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Christopher B Barrett - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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are there gender differences in demand for index based Livestock Insurance
Journal of Development Studies, 2017Co-Authors: Elizabeth R Bageant, Christopher B BarrettAbstract:ABSTRACTRisk management plays a role in avoiding and escaping chronic poverty throughout the world, particularly for women, who are disproportionately negatively affected by shocks. Using three years of household survey data, administrative records and qualitative interviews, this paper examines the relationship between gender and demand for index-based Livestock Insurance (IBLI) among pastoralists in southern Ethiopia. IBLI appears to be equitably accessed by men and women alike and we find limited evidence of gender-differentiated demand for IBLI. We also find only modest differences associated with age and share of income from Livestock.
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experimental evidence on the drivers of index based Livestock Insurance demand in southern ethiopia
World Development, 2016Co-Authors: Kazushi Takahashi, Munenobu Ikegami, Megan Sheahan, Christopher B BarrettAbstract:While index-based microInsurance has attracted considerable attention, uptake rates have been weak in many low-income countries. We explore the purchase patterns of index-based Livestock Insurance in southern Ethiopia, focusing on the role of accurate product comprehension and price. We find that randomly distributed learning kits improve subjects’ knowledge of the products; however, we do not find strong evidence that the improved knowledge per se causes greater Insurance uptake. We also find that reduced price due to randomly distributed discount coupons has an immediate, positive impact on uptake, without dampening subsequent period demand due to reference-dependence associated with price anchoring effects.
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how basis risk and spatiotemporal adverse selection influence demand for index Insurance evidence from northern kenya
MPRA Paper, 2014Co-Authors: Nathaniel D Jensen, Andrew G Mude, Christopher B BarrettAbstract:Basis risk – the remaining risk that an insured individual faces – is widely acknowledged as the Achilles Heel of index Insurance, but to date there has been no direct study of its role in determining demand for index Insurance. Further, spatiotemporal variation leaves open the possibility of adverse selection. We use rich longitudinal household data from northern Kenya to determine which factors affect demand for index based Livestock Insurance (IBLI). We find that both price and the non-price factors studied previously are indeed important, but that basis risk and spatiotemporal adverse selection play a major role in demand for IBLI.
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quasi experimental evidence on the drivers of index based Livestock Insurance demand in southern ethiopia
Research Papers in Economics, 2014Co-Authors: Kazushi Takahashi, Munenobu Ikegami, Megan Sheahan, Christopher B BarrettAbstract:MicroInsurance is widely considered an important tool for sustainable poverty reduction, especially in the face of increasing climate risk. Although index-based microInsurance, which should be free from the classical incentive problems, has attracted considerable attention, uptake rates have generally been weak in low-income rural communities. We explore the purchase patterns of index-based Livestock Insurance in southern Ethiopia, focusing in particular on the role of accurate product comprehension and price, including the prospective impact of temporary discount coupons on subsequent period demand due to price anchoring effects. We find that randomly distributed learning kits contribute to improving subjects' knowledge of the products; however, we do not find strong evidence that the improved knowledge per se induces greater uptake. We also find that reduced price due to randomly distributed discount coupons has an immediate, positive impact on uptake, without dampening subsequent period demand due to reference-dependence associated with price anchoring effects.
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productive spillovers of the take up of index based Livestock Insurance
Research Papers in Economics, 2014Co-Authors: Russell Toth, Christopher B Barrett, Richard Bernstein, Patrick E Clark, Carla P Gomes, Shibia Mohamed, Andrew G Mude, Birhanu TaddesseAbstract:Does the provision of Livestock Insurance raise the unintended consequence of stimulating excessive herd accumulation and less environmentally-sustainable herd movement patterns? The impact of Insurance is theoretically ambiguous: if precautionary savings motives for holding Livestock assets dominate, then we would expect to see households that receive index Insurance reduce herd sizes and move less intensively. However if risk-adjusted investment motives dominate then we would expect them to build herds and move more. “Behavioural” or norm-based responses are also possible. To test between these theoretical possibilities we use the randomized provision of Livestock Insurance paired with novel, high frequency data collection. The results suggest that in the presence of Insurance pastoralists accumulate larger herds, and move more intensively. This has implications for the potential ecological impacts scaling up of index Insurance programs on the pastoralist rangelands, and for microInsurance and pastoralism more broadly.
Andrew G Mude - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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emerging research practice for impact in the cgiar the case of index based Livestock Insurance ibli
Outlook on Agriculture, 2019Co-Authors: Rupsha R Banerjee, Brenda Wandera, Andrew G Mude, Andy Hall, Jennifer KellyAbstract:Under increased scrutiny by its funders, the CGIAR continues to search for ways of translating research excellence into innovation and developmental impact. Several approaches have been suggested t...
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integrating index based Livestock Insurance with community savings and loan groups in northern kenya
2015Co-Authors: Samuel Mburu, L Johnson, Andrew G MudeAbstract:Despite the availability of huge Livestock resources, pastoralist areas of northern Kenya are characterized by chronic vulnerability to drought-related shocks1 and pastoralists’ declining coping abilities. Previously successful coping strategies include: mobility; keeping large and heterogeneous herds; herd splitting during crisis; seeking support from kin and clan networks; and knowledge of traditional early-warning systems to help minimize losses2. Given pastoralists’ declining mobility and difficulty repopulating herds, increasing numbers of ex-pastoralists are moving to towns to work as petty traders or unskilled labourers3. Though pastoralist vulnerability varies, depending on gender, poverty, social status, species of Livestock kept, and degree of mobility, women and girls are at greater risk due to limited assets and decision-making power.
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kenya toward a national crop and Livestock Insurance program background report
2015Co-Authors: Daniel Jonathan Clarke, Sommarat Chantarat, Barry Maher, Felix Maximilian Otto Lung, Sarah Collblack, Richard John Carpenter, James Muli Sinah, Andrea Stoppa, Charles Stutley, Andrew G MudeAbstract:At the request of the government of Kenya and under its guidance, a team of national and international experts conducted an appraisal of different agricultural Insurance options for Kenya.This appraisal, as set out in this document and the accompanying technical analysis, lays out the costs and benefits of developing large-scale agricultural Insurance that involves both the public and private spheres.The analysis considers potential structuresfor large-scale agricultural Insurance in Kenya, the fiscal cost to the governmentof Kenya, and the economic benefits forfarmers and pastoralists.In order for it to partner with the privatesector to prepare and implement a large scale agricultural Insurance program, the government should consider taking thefollowing next steps.The government of Kenya may build on there commendations by the Program Steering Committee to take the lead in formulating anational policy on agriculture Insurance, incooperation with county administrations and private Insurance companies. The government of Kenya may develop aroad map for establishing the institutionsrequired for large-scale agricultural Insuranceprograms, with the goal of covering at leasta fifth of Kenya’s agricultural producers. As next steps for establishing LivestockInsurance, the government of Kenya may decide how to integrate the proposed Insurance product with other existing protection mechanisms. As next steps for crop Insurance, the government of Kenya may seek consultationswith agricultural banks and work withprivate sector insurers to develop a dataaudit system acceptable to international reinsurers.
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determining optimal seasonal integration times of ndvi series for index based Livestock Insurance in east africa
International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium, 2015Co-Authors: Anton Vrieling, Michele Meroni, Andrew G MudeAbstract:Coarse-resolution NDVI time series, aggregated in space and time, are used as a seasonal forage scarcity index for an existing Livestock Insurance scheme in East Africa. Payouts are made to pastoral households if the index drops below a specific threshold, corresponding to drought conditions. This paper's aim is to improve the seasonal definitions used in the scheme and to evaluate options for further anticipating the payout in time. To achieve this, we first performed a phenological analysis of SPOT-VGT FAPAR series resulting in location-specific season start- and end-dates. The resulting seasonal definitions were then used for calculating a forage scarcity index from eMODIS NDVI. Subsequently we evaluated if high end-of-season index predictability was maintained when bringing end-dates of the temporal integration further forward in time. Cross-validated statistics showed that the payout time after drought can be advanced by 2–3 months, allowing pastoralists to take protective measures to safe their Livestock.
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how basis risk and spatiotemporal adverse selection influence demand for index Insurance evidence from northern kenya
MPRA Paper, 2014Co-Authors: Nathaniel D Jensen, Andrew G Mude, Christopher B BarrettAbstract:Basis risk – the remaining risk that an insured individual faces – is widely acknowledged as the Achilles Heel of index Insurance, but to date there has been no direct study of its role in determining demand for index Insurance. Further, spatiotemporal variation leaves open the possibility of adverse selection. We use rich longitudinal household data from northern Kenya to determine which factors affect demand for index based Livestock Insurance (IBLI). We find that both price and the non-price factors studied previously are indeed important, but that basis risk and spatiotemporal adverse selection play a major role in demand for IBLI.
Munenobu Ikegami - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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direct and indirect impact of index based Livestock Insurance in southern ethiopia
Geneva Papers on Risk and Insurance-issues and Practice, 2019Co-Authors: Ayako Matsuda, Kazushi Takahashi, Munenobu IkegamiAbstract:This study identifies the period-specific impact of index-based Livestock Insurance sold to pastoral households in southern Ethiopia, based on 4-year panel data. While the impact of Insurance payouts is not consistently positive across all sales periods, we find that they increase household income and milk production during drought years. We also find indirect effects for several seasons, whereby insured households receive more informal transfers when they obtain payouts and they tend to reduce cash savings and Livestock holdings. These results suggest that formal Insurance can crowd in informal Insurance and that pastoralists may reduce their precautionary savings in response to an Insurance alternative. Further analysis shows that pastoralists with a herd size around the poverty-trap threshold increase their Livestock numbers after receiving payouts.
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experimental evidence on the drivers of index based Livestock Insurance demand in southern ethiopia
World Development, 2016Co-Authors: Kazushi Takahashi, Munenobu Ikegami, Megan Sheahan, Christopher B BarrettAbstract:While index-based microInsurance has attracted considerable attention, uptake rates have been weak in many low-income countries. We explore the purchase patterns of index-based Livestock Insurance in southern Ethiopia, focusing on the role of accurate product comprehension and price. We find that randomly distributed learning kits improve subjects’ knowledge of the products; however, we do not find strong evidence that the improved knowledge per se causes greater Insurance uptake. We also find that reduced price due to randomly distributed discount coupons has an immediate, positive impact on uptake, without dampening subsequent period demand due to reference-dependence associated with price anchoring effects.
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dynamic effects of index based Livestock Insurance on household intertemporal behavior and welfare
2015Co-Authors: Munenobu IkegamiAbstract:We quantify the effects of Index Based Livestock Insurance in Marsabit, Kenya on household behavior and welfare. Index-based Insurance attracts attention as a potentially effective tool for reducing vulnerability of agricultural households in developing countries. However, the literature has not studied how much household intertemporal behavior and welfare would change by reduced production risk and shock due to index-based Insurance. We fill this gap in the literature by fitting household asset accumulation model to pastoralists in Marsabit, Kenya and implementing counter-factual policy simulations in order to quantify the effects of Index Based Livestock Insurance.
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quasi experimental evidence on the drivers of index based Livestock Insurance demand in southern ethiopia
Research Papers in Economics, 2014Co-Authors: Kazushi Takahashi, Munenobu Ikegami, Megan Sheahan, Christopher B BarrettAbstract:MicroInsurance is widely considered an important tool for sustainable poverty reduction, especially in the face of increasing climate risk. Although index-based microInsurance, which should be free from the classical incentive problems, has attracted considerable attention, uptake rates have generally been weak in low-income rural communities. We explore the purchase patterns of index-based Livestock Insurance in southern Ethiopia, focusing in particular on the role of accurate product comprehension and price, including the prospective impact of temporary discount coupons on subsequent period demand due to price anchoring effects. We find that randomly distributed learning kits contribute to improving subjects' knowledge of the products; however, we do not find strong evidence that the improved knowledge per se induces greater uptake. We also find that reduced price due to randomly distributed discount coupons has an immediate, positive impact on uptake, without dampening subsequent period demand due to reference-dependence associated with price anchoring effects.
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insuring against drought related Livestock mortality piloting index based Livestock Insurance in northern kenya
Social Science Research Network, 2010Co-Authors: Andrew G Mude, Christopher B Barrett, Munenobu Ikegami, Sommarat Chantarat, Michael R Carter, John G McpeakAbstract:Climate related shocks are among the leading cause of production and efficiency losses in smallholder crop and Livestock production in rural Africa. Consequently, the identification of tools to help manage the risks associated with climactic extremities is increasingly considered to be amongst the key pillars of any agenda to enhance agricultural growth and welfare in rural Africa. This paper describes the application of a promising innovation in Insurance design – index‐based Insurance – that seeks to bring the benefits of formal Insurance to help manage the weather‐related risks faced by rural crop and Livestock producers in low‐income countries. In particular, we highlight the research and development agenda of a comprehensive effort to design commercially viable index‐based Livestock Insurance aimed at protecting the pastoral populations of Northern Kenya from the considerable drought‐related Livestock mortality risk that they face. Detailing the conditions that make the pastoral economy in Northern Kenya an ideal candidate for the provision of index‐based Insurance products, the paper describes the contract design, defines its structure, offers analysis that indicates a high likelihood of commercial sustainability among the target market and describes the process of implementation leading up to the launch of a pilot in Marsabit district of Northern Kenya in early 2010.
John G Mcpeak - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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explaining index based Livestock Insurance to pastoralists
Agricultural Finance Review, 2010Co-Authors: John G Mcpeak, Sommarat Chantarat, Andrew G MudeAbstract:Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to present the methods and findings of an experimental game designed to extend the concept of index‐based Livestock Insurance in northern Kenya, and analyze patterns of game play. The paper is designed to inform others who may be attempting something similar to this work in other developing country agricultural settings.Design/methodology/approach – The paper presents the following: descriptive context of the issue, explanation of the game design to match the conditions in the area, details of how the authors explained the game, and regression analysis of play by participants.Findings – Games designed to reflect key elements of the local production system can be an effective way of explaining financial products to rural producers in developing countries.Research limitations/implications – It remains to be seen if the extension effort leads to more informed consumers of Insurance products, which the authors hope to address in future work. Also, the approach described ...
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insuring against drought related Livestock mortality piloting index based Livestock Insurance in northern kenya
Social Science Research Network, 2010Co-Authors: Andrew G Mude, Christopher B Barrett, Munenobu Ikegami, Sommarat Chantarat, Michael R Carter, John G McpeakAbstract:Climate related shocks are among the leading cause of production and efficiency losses in smallholder crop and Livestock production in rural Africa. Consequently, the identification of tools to help manage the risks associated with climactic extremities is increasingly considered to be amongst the key pillars of any agenda to enhance agricultural growth and welfare in rural Africa. This paper describes the application of a promising innovation in Insurance design – index‐based Insurance – that seeks to bring the benefits of formal Insurance to help manage the weather‐related risks faced by rural crop and Livestock producers in low‐income countries. In particular, we highlight the research and development agenda of a comprehensive effort to design commercially viable index‐based Livestock Insurance aimed at protecting the pastoral populations of Northern Kenya from the considerable drought‐related Livestock mortality risk that they face. Detailing the conditions that make the pastoral economy in Northern Kenya an ideal candidate for the provision of index‐based Insurance products, the paper describes the contract design, defines its structure, offers analysis that indicates a high likelihood of commercial sustainability among the target market and describes the process of implementation leading up to the launch of a pilot in Marsabit district of Northern Kenya in early 2010.
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index based Livestock Insurance for northern kenya s arid and semi arid lands the marsabit pilot project summary
2010Co-Authors: Andrew G Mude, Christopher B Barrett, Munenobu Ikegami, Sommarat Chantarat, Michael Carter, John G McpeakAbstract:This project summary was prepared by ILRI, in collaboration with its partners at Cornell University, the BASIS Research Program at the University of Wisconsin-Madison, and Syracuse University.
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index based Livestock Insurance for northern kenya s arid and semi arid lands the marsabit pilot
Social Science Research Network, 2009Co-Authors: Andrew G Mude, Christopher B Barrett, Munenobu Ikegami, Sommarat Chantarat, Michael R Carter, John G McpeakAbstract:In Kenya’s arid and semi arid lands (ASALs), drought is the most pervasive hazard, natural or otherwise, encountered by households on a widespread level. This is especially true for northern Kenya, where more than 3 million pastoralist households are regularly hit by increasingly severe droughts. In the past 100 years, northern Kenya recorded 28 major droughts, 4 of which occurred in the last 10 years. For livelihoods that rely solely or partly on Livestock, the resulting high Livestock mortality rate has devastating effects, rendering these pastoralists amongst the most vulnerable populations in Kenya. As the consequences of climate change unfold, the link between drought risk, vulnerability and poverty becomes significantly stronger.Index-based Insurance products represent a promising and exciting innovation for managing the climate related risks that vulnerable households face. The creation of Insurance markets for events whose likelihood of occurrence can be precisely calculated and associated to a well defined index is increasingly being championed as a way to make the benefits of Insurance available to the poor. Over the past year, the International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), in collaboration with its partners at Cornell University, the BASIS Research Program at the University of Wisconsin-Madison, and Syracuse University, has pursued a substantial research program aimed at designing, developing and implementing market-mediated index-based Insurance products to protect Livestock keepers - particularly in the drought prone ASALs – from drought-related asset losses.Much of the initial preparatory phase, which included an extensive program of field work and stakeholder consultation, is now complete. An index-based Livestock Insurance (IBLI) contract has also been modeled, priced, and is ready for implementation. The remainder of this note defines the key features of a general index-based contract, highlighting the specifics of our IBLI contract, and lays out a pilot strategy to test its effectiveness and commercial sustainability.
Sommarat Chantarat - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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kenya toward a national crop and Livestock Insurance program background report
2015Co-Authors: Daniel Jonathan Clarke, Sommarat Chantarat, Barry Maher, Felix Maximilian Otto Lung, Sarah Collblack, Richard John Carpenter, James Muli Sinah, Andrea Stoppa, Charles Stutley, Andrew G MudeAbstract:At the request of the government of Kenya and under its guidance, a team of national and international experts conducted an appraisal of different agricultural Insurance options for Kenya.This appraisal, as set out in this document and the accompanying technical analysis, lays out the costs and benefits of developing large-scale agricultural Insurance that involves both the public and private spheres.The analysis considers potential structuresfor large-scale agricultural Insurance in Kenya, the fiscal cost to the governmentof Kenya, and the economic benefits forfarmers and pastoralists.In order for it to partner with the privatesector to prepare and implement a large scale agricultural Insurance program, the government should consider taking thefollowing next steps.The government of Kenya may build on there commendations by the Program Steering Committee to take the lead in formulating anational policy on agriculture Insurance, incooperation with county administrations and private Insurance companies. The government of Kenya may develop aroad map for establishing the institutionsrequired for large-scale agricultural Insuranceprograms, with the goal of covering at leasta fifth of Kenya’s agricultural producers. As next steps for establishing LivestockInsurance, the government of Kenya may decide how to integrate the proposed Insurance product with other existing protection mechanisms. As next steps for crop Insurance, the government of Kenya may seek consultationswith agricultural banks and work withprivate sector insurers to develop a dataaudit system acceptable to international reinsurers.
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designing index based Livestock Insurance for managing asset risk in northern kenya
Journal of Risk and Insurance, 2013Co-Authors: Sommarat Chantarat, Christopher B Barrett, Andrew G Mude, Michael R CarterAbstract:Abstract This article describes a novel index-based Livestock Insurance (IBLI) product piloted among pastoralists in Northern Kenya, where Insurance markets are effectively absent and uninsured risk exposure is a main cause of poverty. We describe the methodology used to design the contract and its underlying index of predicted area-average Livestock mortality, established statistically using longitudinal observations of household-level herd mortality fit to remotely sensed vegetation data. Household-level performance analysis based on simulations finds that IBLI removes 25-40 percent of total Livestock mortality risk. We describe the contract pricing and the risk exposures of the underwriter to establish IBLI's reinsurability on international markets. INTRODUCTION Formal Insurance contracts are rarely available for the small-scale agricultural and pastoral households who populate the often highly risky environments found in rural areas of low-income countries. Although a rich literature analyzes the wide array of informal social arrangements and diversification strategies that these households employ to manage risk, in nearly all cases these mechanisms are highly imperfect and in many cases carry very high implicit Insurance premia. The net result is that risk contributes significantly to the level and persistence of rural poverty. In response to this challenge, a small, but growing number of projects are trying to fill this Insurance void by developing index Insurance contracts that offer payoffs based on the realization of an aggregate performance indicator, or index, rather than on individual-specific outcomes. (1) Because it relies on an objectively and cost-effectively measured aggregate indicator--not manipulable by insured parties--index Insurance is potentially viable in low-income agriculture, where transactions costs, moral hazard, and adverse selection typically cripple contracts based on individual-specific outcomes. A key challenge in developing effective index Insurance revolves around identifying an index that minimizes the associated basis risk representing discrepancies between the contract's index-triggered indemnity payments and the insured's actual loss experience. Although index Insurance principles thus seem to offer a way to reduce the costs of uninsured risk, most projects to date have insured stochastic income streams (e.g., crop yield Insurance), despite the fact that globally most Insurance sold is actually asset Insurance. This article designs and implements a methodology for using satellite-based information to create asset Insurance contracts for some of the poorest and most vulnerable people on the planet, namely, the pastoralist populations of the arid and semi-arid regions of East Africa. Our focus on asset Insurance is not accidental. Effective demand appears sluggish for the various agriculture index Insurance contracts presently on offer to protect rural income streams. Although there are a variety of reasons for this sluggishness, (2) one likely reason is that static income Insurance offers the farmer a zero sum proposition: does the farmer want to spend a fraction of a given income level on Insurance, implying a reduction in spending on other goods and services? Arguably, demand for Insurance will be stronger and more sustainable when it offers the farmer a nonzero sum choice. Income Insurance can become a nonzero sum proposition if it simultaneously underwrites an increase in expected income even as it reduces risk exposure. This positive sum game can happen if income Insurance crowds in the adoption of new, higher-returning technologies, either by improving the supply of credit to purchase these technologies or by increasing farmers' willingness to bear the risk to borrow and otherwise adopt these technologies. By preserving productive assets for future periods, asset Insurance similarly offers not just an effective buffer against current risk exposure but also higher expected incomes over time and thereby makes Insurance a positive sum game. …
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explaining index based Livestock Insurance to pastoralists
Agricultural Finance Review, 2010Co-Authors: John G Mcpeak, Sommarat Chantarat, Andrew G MudeAbstract:Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to present the methods and findings of an experimental game designed to extend the concept of index‐based Livestock Insurance in northern Kenya, and analyze patterns of game play. The paper is designed to inform others who may be attempting something similar to this work in other developing country agricultural settings.Design/methodology/approach – The paper presents the following: descriptive context of the issue, explanation of the game design to match the conditions in the area, details of how the authors explained the game, and regression analysis of play by participants.Findings – Games designed to reflect key elements of the local production system can be an effective way of explaining financial products to rural producers in developing countries.Research limitations/implications – It remains to be seen if the extension effort leads to more informed consumers of Insurance products, which the authors hope to address in future work. Also, the approach described ...
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insuring against drought related Livestock mortality piloting index based Livestock Insurance in northern kenya
Social Science Research Network, 2010Co-Authors: Andrew G Mude, Christopher B Barrett, Munenobu Ikegami, Sommarat Chantarat, Michael R Carter, John G McpeakAbstract:Climate related shocks are among the leading cause of production and efficiency losses in smallholder crop and Livestock production in rural Africa. Consequently, the identification of tools to help manage the risks associated with climactic extremities is increasingly considered to be amongst the key pillars of any agenda to enhance agricultural growth and welfare in rural Africa. This paper describes the application of a promising innovation in Insurance design – index‐based Insurance – that seeks to bring the benefits of formal Insurance to help manage the weather‐related risks faced by rural crop and Livestock producers in low‐income countries. In particular, we highlight the research and development agenda of a comprehensive effort to design commercially viable index‐based Livestock Insurance aimed at protecting the pastoral populations of Northern Kenya from the considerable drought‐related Livestock mortality risk that they face. Detailing the conditions that make the pastoral economy in Northern Kenya an ideal candidate for the provision of index‐based Insurance products, the paper describes the contract design, defines its structure, offers analysis that indicates a high likelihood of commercial sustainability among the target market and describes the process of implementation leading up to the launch of a pilot in Marsabit district of Northern Kenya in early 2010.
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index based Livestock Insurance for northern kenya s arid and semi arid lands the marsabit pilot project summary
2010Co-Authors: Andrew G Mude, Christopher B Barrett, Munenobu Ikegami, Sommarat Chantarat, Michael Carter, John G McpeakAbstract:This project summary was prepared by ILRI, in collaboration with its partners at Cornell University, the BASIS Research Program at the University of Wisconsin-Madison, and Syracuse University.