The Experts below are selected from a list of 5226 Experts worldwide ranked by ideXlab platform

Robin Mesnage - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • Concerns over use of glyphosate-based herbicides and risks associated with exposures: a consensus statement
    2020
    Co-Authors: John Peterson Myers, Lynn Carroll, Theo Colborn, Michael N. Antoniou, Lorne G. Everett, Bruce Blumberg, Michael Hansen, Philip J Landrigan, Bruce P. Lanphear, Robin Mesnage
    Abstract:

    Abstract The broad-spectrum herbicide glyphosate (common trade name "Roundup") was first sold to farmers in 1974. Since the late 1970s, the volume of glyphosate-based herbicides (GBHs) applied has increased approximately 100-fold. Further increases in the volume applied are likely due to more and higher rates of application in response to the widespread emergence of glyphosate-resistant weeds and new, pre-harvest, dessicant use patterns. GBHs were developed to replace or reduce reliance on herbicides causing well-documented problems associated with drift and crop damage, slipping efficacy, and human health risks. Initial industry toxicity testing suggested that GBHs posed relatively low risks to non-target species, including mammals, leading regulatory authorities worldwide to set high acceptable exposure limits. To accommodate changes in GBH use patterns associated with genetically engineered, herbicide-tolerant crops, regulators have dramatically increased tolerance levels in maize, oilseed (soybeans and canola), and alfalfa crops and related Livestock Feeds. Animal and epidemiology studies published in the last decade, however, point to the need for a fresh look at glyphosate toxicity. Furthermore, the World Health Organization's International Agency for Research on Cancer recently concluded that glyphosate is "probably carcinogenic to humans." In response to changing GBH use patterns and advances in scientific understanding of their potential hazards, we have produced a Statement of Concern drawing on emerging science relevant to the safety of GBHs. Our Statement of Concern considers current published literature describing GBH uses, mechanisms of action, toxicity in laboratory animals, and epidemiological studies. It also examines the derivation of current human safety standards. We conclude that: (1) GBHs are the most heavily applied herbicide in the world and usage continues to rise; (2) Worldwide, GBHs often contaminate drinking water sources, precipitation, and air, especially in agricultural regions; (3) The half-life of glyphosate in water and soil is longer than previously recognized; (4) Glyphosate and its metabolites are widely present in the global soybean supply; (5) Human exposures to GBHs are rising; (6) Glyphosate is now authoritatively classified as a probable human carcinogen; (7) Regulatory estimates of tolerable daily intakes for glyphosate in the United States and European Union are based on outdated science. We offer a series of recommendations related to the need for new investments in epidemiological studies, biomonitoring, and toxicology studies that draw on the principles of endocrinology to determine whether the effects of GBHs are due to endocrine disrupting activities. We suggest that common commercial formulations of GBHs should be prioritized for inclusion in government-led toxicology testing programs such as the U.S. National (Continued on next page

  • Concerns over use of glyphosate-based herbicides and risks associated with exposures: A consensus statement
    2016
    Co-Authors: John Peterson Myers, Lynn Carroll, Theo Colborn, Michael N. Antoniou, Lorne G. Everett, Bruce Blumberg, Michael Hansen, Philip J Landrigan, Bruce P. Lanphear, Robin Mesnage
    Abstract:

    The broad-spectrum herbicide glyphosate (common trade name "Roundup") was first sold to farmers in 1974. Since the late 1970s, the volume of glyphosate-based herbicides (GBHs) applied has increased approximately 100-fold. Further increases in the volume applied are likely due to more and higher rates of application in response to the widespread emergence of glyphosate-resistant weeds and new, pre-harvest, dessicant use patterns. GBHs were developed to replace or reduce reliance on herbicides causing well-documented problems associated with drift and crop damage, slipping efficacy, and human health risks. Initial industry toxicity testing suggested that GBHs posed relatively low risks to non-target species, including mammals, leading regulatory authorities worldwide to set high acceptable exposure limits. To accommodate changes in GBH use patterns associated with genetically engineered, herbicide-tolerant crops, regulators have dramatically increased tolerance levels in maize, oilseed (soybeans and canola), and alfalfa crops and related Livestock Feeds. Animal and epidemiology studies published in the last decade, however, point to the need for a fresh look at glyphosate toxicity. Furthermore, the World Health Organization's International Agency for Research on Cancer recently concluded that glyphosate is "probably carcinogenic to humans." In response to changing GBH use patterns and advances in scientific understanding of their potential hazards, we have produced a Statement of Concern drawing on emerging science relevant to the safety of GBHs. Our Statement of Concern considers current published literature describing GBH uses, mechanisms of action, toxicity in laboratory animals, and epidemiological studies. It also examines the derivation of current human safety standards. We conclude that: (1) GBHs are the most heavily applied herbicide in the world and usage continues to rise; (2) Worldwide, GBHs often contaminate drinking water sources, precipitation, and air, especially in agricultural regions; (3) The half-life of glyphosate in water and soil is longer than previously recognized; (4) Glyphosate and its metabolites are widely present in the global soybean supply; (5) Human exposures to GBHs are rising; (6) Glyphosate is now authoritatively classified as a probable human carcinogen; (7) Regulatory estimates of tolerable daily intakes for glyphosate in the United States and European Union are based on outdated science. We offer a series of recommendations related to the need for new investments in epidemiological studies, biomonitoring, and toxicology studies that draw on the principles of endocrinology to determine whether the effects of GBHs are due to endocrine disrupting activities. We suggest that common commercial formulations of GBHs should be prioritized for inclusion in government-led toxicology testing programs such as the U.S. National Toxicology Program, as well as for biomonitoring as conducted by the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.

Yuanhua Dong - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • residues of organochlorine pesticides and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in farm raised Livestock Feeds and manures in jiangsu china
    2013
    Co-Authors: Ling Zhao, Yuanhua Dong, Hui Wang
    Abstract:

    Abstract The residual levels of 8 organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) and 15 priority polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were determined in pig, chicken, and cow feed and manure samples collected from feedlots in Jiangsu province, China. The mean residuals of OCPs ranged from 25.35 to 65.62 ng g− 1 in Feeds and from 33.46 to 90.89 ng g− 1 in manures. Among 4 hexachlorocyclohexanes (HCHs), α-HCH was the most abundant compound, with a high occurrence above 80% in all kinds of animal Feeds and manures. For dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethanes (DDTs), the predominance of p,p′-DDE and p,p′-DDT of total DDTs was also clearly observed. Composite profiles of HCHs and DDTs in Feeds indicated that the residuals of lindane and DDTs could be attributed to new inputs in the past several years. The mean residuals of all of the PAHs varied from 128.94 to 389.66 ng g− 1 in manures. The mean concentrations of seven carcinogenic PAHs in manures varied from 16.80 to 79.70 ng g− 1. Of the 15 priority PAHs, phenanthrene was the most dominant PAH species and accounted for approximately 50% of the total PAHs in all animal manures. The distribution of PAHs with different rings showed that PAHs with 3 rings were the primary components in the tested manures.

  • Heavy metals pollution in poultry and Livestock Feeds and manures under intensive farming in Jiangsu Province, China.
    2004
    Co-Authors: Long Cang, Dongmei Zhou, Yu-jun Wang, Yuanhua Dong
    Abstract:

    The heavy metals pollution in poultry and Livestock Feeds and manures under intensive farming in Jiangsu Province was investigated. 97 feed and manure samples were sampled from 31 farming plants in 10 major cities of Jiangsu. 14 metals, including Zn, Cu, Pb, Cd, Cr, Ni, Mo, Mn, Ba, Co, Sr, Ti, As and Hg, were analyzed after samples acid digestion. The results showed that the most feed samples contained high concentration of metals exceeding National Hygienical Standard for Feeds. Meanwhile, it was found that Cu, Zn, Pb, Cd and Cr concentrations in animal manures were also high, for example, Cu concentration in a manure sample reached to as much as 1726 3 mg/kg. Heavy metals loading quantities in soil per year were then calculated when metals contaminated organic fertilizers were applied, and its effects on soil environmental quality were further evaluated.

R J Unwin - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • heavy metal contents of Livestock Feeds and animal manures in england and wales
    1999
    Co-Authors: F A Nicholson, B J Chambers, J.r. Williams, R J Unwin
    Abstract:

    Abstract In this study, 183 Livestock Feeds and 85 animal manure samples were collected from commercial farms in England and Wales and analysed to determine their heavy metal (zinc, copper, nickel, lead, cadmium, arsenic, chromium and mercury) contents. Zinc and copper concentrations ranged from 150–2920 mg Zn/kg dm (dry matter) and 18–217 mg Cu/kg dm in pig Feeds, depending on the age of the pigs. In poultry Feeds, concentrations ranged from 28–4030 mg Zn/kg dm and 5–234 mg Cu/kg dm, with laying hen Feeds generally having higher heavy metal contents than broiler Feeds. Concentrations of Zn and Cu in dairy and beef cattle Feeds were much lower than in pig and poultry Feeds. Pig manures typically contained c.500 mg Zn/kg dm and c.360 mg Cu/kg dm, reflecting metal concentrations in the Feeds. Typical concentrations in poultry manures were c.400 mg Zn/kg dm and c.80 mg Cu/kg dm, and in cattle manures c.180 mg Zn/kg dm and c.50 mg Cu/kg dm. The dry matter content of cattle and pig slurries was a useful indicator of heavy metal concentrations on a fresh weight basis.

  • heavy metal contents of Livestock Feeds and animal manures in england and wales
    1999
    Co-Authors: F A Nicholson, B J Chambers, J.r. Williams, R J Unwin
    Abstract:

    Abstract In this study, 183 Livestock Feeds and 85 animal manure samples were collected from commercial farms in England and Wales and analysed to determine their heavy metal (zinc, copper, nickel, lead, cadmium, arsenic, chromium and mercury) contents. Zinc and copper concentrations ranged from 150–2920 mg Zn/kg dm (dry matter) and 18–217 mg Cu/kg dm in pig Feeds, depending on the age of the pigs. In poultry Feeds, concentrations ranged from 28–4030 mg Zn/kg dm and 5–234 mg Cu/kg dm, with laying hen Feeds generally having higher heavy metal contents than broiler Feeds. Concentrations of Zn and Cu in dairy and beef cattle Feeds were much lower than in pig and poultry Feeds. Pig manures typically contained c.500 mg Zn/kg dm and c.360 mg Cu/kg dm, reflecting metal concentrations in the Feeds. Typical concentrations in poultry manures were c.400 mg Zn/kg dm and c.80 mg Cu/kg dm, and in cattle manures c.180 mg Zn/kg dm and c.50 mg Cu/kg dm. The dry matter content of cattle and pig slurries was a useful indicator of heavy metal concentrations on a fresh weight basis.

John Peterson Myers - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • Concerns over use of glyphosate-based herbicides and risks associated with exposures: a consensus statement
    2020
    Co-Authors: John Peterson Myers, Lynn Carroll, Theo Colborn, Michael N. Antoniou, Lorne G. Everett, Bruce Blumberg, Michael Hansen, Philip J Landrigan, Bruce P. Lanphear, Robin Mesnage
    Abstract:

    Abstract The broad-spectrum herbicide glyphosate (common trade name "Roundup") was first sold to farmers in 1974. Since the late 1970s, the volume of glyphosate-based herbicides (GBHs) applied has increased approximately 100-fold. Further increases in the volume applied are likely due to more and higher rates of application in response to the widespread emergence of glyphosate-resistant weeds and new, pre-harvest, dessicant use patterns. GBHs were developed to replace or reduce reliance on herbicides causing well-documented problems associated with drift and crop damage, slipping efficacy, and human health risks. Initial industry toxicity testing suggested that GBHs posed relatively low risks to non-target species, including mammals, leading regulatory authorities worldwide to set high acceptable exposure limits. To accommodate changes in GBH use patterns associated with genetically engineered, herbicide-tolerant crops, regulators have dramatically increased tolerance levels in maize, oilseed (soybeans and canola), and alfalfa crops and related Livestock Feeds. Animal and epidemiology studies published in the last decade, however, point to the need for a fresh look at glyphosate toxicity. Furthermore, the World Health Organization's International Agency for Research on Cancer recently concluded that glyphosate is "probably carcinogenic to humans." In response to changing GBH use patterns and advances in scientific understanding of their potential hazards, we have produced a Statement of Concern drawing on emerging science relevant to the safety of GBHs. Our Statement of Concern considers current published literature describing GBH uses, mechanisms of action, toxicity in laboratory animals, and epidemiological studies. It also examines the derivation of current human safety standards. We conclude that: (1) GBHs are the most heavily applied herbicide in the world and usage continues to rise; (2) Worldwide, GBHs often contaminate drinking water sources, precipitation, and air, especially in agricultural regions; (3) The half-life of glyphosate in water and soil is longer than previously recognized; (4) Glyphosate and its metabolites are widely present in the global soybean supply; (5) Human exposures to GBHs are rising; (6) Glyphosate is now authoritatively classified as a probable human carcinogen; (7) Regulatory estimates of tolerable daily intakes for glyphosate in the United States and European Union are based on outdated science. We offer a series of recommendations related to the need for new investments in epidemiological studies, biomonitoring, and toxicology studies that draw on the principles of endocrinology to determine whether the effects of GBHs are due to endocrine disrupting activities. We suggest that common commercial formulations of GBHs should be prioritized for inclusion in government-led toxicology testing programs such as the U.S. National (Continued on next page

  • Concerns over use of glyphosate-based herbicides and risks associated with exposures: A consensus statement
    2016
    Co-Authors: John Peterson Myers, Lynn Carroll, Theo Colborn, Michael N. Antoniou, Lorne G. Everett, Bruce Blumberg, Michael Hansen, Philip J Landrigan, Bruce P. Lanphear, Robin Mesnage
    Abstract:

    The broad-spectrum herbicide glyphosate (common trade name "Roundup") was first sold to farmers in 1974. Since the late 1970s, the volume of glyphosate-based herbicides (GBHs) applied has increased approximately 100-fold. Further increases in the volume applied are likely due to more and higher rates of application in response to the widespread emergence of glyphosate-resistant weeds and new, pre-harvest, dessicant use patterns. GBHs were developed to replace or reduce reliance on herbicides causing well-documented problems associated with drift and crop damage, slipping efficacy, and human health risks. Initial industry toxicity testing suggested that GBHs posed relatively low risks to non-target species, including mammals, leading regulatory authorities worldwide to set high acceptable exposure limits. To accommodate changes in GBH use patterns associated with genetically engineered, herbicide-tolerant crops, regulators have dramatically increased tolerance levels in maize, oilseed (soybeans and canola), and alfalfa crops and related Livestock Feeds. Animal and epidemiology studies published in the last decade, however, point to the need for a fresh look at glyphosate toxicity. Furthermore, the World Health Organization's International Agency for Research on Cancer recently concluded that glyphosate is "probably carcinogenic to humans." In response to changing GBH use patterns and advances in scientific understanding of their potential hazards, we have produced a Statement of Concern drawing on emerging science relevant to the safety of GBHs. Our Statement of Concern considers current published literature describing GBH uses, mechanisms of action, toxicity in laboratory animals, and epidemiological studies. It also examines the derivation of current human safety standards. We conclude that: (1) GBHs are the most heavily applied herbicide in the world and usage continues to rise; (2) Worldwide, GBHs often contaminate drinking water sources, precipitation, and air, especially in agricultural regions; (3) The half-life of glyphosate in water and soil is longer than previously recognized; (4) Glyphosate and its metabolites are widely present in the global soybean supply; (5) Human exposures to GBHs are rising; (6) Glyphosate is now authoritatively classified as a probable human carcinogen; (7) Regulatory estimates of tolerable daily intakes for glyphosate in the United States and European Union are based on outdated science. We offer a series of recommendations related to the need for new investments in epidemiological studies, biomonitoring, and toxicology studies that draw on the principles of endocrinology to determine whether the effects of GBHs are due to endocrine disrupting activities. We suggest that common commercial formulations of GBHs should be prioritized for inclusion in government-led toxicology testing programs such as the U.S. National Toxicology Program, as well as for biomonitoring as conducted by the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.

Dube Luyanda - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • Information Needs of Women Subsistence Farmers in a Village in KwaZulu-Natal Province, South Africa
    2020
    Co-Authors: Zimu-biyela, Acquinatta Nomusa, Van Der Walt Thomas, Dube Luyanda
    Abstract:

    This article reports on findings of a study that was conducted to establish the information needs of women subsistence or smallholder farmers and the various information sources they consulted to resolve their information needs. The study was qualitative, and a grounded theory design was used. Focus group interviews and observation were used to collect data from 14 women crop farmers and three women Livestock keepers. The farmer-to-farmer extension (FFE) model was adopted to understand the information-seeking behaviours of women farmers and how they can be improved, if need be. The findings revealed that while the women crop farmers needed help with seeds, soil treatment and the protection of crops from pests and stray animals, they needed more information on drought preparedness and management, and, on how to transform from subsistence to commercial farming. Women Livestock keepers needed information on Livestock Feeds, the treatment of various ailments, and disaster preparedness and management. In addition, they needed the reintegration of the extension officer. It also transpired that local libraries were not responding to the information needs of farmers. The main source of information was oral communication. The use of radio, television, cell phones and extension officers was limited. This study echoes other studies which propose it is important that libraries, non-government organisations (NGOs) and extension officers respond to the information needs of smallholder farmers, especially women.Information Scienc

  • Information Needs of Women Subsistence Farmers in a Village in KwaZulu-Natal Province, South Africa
    2020
    Co-Authors: Zimu-biyela Acquinatta, Van Der Walt Thomas, Dube Luyanda
    Abstract:

    This article reports on findings of a study that was conducted to establish the information needs of women subsistence or smallholder farmers and the various information sources they consulted to resolve their information needs. The study was qualitative, and a grounded theory design was used. Focus group interviews and observation were used to collect data from 14 women crop farmers and three women Livestock keepers. The farmer-to-farmer extension (FFE) model was adopted to understand the information-seeking behaviours of women farmers and how they can be improved, if need be. The findings revealed that while the women crop farmers needed help with seeds, soil treatment and the protection of crops from pests and stray animals, they needed more information on drought preparedness and management, and, on how to transform from subsistence to commercial farming. Women Livestock keepers needed information on Livestock Feeds, the treatment of various ailments, and disaster preparedness and management. In addition, they needed the reintegration of the extension officer. It also transpired that local libraries were not responding to the information needs of farmers. The main source of information was oral communication. The use of radio, television, cell phones and extension officers was limited. This study echoes other studies which propose it is important that libraries, non-government organisations (NGOs) and extension officers respond to the information needs of smallholder farmers, especially women