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Mamoru Tabata - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Effects of Methyl Jasmonate on Shikonin and Dihydroechinofuran Production in Lithospermum Cell Cultures
Plant and Cell Physiology, 1997Co-Authors: Kazufumi Yazaki, Kenta Takeda, Mamoru TabataAbstract:Methyl jasmonate, when administered to Lithospermum erythrorhizon cell suspension cultures, was found to induce the production of shikonin derivatives (the red naphthoquinone pigments of the root) and dihydroechinofuran (an abnormal metabolite of geranylhydroquinone). Culture experiments showed that methyl jasmonate caused a rapid increase in the activities of enzymes involved in the biosynthesis of shikonin such asp-hydroxybenzoate geranyltransferase, which was followed by the rapid accumulation of dihydroechinofuran and the delayed production of shikonin. The induction patterns observed were similar to those elicited by oligogalacturonides in Lithospermum cells, suggesting that jasmonic acid or its derivative may act as a signaling molecule in the elicitation of shikonin biosynthesis. Interestingly, however, the copper ion, which is essential for inducing shikonin biosynthesis by oligogalacturonides, was not required for shikonin induction by methyl jasmonate.
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Nucleotide sequence of a cDNA from Lithospermum erythrorhizon homologous to PR-1 of parsley.
Plant physiology, 1995Co-Authors: Kazufumi Yazaki, Andreas Bechthold, Mamoru TabataAbstract:Cell-suspension cultures of Lithospermum erythrorhizon Sieb. et Zucc. (Boraginaceae) grown in the dark produce a large amount of red naphthoquinone pigments that are shikonin derivatives when transferred to the production medium M9 (Fujita et al., 1981) from the Linsmaier Skoog liquid medium (Linsmaier and Skoog, 1965). It is known that shikonin biosynthesis is completely inhibited by irradiation with either white or blue light (Heide et al., 1989). In most plant cell cultures, secondary metabolism, in particular the production of phenolic compounds, is stimulated by light, and genes related to light-inducible biosynthesis of secondary metabolites have recently been investigated to identify cis-acting elements in their promoter regions and to elucidate the function of trans-acting factors (Feldbriigge et al., 1994). However, the molecular mechanism of the induction of secondary metabolism in the dark is an open question. The Lithospermum cell culture seems to offer an ideal system to study dark-inducible genes, since the shikonin production is specifically inhibited by light, whereas it can be induced rapidly when the cultures are placed in darkness. In the present study, an attempt was made to clone cDNAs expressed dominantly in the dark-grown Lithospermum cell cultures. Two different cDNA samples, one corresponding to mRNA from Lithospermum cells cultured for 2 d after inoculation in M9 medium in the dark, and the other corresponding to that from the cells cultured under continuous illumination, were prepared. cDNAs expressed preferably in the dark were enriched by the cDNA subtraction method of Wang and Brown (1991). A mixture of the subtracted cDNA was used as a probe for plaque hybridization, to detect about 360 positive signals among 6000 plaques of the A-ZAPII cDNA library prepared from Lithospermum cells cultured in M9 medium in the dark. Of the positive clones 160 single plaques were randomly picked, and a dot blot filter containing each A clone was prepared. Since about half of the A clones were found to be identical in a crosshybridization experiment with the dot blot filter, one of these plaques was subjected to further analysis.
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Intracellular localization of UDPG: p-Hydroxybenzoate glucosyltransferase and its reaction product in Lithospermum cell cultures
Phytochemistry, 1995Co-Authors: Kazufumi Yazaki, K. Inushima, M. Kataoka, Mamoru TabataAbstract:Intracellular localization of p-O-β-d-glucosylbenzoic acid (PHBOG) and its aglycone, p-hydroxybenzoic acid (PHB), a key intermediate of shikonin biosynthesis, was investigated in Lithospermum erythrorhizon cell cultures. The glucoside, which is characteristically accumulated in shikonin-free Lithospermum cell cultures, proved to be localized mainly in the vacuoles of cells. p-Hydroxybenzoate glucosyltransferase, however, was not detected in the vacuoles but exclusively in the cytosol of cells. Furthermore, β-d-glucosidase, which hydrolyses PHBOG to yield PHB, was also located in the cytosol. These results suggest that PHB glucosylated in the cytosol is transported into the vacuole to be stored in a large quantity under protection from β-d-glucosidase in shikonin non-producing cells, until utilization as a precursor upon induction of shikonin biosynthesis.
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Isolation and Characterization of Two cDNAs Encoding 4-Coumarate:CoA Ligase in Lithospermum Cell Cultures
Plant & cell physiology, 1995Co-Authors: Kazufumi Yazaki, Atsushi Ogawa, Mamoru TabataAbstract:Two near full-length cDNAs (LE4CL-1, LE4CL-2), which encode 4-coumarate:CoA ligase (4CL), were cloned from a library of Lithospermum erythrorhizon cell suspension cultures by the use of heterologous probe of potato 4CL. These cDNAs are 2.1 kb and 2.2 kb in length, respectively. LE4CL-1 encodes 636 amino acids, whose homologies to the 4CL protein sequences known to potato, parsley, pine and rice, were found to be 68%, 66%, 56% and 50% (identities on amino acid level), respectively, whereas those of the predicted translation product of LE4CL-2 (594 amino acids) to the above 4CL proteins were 49 approximately 54%. The similarity of the deduced amino acid sequences between the two 4CLs from Lithospermum cell cultures was 49% in identity. Northern analyses showed that the mRNA levels of both LE4CL-1 and LE4CL-2 were much higher under illumination than in the dark, as reported for the 4CL genes of such plants as parsley. In comparison of mRNA levels of LE4CL-1 and LE4CL-2, the former was demonstrated to be generally higher than the latter by means of an application of RT-PCR. The genomic southern blot experiments suggested that there are probably three copies of LE4CL-1 in the Lithospermum genome DNA, whereas only one copy was detected for LE4CL-2.
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An unusual metabolite, dihydroechinofuran, released from cultured cells of Lithospermum erythrorhizon
Phytochemistry, 1992Co-Authors: Hiroshi Fukui, Masato Tani, Mamoru TabataAbstract:Abstract Lithospermum erythrorhizon cell suspension cultures in a growth medium produced no shikonin but an unusual metabolite, dihydroechinofuran (2-[4-(4-methyl-3-pentenyl)-2,5-dihydrofuran-2-yl]-1,4-benzoquinone), which is thought to be derived from geranylhydroquinone, a key intermediate in the biosynthesis of shikonin. This new compound was mostly released from the cells into the medium.
Kazufumi Yazaki - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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simultaneous analysis of shikimate derived secondary metabolites in Lithospermum erythrorhizon cell suspension cultures by high performance liquid chromatography
Journal of Chromatography B: Biomedical Sciences and Applications, 2000Co-Authors: Hirobumi Yamamoto, Kazufumi Yazaki, Kenichiro InoueAbstract:A high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis system based on a water-acetonitrile gradient program was established for simultaneous quantification of shikimate-derived secondary metabolites in cultured cells of Lithospermum erythrorhizon. The cells cultured in pigment production medium (M-9) are capable of producing five highly hydrophilic compounds such as p-hydroxybenzoic acid-O-glucoside and lithospermic acid B, as well as eleven lipophilic compounds including echinofuran B and acetylshikonin. In addition to the wide polarities of those compounds, many of them are unstable under light, dryness, oxygen and heating. Thus, a new extraction procedure for all these compounds was also established by use of ultrasonication under ice-water chilling with MeOH as the solvent. This procedure was applied to the quantitative analyses of these compounds in cell cultures and hairy root cultures of Lithospermum, and in the intact plants as well.
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Caffeic acid oligomers in Lithospermum erythrorhizon cell suspension cultures.
Phytochemistry, 2000Co-Authors: Hirobumi Yamamoto, Kenichiro Inoue, Kazufumi YazakiAbstract:Abstract Lithospermum erythrorhizon cells cultured in pigment production (M-9) medium produced lithospermic acid B, a dimerized caffeic acid ester derivative, in quantities similar to the production of shikonin. The cells also produced a related dimer, (+)-rabdosiin. In Linsmaier–Skoog liquid medium, which suppresses shikonin production, both lithospermic acid B and (+)-rabdosiin were still formed. Lithospermic acid, a caffeic acid–rosmarinic acid conjugate, was isolated as a main constituent in Lithospermum hairy root cultures. In the aerial parts of L. erythrorhizon, the content of these phenylpropanoid oligomers was relatively low compared to that of rosmarinic acid.
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Effects of Methyl Jasmonate on Shikonin and Dihydroechinofuran Production in Lithospermum Cell Cultures
Plant and Cell Physiology, 1997Co-Authors: Kazufumi Yazaki, Kenta Takeda, Mamoru TabataAbstract:Methyl jasmonate, when administered to Lithospermum erythrorhizon cell suspension cultures, was found to induce the production of shikonin derivatives (the red naphthoquinone pigments of the root) and dihydroechinofuran (an abnormal metabolite of geranylhydroquinone). Culture experiments showed that methyl jasmonate caused a rapid increase in the activities of enzymes involved in the biosynthesis of shikonin such asp-hydroxybenzoate geranyltransferase, which was followed by the rapid accumulation of dihydroechinofuran and the delayed production of shikonin. The induction patterns observed were similar to those elicited by oligogalacturonides in Lithospermum cells, suggesting that jasmonic acid or its derivative may act as a signaling molecule in the elicitation of shikonin biosynthesis. Interestingly, however, the copper ion, which is essential for inducing shikonin biosynthesis by oligogalacturonides, was not required for shikonin induction by methyl jasmonate.
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Nucleotide sequence of a cDNA from Lithospermum erythrorhizon homologous to PR-1 of parsley.
Plant physiology, 1995Co-Authors: Kazufumi Yazaki, Andreas Bechthold, Mamoru TabataAbstract:Cell-suspension cultures of Lithospermum erythrorhizon Sieb. et Zucc. (Boraginaceae) grown in the dark produce a large amount of red naphthoquinone pigments that are shikonin derivatives when transferred to the production medium M9 (Fujita et al., 1981) from the Linsmaier Skoog liquid medium (Linsmaier and Skoog, 1965). It is known that shikonin biosynthesis is completely inhibited by irradiation with either white or blue light (Heide et al., 1989). In most plant cell cultures, secondary metabolism, in particular the production of phenolic compounds, is stimulated by light, and genes related to light-inducible biosynthesis of secondary metabolites have recently been investigated to identify cis-acting elements in their promoter regions and to elucidate the function of trans-acting factors (Feldbriigge et al., 1994). However, the molecular mechanism of the induction of secondary metabolism in the dark is an open question. The Lithospermum cell culture seems to offer an ideal system to study dark-inducible genes, since the shikonin production is specifically inhibited by light, whereas it can be induced rapidly when the cultures are placed in darkness. In the present study, an attempt was made to clone cDNAs expressed dominantly in the dark-grown Lithospermum cell cultures. Two different cDNA samples, one corresponding to mRNA from Lithospermum cells cultured for 2 d after inoculation in M9 medium in the dark, and the other corresponding to that from the cells cultured under continuous illumination, were prepared. cDNAs expressed preferably in the dark were enriched by the cDNA subtraction method of Wang and Brown (1991). A mixture of the subtracted cDNA was used as a probe for plaque hybridization, to detect about 360 positive signals among 6000 plaques of the A-ZAPII cDNA library prepared from Lithospermum cells cultured in M9 medium in the dark. Of the positive clones 160 single plaques were randomly picked, and a dot blot filter containing each A clone was prepared. Since about half of the A clones were found to be identical in a crosshybridization experiment with the dot blot filter, one of these plaques was subjected to further analysis.
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Intracellular localization of UDPG: p-Hydroxybenzoate glucosyltransferase and its reaction product in Lithospermum cell cultures
Phytochemistry, 1995Co-Authors: Kazufumi Yazaki, K. Inushima, M. Kataoka, Mamoru TabataAbstract:Intracellular localization of p-O-β-d-glucosylbenzoic acid (PHBOG) and its aglycone, p-hydroxybenzoic acid (PHB), a key intermediate of shikonin biosynthesis, was investigated in Lithospermum erythrorhizon cell cultures. The glucoside, which is characteristically accumulated in shikonin-free Lithospermum cell cultures, proved to be localized mainly in the vacuoles of cells. p-Hydroxybenzoate glucosyltransferase, however, was not detected in the vacuoles but exclusively in the cytosol of cells. Furthermore, β-d-glucosidase, which hydrolyses PHBOG to yield PHB, was also located in the cytosol. These results suggest that PHB glucosylated in the cytosol is transported into the vacuole to be stored in a large quantity under protection from β-d-glucosidase in shikonin non-producing cells, until utilization as a precursor upon induction of shikonin biosynthesis.
James I. Cohen - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Lithospermum sylvestre (Boraginaceae): A new species from the Baviaanskloof, Eastern Cape, South Africa
Bothalia, 2019Co-Authors: James I. Cohen, John C. Manning, Doug Euston-brownAbstract:Background: Recent field work in the Baviaanskloof, Eastern Cape, resulted in several collections of an unknown species of Lithospermum (Boraginaceae), a genus that is taxonomically relatively poorly understood in southern Africa. Objectives: To describe the Baviaanskloof collections and characterise them against currently known species of Lithospermum . Method: Relevant literature was surveyed and herbarium and fresh material was examined. Results: Recent collections of Lithospermum from the Baviaanskloof Mountains in Eastern Cape represent an undescribed species. Conclusion: Lithospermum sylvestre J.Cohen & J.C.Manning is a new species recognised by its well-branched stems with adpressed-scabrid pubescence, and relatively long-tubed flowers with long styles that are ± as long as the corolla tube and only shortly included within it.
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A Revision of the Mexican Species of Lithospermum (Boraginaceae)1
Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden, 2018Co-Authors: James I. CohenAbstract:Lithospermum L. (Boraginaceae) includes approximately 60 species of which 43 occur in Mexico, with 32 endemic to the country. Through morphological and molecular investigations, the species of the genus are taxonomically revised. A broad generic circumscription is recognized and includes species traditionally recognized as members of Lithospermum as well as other New World Lithospermeae. Three new species are described from northern Mexico—Lithospermum chihuahuanum J. I. Cohen, Lithospermum kelloggianum J. I. Cohen, and Lithospermum tenerum J. I. Cohen—and each is known from only its type specimen. Lasiarrhenum confundum B. L. Turner is transferred to Lithospermum confundum (B. L. Turner) J. I. Cohen on the basis of flowers similar to those of Lithospermum trinervium (Lehm.) J. I. Cohen. The type for Pentalophus A. DC. is designated. Lectotypes are designated for Lithospermum albicans Greene [= Lithospermum incisum Lehm.], Lithospermum approximatum Brand [= Lithospermum distichum Ortega], Lithospermum breviflorum Engelm. & A. Gray [= Lithospermum incisum Lehm.], Lithospermum cobrense Greene, Lithospermum cognatum Greene ex Spengle [= Lithospermum multiflorum Torr. ex A. Gray], Lithospermum euryphyllum Brand [= Lithospermum oblongifolium Greenm.], Lithospermum galeottii Brand [= Lithospermum calycosum (J. F. Macbr.) I. M. Johnst.], Lithospermum gentianoides Brand [= Lithospermum obovatum J. F. Macbr.], Lithospermum hoyasense Brand [= Lithospermum calcicola B. L. Rob.], Lithospermum laevigatum Sesse & Moc. [= Lithospermum distichum Ortega], Lithospermum madrense Brand [= Lithospermum calcicola B. L. Rob.], Lithospermum matamorense DC., Lithospermum nelsonii Greenm., Lithospermum obtusiflorum Sesse & Moc. [= Lithospermum discolor M. Martens & Galeotti], Lithospermum sordidum Brand [= Lithospermum distichum Ortega], and Lithospermum spathulatum M. Martens & Galeotti [= Lithospermum distichum Ortega]. Lithospermum viride Greene is neotypified.
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Floral evolution in Lithospermum (Boraginaceae): independent origins of similar flower types
Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society, 2015Co-Authors: James I. CohenAbstract:In Lithospermum (Boraginaceae), floral diversity is quite large, with variation in individual quantitative and qualitative traits as well as suites of floral characteristics. The present study utilizes phylogenetic, morphometric and developmental methodologies to investigate patterns of floral evolution, of individual and suites of traits, in the genus and among related genera. The evolutionary patterns of eight quantitative and five qualitative traits were reconstructed, and morphometrics and the evolution of floral morphospace were examined in the genus. Floral developmental patterns were established with light and scanning electron microscopy. Phylogenetic analyses provided evidence that derived flower types have each evolved multiple times, with differences in the manner in which these flower types arose. Floral morphospace has increased throughout the evolution of Lithospermum. Floral developmental patterns and cell lengths of floral organs at anthesis provided evidence that, in Lithospermum, an increase in the length of the sexual organs of flowers involves both longer cells and a greater number of mitotic divisions, but an increase in the length of the corolla is primarily a result of a larger number of cell divisions. © 2015 The Linnean Society of London, Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society, 2015, ●●, ●●–●●.
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Molecular Phylogenetics, Molecular Evolution, and Patterns of Clade Support in Lithospermum (Boraginaceae) and Related Taxa
Systematic Botany, 2012Co-Authors: James I. Cohen, Jerrold I. DavisAbstract:Abstract Utilizing 10 cpDNA regions and thorough taxon sampling, a phylogeny is reconstructed for Lithospermum and related members of both Lithospermeae, the tribe to which it is assigned, and Boraginaceae. Lithospermum is supported as monophyletic, and the genus is hypothesized to have originated in the Old World, after which there was one colonization of the New World. The heterostylous breeding system is inferred to have originated within Lithospermum either seven times or six times with one loss, and with other independent origins within Lithospermeae. The stability of the 10-region matrix is investigated, as are the number and combination of regions necessary to accurately reconstruct phylogenies. The combination of concatenated regions is important, and the following regions are recommended for future phylogenetic studies of genera of Boraginaceae: the rpl16 intron, matK, psbA-trnH, trnL-rpl32, and trnQ-rps16. The use of these recommended regions is conservative, and it contrasts with most intragene...
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a phylogenetic analysis of morphological and molecular characters of Lithospermum l boraginaceae and related taxa evolutionary relationships and character evolution
Cladistics, 2011Co-Authors: James I. CohenAbstract:Lithospermum (Boraginaceae) includes ca. 60 species and exhibits a wide range of floral, palynological, and vegetative diversity. Phylogenetic analyses based on 10 chloroplast DNA regions and 22 morphological characters were conducted in order to (i) examine evolutionary relationships within Lithospermum and among related genera of Boraginaceae, and (ii) investigate patterns of morphological evolution. Several morphological features, such as long-funnelform corollas, faucal appendages, reciprocal herkogamy, and evident secondary leaf venation, have evolved multiple times within the genus. In contrast, other morphological features, including the presence of glands and the position and number of pollen pores, are less plastic and tend to characterize larger clades. Some features, including the presence of glands, are interpreted as symplesiomorphic for Lithospermum, while others, such as evident secondary leaf venation, appear to have originated repeatedly. The range of structural diversity that occurs among the species of Lithospermum suggests the potential utility of this genus as a model for integrative studies of evolution, development, and molecular biology.© The Willi Hennig Society 2011.
Hartmut H Hilger - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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five new species of Lithospermum l boraginaceae tribe lithospermeae in andean south america another radiation in the amotape huancabamba zone
Taxon, 2010Co-Authors: Maximilian Weigend, Marc Gottschling, Hartmut H Hilger, Nicolai M NurkAbstract:We present a revision of Lithospermum for South America based on extensive field work and herbarium study which leads to the recognition of ten species including five new to science: Lithospermum bolivariensis, L. cuzcoensis, L. leymebam- bensis and L. rodriguezii from Peru, and L. azuayensis from Ecuador. The South American species group is morphologically heterogeneous and includes a wide range of growth forms, pollen types and corolla shapes. Molecular data indicate that the species from Ecuador, Peru and Bolivia are monophyletic (South American species group) and represent the sister group of Mexican L. distichum. Lithospermum mediale, disjunct between Colombia/Venezuela and Guatemala/Mexico, represents an independent introduction to South America. Diversification of Andean Lithospermum appears to have progressed from South to North, with the basal taxa being present in the high Andes of southern Peru. The bulk of the species is concentrated in the Amotape-Huancabamba Zone (northern Peru to southern Ecuador), with five neo-endemic species being restricted to this area. Lithospermum apparently arrived in the Central Andes ca. 5 Ma and subsequently migrated and diversified northwards, possibly parallel to the uplift of the northern Andes.
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marbleseeds are gromwells systematics and evolution of Lithospermum and allies boraginaceae tribe lithospermeae based on molecular and morphological data
Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 2009Co-Authors: Maximilian Weigend, Marc Gottschling, Federico Selvi, Hartmut H HilgerAbstract:Abstract Phylogenetic relationships are complex within the Lithospermeae, a large subgroup of the Boraginaceae s.str. The relationships of New World Lasiarrhenum, Macromeria, Nomosa, Onosmodium, Perittostoma, and Psilolaemus to subcosmopolitan and much larger Lithospermum have not been critically investigated in the recent past. No molecular data on the phylogeny of these genera and Lithospermum have so far been published. We investigated the relationships within Lithospermeae using three loci (nuclear ITS plus 5.8S rRNA, chloroplast trnL-F-spacer, and trnS-G-spacer) and micromorphological character traits (pollen, nutlets). Lithospermum s.l. constitutes the sistergroup of Asian Ulugbekia and is monophyletic only when its American segregates “Macromeria”, monotypic Nomosa, and Onosmodium are included. Both the African and the South American species groups of Lithospermum are monophyletic, but North American representatives are not resolved in a single clade. Morphological characters that have been considered as important for generic delimitation in the past (such as large, yellow corollas without faucal scales, particular pollen types, coarsely veined leaves, shrubby habit) have evolved in at least two only distantly related lineages within Lithospermum s.l. The reduction of American “Macromeria”, Nomosa, and Onosmodium as well as Asian Ulugbekia under Lithospermum is proposed to render the latter monophyletic. This redefined Lithospermum s.l. appears to have undergone a type of recent “island radiation” in the Americas, reflected in a morphological diversity far exceeding that found in the Old World.
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Marbleseeds are gromwells – Systematics and evolution of Lithospermum and allies (Boraginaceae tribe Lithospermeae) based on molecular and morphological data
Molecular phylogenetics and evolution, 2009Co-Authors: Maximilian Weigend, Marc Gottschling, Federico Selvi, Hartmut H HilgerAbstract:Abstract Phylogenetic relationships are complex within the Lithospermeae, a large subgroup of the Boraginaceae s.str. The relationships of New World Lasiarrhenum, Macromeria, Nomosa, Onosmodium, Perittostoma, and Psilolaemus to subcosmopolitan and much larger Lithospermum have not been critically investigated in the recent past. No molecular data on the phylogeny of these genera and Lithospermum have so far been published. We investigated the relationships within Lithospermeae using three loci (nuclear ITS plus 5.8S rRNA, chloroplast trnL-F-spacer, and trnS-G-spacer) and micromorphological character traits (pollen, nutlets). Lithospermum s.l. constitutes the sistergroup of Asian Ulugbekia and is monophyletic only when its American segregates “Macromeria”, monotypic Nomosa, and Onosmodium are included. Both the African and the South American species groups of Lithospermum are monophyletic, but North American representatives are not resolved in a single clade. Morphological characters that have been considered as important for generic delimitation in the past (such as large, yellow corollas without faucal scales, particular pollen types, coarsely veined leaves, shrubby habit) have evolved in at least two only distantly related lineages within Lithospermum s.l. The reduction of American “Macromeria”, Nomosa, and Onosmodium as well as Asian Ulugbekia under Lithospermum is proposed to render the latter monophyletic. This redefined Lithospermum s.l. appears to have undergone a type of recent “island radiation” in the Americas, reflected in a morphological diversity far exceeding that found in the Old World.
Maximilian Weigend - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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five new species of Lithospermum l boraginaceae tribe lithospermeae in andean south america another radiation in the amotape huancabamba zone
Taxon, 2010Co-Authors: Maximilian Weigend, Marc Gottschling, Hartmut H Hilger, Nicolai M NurkAbstract:We present a revision of Lithospermum for South America based on extensive field work and herbarium study which leads to the recognition of ten species including five new to science: Lithospermum bolivariensis, L. cuzcoensis, L. leymebam- bensis and L. rodriguezii from Peru, and L. azuayensis from Ecuador. The South American species group is morphologically heterogeneous and includes a wide range of growth forms, pollen types and corolla shapes. Molecular data indicate that the species from Ecuador, Peru and Bolivia are monophyletic (South American species group) and represent the sister group of Mexican L. distichum. Lithospermum mediale, disjunct between Colombia/Venezuela and Guatemala/Mexico, represents an independent introduction to South America. Diversification of Andean Lithospermum appears to have progressed from South to North, with the basal taxa being present in the high Andes of southern Peru. The bulk of the species is concentrated in the Amotape-Huancabamba Zone (northern Peru to southern Ecuador), with five neo-endemic species being restricted to this area. Lithospermum apparently arrived in the Central Andes ca. 5 Ma and subsequently migrated and diversified northwards, possibly parallel to the uplift of the northern Andes.
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marbleseeds are gromwells systematics and evolution of Lithospermum and allies boraginaceae tribe lithospermeae based on molecular and morphological data
Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 2009Co-Authors: Maximilian Weigend, Marc Gottschling, Federico Selvi, Hartmut H HilgerAbstract:Abstract Phylogenetic relationships are complex within the Lithospermeae, a large subgroup of the Boraginaceae s.str. The relationships of New World Lasiarrhenum, Macromeria, Nomosa, Onosmodium, Perittostoma, and Psilolaemus to subcosmopolitan and much larger Lithospermum have not been critically investigated in the recent past. No molecular data on the phylogeny of these genera and Lithospermum have so far been published. We investigated the relationships within Lithospermeae using three loci (nuclear ITS plus 5.8S rRNA, chloroplast trnL-F-spacer, and trnS-G-spacer) and micromorphological character traits (pollen, nutlets). Lithospermum s.l. constitutes the sistergroup of Asian Ulugbekia and is monophyletic only when its American segregates “Macromeria”, monotypic Nomosa, and Onosmodium are included. Both the African and the South American species groups of Lithospermum are monophyletic, but North American representatives are not resolved in a single clade. Morphological characters that have been considered as important for generic delimitation in the past (such as large, yellow corollas without faucal scales, particular pollen types, coarsely veined leaves, shrubby habit) have evolved in at least two only distantly related lineages within Lithospermum s.l. The reduction of American “Macromeria”, Nomosa, and Onosmodium as well as Asian Ulugbekia under Lithospermum is proposed to render the latter monophyletic. This redefined Lithospermum s.l. appears to have undergone a type of recent “island radiation” in the Americas, reflected in a morphological diversity far exceeding that found in the Old World.
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Marbleseeds are gromwells – Systematics and evolution of Lithospermum and allies (Boraginaceae tribe Lithospermeae) based on molecular and morphological data
Molecular phylogenetics and evolution, 2009Co-Authors: Maximilian Weigend, Marc Gottschling, Federico Selvi, Hartmut H HilgerAbstract:Abstract Phylogenetic relationships are complex within the Lithospermeae, a large subgroup of the Boraginaceae s.str. The relationships of New World Lasiarrhenum, Macromeria, Nomosa, Onosmodium, Perittostoma, and Psilolaemus to subcosmopolitan and much larger Lithospermum have not been critically investigated in the recent past. No molecular data on the phylogeny of these genera and Lithospermum have so far been published. We investigated the relationships within Lithospermeae using three loci (nuclear ITS plus 5.8S rRNA, chloroplast trnL-F-spacer, and trnS-G-spacer) and micromorphological character traits (pollen, nutlets). Lithospermum s.l. constitutes the sistergroup of Asian Ulugbekia and is monophyletic only when its American segregates “Macromeria”, monotypic Nomosa, and Onosmodium are included. Both the African and the South American species groups of Lithospermum are monophyletic, but North American representatives are not resolved in a single clade. Morphological characters that have been considered as important for generic delimitation in the past (such as large, yellow corollas without faucal scales, particular pollen types, coarsely veined leaves, shrubby habit) have evolved in at least two only distantly related lineages within Lithospermum s.l. The reduction of American “Macromeria”, Nomosa, and Onosmodium as well as Asian Ulugbekia under Lithospermum is proposed to render the latter monophyletic. This redefined Lithospermum s.l. appears to have undergone a type of recent “island radiation” in the Americas, reflected in a morphological diversity far exceeding that found in the Old World.