molecular markers in the F2 acterized by the presence of a diiron cofactor which generation, and the low Linolenic Acid trait will be stably inherited in interactswiththreeregionsofconservedhistidinemotifs subsequent generations.

  • three microsomal omega 3 fatty Acid desaturase genes contribute to soybean Linolenic Acid levels
    Crop Science, 2003
    Co-Authors: Kristin D. Bilyeu, Lavanya Palavalli, David A. Sleper, Paul R. Beuselinck
    Abstract:

    Three independent genetic loci have been shown to contribute to soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merrill] seed Linolenic add levels, including the well-characterized Fan locus. Linolenic Acid is the product of omega-3 fatty-Acid desaturase enzyme activity. The objective of this study was to identify and characterize the family of soybean omega-3 fatty-Acid desaturase genes and link them to low seed Linolenic add as a tool for the development of molecular markers for low Linolenic Acid soybean. Using database homology searches and gene cloning, we identified and characterized three soybean microsomal omega-3 fatty-Acid desaturase genes that contribute to seed Linolenic add levels. Relative expression was characterized by quantitative real-time RT-PCR (reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction). One of the three genes was predominantly expressed in developing seeds. We determined that the low Linolenic Acid breeding line AS (fan fan) contains two of the genes, but is missing the third sequence. Therefore, the Fan locus can be definitively assigned to one of the three microsomal omega-3 fatty-Acid desaturase genes present in the soybean genome. Molecular markers for defects in the three genes will enhance soybean programs breeding for low Linolenic add.

Curtis R Ellison - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • dietary Linolenic Acid is inversely associated with calcified atherosclerotic plaque in the coronary arteries the national heart lung and blood institute family heart study
    Circulation, 2005
    Co-Authors: Luc Djousse, Donna K Arnett, Jeffrey J Carr, John H Eckfeldt, Paul N Hopkins, Michael A Province, Curtis R Ellison
    Abstract:

    Background— High dietary intake of Linolenic Acid is associated with a lower risk of cardiovascular disease mortality. However, little is known about the association between Linolenic Acid and subclinical atherosclerosis. Methods and Results— To examine the association between dietary Linolenic Acid measured by food frequency questionnaire and calcified atherosclerotic plaque in the coronary arteries (CAC) measured by cardiac CT, we studied 2004 white participants of the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI) Family Heart Study aged 32 to 93 years. The presence of CAC was defined on the basis of total CAC score of ≥100. We used generalized estimating equations to estimate odds ratios for the presence of CAC across quintiles of Linolenic Acid. The average consumption of dietary Linolenic Acid was 0.82±0.36 g/d for men and 0.69±0.29 g/d for women. From the lowest to the highest quintile of Linolenic Acid, adjusted odds ratios (95% CI) for the presence of CAC were 1.0 (reference), 0.61 (0.42 to 0....

  • relation between dietary Linolenic Acid and coronary artery disease in the national heart lung and blood institute family heart study
    The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 2001
    Co-Authors: Luc Djousse, John H Eckfeldt, Paul N Hopkins, Michael A Province, James S Pankow, Aaron R Folsom, Yuling Hong, Curtis R Ellison
    Abstract:

    Background Epidemiologic studies suggest that a higher consumption of eicosapentaenoic Acid and docosahexaenoic Acid is associated with a reduced risk of cardiovascular disease. Studies in humans and animals also reported an inverse association between alpha-Linolenic Acid and cardiovascular disease morbidity and mortality. Objective We examined the relation between dietary Linolenic Acid and prevalent coronary artery disease (CAD). Design We studied 4584 participants with a mean (+/-SD) age of 52.1 +/- 13.7 y in the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute Family Heart Study in a cross-sectional design. Participants' diets were assessed with a semiquantitative food-frequency questionnaire. For each sex, we created age- and energy-adjusted quintiles of Linolenic Acid, and we used logistic regression to estimate prevalent odds ratios for CAD. Results From the lowest to the highest quintile of Linolenic Acid, the prevalence odds ratios of CAD were 1.0, 0.77, 0.61, 0.58, and 0.60 for the men (P for trend = 0.012) and 1.0, 0.57, 0.52, 0.30, and 0.42 for the women (P for trend = 0.014) after adjustment for age, linoleic Acid, and anthropometric, lifestyle, and metabolic factors. Linoleic Acid was also inversely related to the prevalence odds ratios of CAD in the multivariate model (0.60 and 0.61 in the second and third tertiles, respectively) after adjustment for Linolenic Acid. The combined effect of linoleic and Linolenic Acids was stronger than the individual effects of either fatty Acid. Conclusions A higher intake of either Linolenic or linoleic Acid was inversely related to the prevalence odds ratio of CAD. The 2 fatty Acids had synergistic effects on the prevalence odds ratio of CAD.

Graham C Burdge - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • metabolism of α Linolenic Acid in humans
    Prostaglandins Leukotrienes and Essential Fatty Acids, 2006
    Co-Authors: Graham C Burdge
    Abstract:

    Alpha-Linolenic Acid (18:3n-3) is essential in the human diet, probably because it is the substrate for the synthesis of longer-chain, more unsaturated n-3 fatty Acids eicosapentaenoic Acid (20:5n-3) and docosahexaenoic Acid (22:6n-3) which are required for tissue function. This article reviews the recent literature on 18:3n-3 metabolism in humans, including fatty Acid beta-oxidation, recycling of carbon by fatty Acid synthesis de novo and conversion to longer-chain polyunsaturated fatty Acids (PUFA). In men, stable isotope tracer studies and studies in which volunteers increased their consumption of 18:3n-3 show conversion to 20:5n-3 and 22:5n-3, but limited conversion to 22:6n-3. However, conversion to 18:3n-3 to 20:5n-3 and 22:6n-3 is greater in women compared to men, due possibly to a regulatory effect of oestrogen, while partitioning of 18:3n-3 towards beta-oxidation and carbon recycling was lower than in men. These gender differences may be an important consideration in making dietary recommendations for n-3 PUFA intake.

  • conversion of alpha Linolenic Acid to longer chain polyunsaturated fatty Acids in human adults
    Reproduction Nutrition Development, 2005
    Co-Authors: Graham C Burdge, Philip C Calder
    Abstract:

    The principal biological role of α-Linolenic Acid (αLNA; 18:3n-3) appears to be as a precursor for the synthesis of longer chain n-3 polyunsaturated fatty Acids (PUFA). Increasing αLNA intake for a period of weeks to months results in an increase in the proportion of eicosapentaenoic Acid (EPA; 20:5n-3) in plasma lipids, in erythrocytes, leukocytes, platelets and in breast milk but there is no increase in docosahexaenoic Acid (DHA; 22:6n-3), which may even decline in some pools at high αLNA intakes. Stable isotope tracer studies indicate that conversion of αLNA to EPA occurs but is limited in men and that further transformation to DHA is very low. The fractional conversion of αLNA to the longer chain n-3 PUFA is greater in women which may be due to a regulatory effect of oestrogen. A lower proportion of αLNA is used for β-oxidation in women compared with men. Overall, αLNA appears to be a limited source of longer chain n-3 PUFA in humans. Thus, adequate intakes of preformed long chain n-3 PUFA, in particular DHA, may be important for maintaining optimal tissue function. Capacity to up-regulate αLNA conversion in women may be important for meeting the demands of the fetus and neonate for DHA. n-3 polyunsaturated fatty Acids / humans / α-Linolenic Acid / metabolism

  • alpha Linolenic Acid metabolism in men and women nutritional and biological implications
    Current Opinion in Clinical Nutrition and Metabolic Care, 2004
    Co-Authors: Graham C Burdge
    Abstract:

    Purpose of review: This review critically evaluates current knowledge of [alpha]-Linolenic Acid metabolism in adult humans based on the findings of studies using stable isotope tracers and on increased dietary [alpha]-Linolenic Acid intake. The relative roles of [alpha]-Linolenic Acid and of longer-chain polyunsaturated fatty Acids in cell structure and function are discussed together with an overview of the major metabolic fates of [alpha]-Linolenic Acid. The extent of partitioning towards [beta]-oxidation and carbon recycling in humans is described. The use and limitations of stable isotope tracers to estimate [alpha]-Linolenic Acid desaturation and elongation are discussed. A consensus view of the extent of [alpha]-Linolenic Acid conversion to longer-chain fatty Acids in humans is presented. The extent to which increasing dietary [alpha]-Linolenic Acid intake alters the concentrations of longer-chain n-3 fatty Acids is described. The biological and nutritional implications of these findings are discussed. Recent findings: Conversion of [alpha]-Linolenic Acid to eicosapentaenoic Acid is limited in men and further transformation to docosahexaenoic Acid is very low. A lower proportion of [alpha]-Linolenic Acid is used as a substrate for [beta]-oxidation in women compared with men, while the fractional conversion to longer-chain fatty Acids is greater, possibly due to the regulatory effects of oestrogen. Summary: Overall, [alpha]-Linolenic Acid appears to be a limited source of longer-chain n-3 fatty Acids in man and so adequate intakes of preformed n-3 polyunsaturated fatty Acids, in particular docosahexaenoic Acid, may be important for maintaining optimal tissue function. Capacity to upregulate [alpha]-Linolenic Acid transformation in women may be important for meeting the demands of the fetus and neonate for docosahexaenoic Acid.

Ana Baylin - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • alpha Linolenic Acid ala is inversely related to development of adiposity in school age children
    European Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 2015
    Co-Authors: Wei Perng, Eduardo Villamor, Mercedes Moraplazas, Constanza Marin, Ana Baylin
    Abstract:

    Studies in adults indicate that dietary polyunsaturated fatty Acid (PUFA) composition may play a role in development of adiposity. Because adipocyte quantity is established between late childhood and early adolescence, understanding the impact of PUFAs on weight gain during the school-age years is crucial to developing effective interventions. We quantified N-3 and N-6 PUFAs in serum samples of 668 Colombian schoolchildren aged 5–12 years at the time of recruitment into a cohort study, using gas–liquid chromatography. Serum concentrations of N-3 (alpha-Linolenic Acid (ALA), eicosapentaenoic Acid, docosahexaenoic Acid) and N-6 PUFAs (linoleic Acid, gamma-Linolenic Acid, dihomo-gamma-Linolenic Acid, arachidonic Acid) were determined as percentage total fatty Acids. Children’s anthropometry was measured annually for a median of 30 months. We used mixed-effects models with restricted cubic splines to construct population body mass index-for-age z-score (BAZ) growth curves for age- and sex-specific quartiles of each PUFA. N-3 ALA was inversely related to BAZ gain after adjustment for sex, baseline age and weight status, as well as household socioeconomic level. Estimated BAZ change between 6 and 14 years among children in the highest quartile of ALA compared with those in the lowest quartile was 0.45 (95% confidence interval: 0.07, 0.83) lower (P-trend=0.006). N-3 ALA may be protective against weight gain in school-age children. Whether improvement in PUFA status reduces adiposity in pediatric populations deserves evaluation in randomized trials.

  • alpha Linolenic Acid ala is inversely related to development of adiposity in school age children
    European Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 2015
    Co-Authors: Wei Perng, Eduardo Villamor, Mercedes Moraplazas, Constanza Marin, Ana Baylin
    Abstract:

    Studies in adults indicate that dietary polyunsaturated fatty Acid (PUFA) composition may play a role in development of adiposity. Because adipocyte quantity is established between late childhood and early adolescence, understanding the impact of PUFAs on weight gain during the school-age years is crucial to developing effective interventions. We quantified N-3 and N-6 PUFAs in serum samples of 668 Colombian schoolchildren aged 5–12 years at the time of recruitment into a cohort study, using gas–liquid chromatography. Serum concentrations of N-3 (alpha-Linolenic Acid (ALA), eicosapentaenoic Acid, docosahexaenoic Acid) and N-6 PUFAs (linoleic Acid, gamma-Linolenic Acid, dihomo-gamma-Linolenic Acid, arachidonic Acid) were determined as percentage total fatty Acids. Children’s anthropometry was measured annually for a median of 30 months. We used mixed-effects models with restricted cubic splines to construct population body mass index-for-age z-score (BAZ) growth curves for age- and sex-specific quartiles of each PUFA. N-3 ALA was inversely related to BAZ gain after adjustment for sex, baseline age and weight status, as well as household socioeconomic level. Estimated BAZ change between 6 and 14 years among children in the highest quartile of ALA compared with those in the lowest quartile was 0.45 (95% confidence interval: 0.07, 0.83) lower (P-trend=0.006). N-3 ALA may be protective against weight gain in school-age children. Whether improvement in PUFA status reduces adiposity in pediatric populations deserves evaluation in randomized trials.

  • α Linolenic Acid and risk of nonfatal acute myocardial infarction
    Circulation, 2008
    Co-Authors: Hannia Campos, Ana Baylin, Walter C Willett
    Abstract:

    Background— Intake of long-chain n-3 fatty Acids found in fish is low in many countries worldwide. α-Linolenic Acid could be a viable cardioprotective alternative to these fatty Acids in these countries. Methods and Results— Cases (n=1819) with a first nonfatal acute myocardial infarction and population-based controls (n=1819) living in Costa Rica matched for age, sex, and area of residence were studied. Fatty Acids were assessed by gas chromatography in adipose tissue samples and by a validated food frequency questionnaire specifically designed for this population. Odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals were calculated from multivariate conditional logistic regression models. α-Linolenic Acid in adipose tissue ranged from 0.36% in the lowest decile to 1.04% in the highest decile. The corresponding median levels of intake were 0.42% and 0.86% energy. Greater α-Linolenic Acid (assessed either in adipose or by questionnaire) was associated with lower risk of myocardial infarction. The odds ratios for nonf...

  • adipose tissue α Linolenic Acid and nonfatal acute myocardial infarction in costa rica
    Circulation, 2003
    Co-Authors: Ana Baylin, Edmond K Kabagambe, Alberto Ascherio, Donna Spiegelman, Hannia Campos
    Abstract:

    Background— α-Linolenic Acid may protect against cardiovascular disease. We examined the association between adipose tissue α-Linolenic Acid and nonfatal acute myocardial infarction (MI) in a population-based case-control study in Costa Rica. Methods and Results— The 482 case patients with a first nonfatal acute MI and 482 population control subjects were matched by age, sex, and area of residence. Fatty Acids were assessed by gas-liquid chromatography in adipose tissue samples collected from all subjects. ORs and 95% CIs were calculated from multivariate conditional logistic regression models. Subjects in the top quintiles of adipose tissue α-Linolenic Acid had a lower risk of MI than those in the lowest quintile: OR (95% CI), 1.00; 0.80 (0.52 to 1.24); 0.53 (0.34 to 0.82); 0.44 (0.28 to 0.67); and 0.37 (0.24 to 0.59); test for trend, P<0.0001. This association was strengthened after adjustment for established MI risk factors, including smoking, physical activity, income, and adipose tissue linoleic Acid...