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Larissa Djukouo - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Filaria specific antibody response profiling in plasma from anti-retroviral naïve Loa Loa microfilaraemic HIV-1 infected people
BMC Infectious Diseases, 2018Co-Authors: Ghislain Donald Njambe Priso, Abel Lissom, Jules Colince Tchadji, Thibau Flaurant Tchouangueu, Georgia E. Ambada, Carole Stéphanie Sake Ngane, Brigitte Laure Dafeu, Larissa Djukouo, Inès Nyebe, Suzanne MagagoumAbstract:Background In West and Central Africa areas of endemic Loa Loa infections overlap with regions of high prevalence of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infections. Because individuals in this region are exposed to filarial parasites from birth, most HIV-1 infected individuals invariably also have a history of filarial parasite infection. Since HIV-1 infection both depletes immune system and maintains it in perpetual inflammation, this can hamper Loa Loa filarial parasite mediated immune modulation, leading to enhanced Loaisis. Methods In this study we have assessed in plasma from asymptomatic anti-retroviral (ARV) naïve Loa Loa microfilaraemic HIV-1 infected people the filarial antibody responses specific to a filariasis composite antigen consisting of Wbgp29-BmR1-BmM14-WbSXP. The antibody responses specific to the filariasis composite antigen was determined by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) in plasma from ARV naïve Loa Loa microfilaraemic HIV-1 infected participants. In addition the filarial antigen specific IgG antibody subclass profiles were also determined for both HIV-1 positive and negative people. Results Both Loa Loa microfilaraemic HIV-1 positive and negative individuals showed significantly higher plasma levels of IgG1 ( P
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filaria specific antibody response profiling in plasma from anti retroviral naive Loa Loa microfilaraemic hiv 1 infected people
BMC Infectious Diseases, 2018Co-Authors: Ghislain Donald Njambe Priso, Abel Lissom, Jules Colince Tchadji, Thibau Flaurant Tchouangueu, Georgia E. Ambada, Carole Stéphanie Sake Ngane, Brigitte Laure Dafeu, Loveline N Ngu, Nadesh Nji, Larissa DjukouoAbstract:In West and Central Africa areas of endemic Loa Loa infections overlap with regions of high prevalence of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infections. Because individuals in this region are exposed to filarial parasites from birth, most HIV-1 infected individuals invariably also have a history of filarial parasite infection. Since HIV-1 infection both depletes immune system and maintains it in perpetual inflammation, this can hamper Loa Loa filarial parasite mediated immune modulation, leading to enhanced Loaisis. In this study we have assessed in plasma from asymptomatic anti-retroviral (ARV) naive Loa Loa microfilaraemic HIV-1 infected people the filarial antibody responses specific to a filariasis composite antigen consisting of Wbgp29-BmR1-BmM14-WbSXP. The antibody responses specific to the filariasis composite antigen was determined by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) in plasma from ARV naive Loa Loa microfilaraemic HIV-1 infected participants. In addition the filarial antigen specific IgG antibody subclass profiles were also determined for both HIV-1 positive and negative people. Both Loa Loa microfilaraemic HIV-1 positive and negative individuals showed significantly higher plasma levels of IgG1 (P < 0.0001), IgG2 (P < 0.0001) and IgM (P < 0.0001) relative to amicrofilaraemic participants. A significant increase in IgE (P < 0.0001) was observed exclusively in Loa Loa microfilaraemic HIV-1 infected people. In contrast there was a significant reduction in the level of IgG4 (p < 0.0001) and IgG3 (P < 0.0001) in Loa Loa microfilaraemic HIV-1 infected individuals. Loa Loa microfilaraemia in ARV naive HIV-1 infected people through differential reduction of plasma levels of filarial antigen specific IgG3, IgG4 and a significant increase in plasma levels of filarial antigen specific IgE could diminish Loa Loa mediated immune-regulation. This in effect can result to increase Loaisis mediated immunopathology in antiretroviral naive HIV-1 infected people.
Antonio Muro - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Development of a Highly Sensitive Loop-Mediated Isothermal Amplification (LAMP) Method for the Detection of Loa Loa
2016Co-Authors: Prosper Obolo Mvoulouga, Jean-paul Akue, Vicente Santiago, Miguel Cordero Sánchez, Antonio MuroAbstract:The filarial parasite Loa Loa, the causative agent of loiasis, is endemic in Central and Western Africa infecting 3–13 million people. L. Loa has been associated with fatal encephalopathic reactions in high Loa-infected individuals receiving ivermectin during mass drug administration programs for the control of onchocerciasis and lymphatic filariasis. In endemic areas, the only diagnostic method routinely used is the microscopic examination of mid-day blood samples by thick blood film. Improved methods for detection of L. Loa are needed in endemic regions with limited resources, where delayed diagnosis results in high mortality. We have investigated the use of a loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) assay to facilitate rapid, inexpensive, molecular diagnosis of loiasis. Primers for LAMP were designed from a species-specific repetitive DNA sequence from L. Loa retrieved from GenBank. Genomic DNA of a L. Loa adult worm was used to optimize the LAMP conditions using a thermocycler or a conventional heating block. Amplification of DNA in the LAMP mixture was visually inspected for turbidity as well as addition of fluorescent dye. LAMP specificity was evaluated using DNA from other parasites; sensitivity was evaluated using DNA from L. Loa 10-fold serially diluted. Simulated human blood samples spiked with DNA from L. Loa were also tested for sensitivity. Upon addition of fluorescent dye, all positive reactions turned green while the negative controls remained orange under ambient light. After electrophoresis on agarose gels, a ladder of multiple bands of different sizes could be observed in positive samples. The detection limit of the assay was found to be a
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development of a highly sensitive loop mediated isothermal amplification lamp method for the detection of Loa Loa
PLOS ONE, 2014Co-Authors: Pedro Fernandezsoto, Jean-paul Akue, Prosper Obolo Mvoulouga, Julio Lopez Aban, Belen Vicente Santiago, Miguel Cordero Sanchez, Antonio MuroAbstract:The filarial parasite Loa Loa, the causative agent of loiasis, is endemic in Central and Western Africa infecting 3–13 million people. L. Loa has been associated with fatal encephalopathic reactions in high Loa-infected individuals receiving ivermectin during mass drug administration programs for the control of onchocerciasis and lymphatic filariasis. In endemic areas, the only diagnostic method routinely used is the microscopic examination of mid-day blood samples by thick blood film. Improved methods for detection of L. Loa are needed in endemic regions with limited resources, where delayed diagnosis results in high mortality. We have investigated the use of a loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) assay to facilitate rapid, inexpensive, molecular diagnosis of loiasis. Primers for LAMP were designed from a species-specific repetitive DNA sequence from L. Loa retrieved from GenBank. Genomic DNA of a L. Loa adult worm was used to optimize the LAMP conditions using a thermocycler or a conventional heating block. Amplification of DNA in the LAMP mixture was visually inspected for turbidity as well as addition of fluorescent dye. LAMP specificity was evaluated using DNA from other parasites; sensitivity was evaluated using DNA from L. Loa 10-fold serially diluted. Simulated human blood samples spiked with DNA from L. Loa were also tested for sensitivity. Upon addition of fluorescent dye, all positive reactions turned green while the negative controls remained orange under ambient light. After electrophoresis on agarose gels, a ladder of multiple bands of different sizes could be observed in positive samples. The detection limit of the assay was found to be as little as 0.5 ag of L. Loa genomic DNA when using a heating block. We have designed, for the first time, a highly sensitive LAMP assay for the detection of L. Loa which is potentially adaptable for field diagnosis and disease surveillance in loiasis-endemic areas.
Michel Boussinesq - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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unusual localization of blood borne Loa Loa microfilariae in the skin depends on microfilarial density in the blood implications for onchocerciasis diagnosis in coendemic areas
Clinical Infectious Diseases, 2021Co-Authors: Yannick Niamsiemalio, María-gloria Basáñez, Michel Boussinesq, Cedric B Chesnais, Hugues C Nanadjeunga, Sebastien D S Pion, Jules B Tchatchuengmbougua, Joseph KamgnoAbstract:BACKGROUND The diagnostic gold standard for onchocerciasis relies on identification and enumeration of (skin-dwelling) Onchocerca volvulus microfilariae (mf) using the skin snip technique (SST). In a recent study, blood-borne Loa Loa mf were found by SST in individuals heavily infected with L. Loa, and microscopically misidentified as O. volvulus due to their superficially similar morphology. This study investigates the relationship between L. Loa microfilarial density (Loa MFD) and the probability of testing SST positive. METHODS A total of 1053 participants from the (onchocerciasis and loiasis coendemic) East Region in Cameroon were tested for (1) Loa MFD in blood samples, (2) O. volvulus presence by SST, and (3) Immunoglobulin (Ig) G4 antibody positivity to Ov16 by rapid diagnostic test (RDT). A Classification and Regression Tree (CART) model was used to perform a supervised classification of SST status and identify a Loa MFD threshold above which it is highly likely to find L. Loa mf in skin snips. RESULTS Of 1011 Ov16-negative individuals, 28 (2.8%) tested SST positive and 150 (14.8%) were L. Loa positive. The range of Loa MFD was 0-85 200 mf/mL. The CART model subdivided the sample into 2 Loa MFD classes with a discrimination threshold of 4080 (95% CI, 2180-12 240) mf/mL. The probability of being SST positive exceeded 27% when Loa MFD was >4080 mf/mL. CONCLUSIONS The probability of finding L. Loa mf by SST increases significantly with Loa MFD. Skin-snip polymerase chain reaction would be useful when monitoring onchocerciasis prevalence by SST in onchocerciasis-loiasis coendemic areas.
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Loa Loa microfilariae in skin snips: consequences for onchocerciasis monitoring and evaluation in L. Loa endemic areas
Clinical Infectious Diseases, 2019Co-Authors: Hugues Nana-djeunga, Joseph Kubofcik, Sebastien David Pion, Michel Boussinesq, Amy D. Klion, Thomas B. Nutman, Floribert Fossuo-thotchum, Cedric B Chesnais, Charles D Mackenzie, Joseph KamgnoAbstract:The specificity of skin snips for onchocerciasis diagnoses is considered to be almost 100%. Our molecular methods revealed that microfilariae emerging from skin snips collected from highly microfilaremic Loa Loa–infected individuals were largely misidentified as Onchocerca volvulus. This has important implications for onchocerciasis diagnostic testing in Loa-endemic areas.
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positivity of antigen tests used for diagnosis of lymphatic filariasis in individuals without wuchereria bancrofti infection but with high Loa Loa microfilaremia
American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 2016Co-Authors: Sebastien David Pion, Joseph Kamgno, Samuel Wanji, Celine Montavon, Amy D. Klion, Thomas B. Nutman, Cedric B Chesnais, Michel BoussinesqAbstract:Abstract Since the mid-2000s, the immunochromatographic card test (ICT), a point-of-care test for detecting Wuchereria bancrofti circulating filarial antigens (CFAs), has been the backbone for mapping and monitoring lymphatic filariasis (LF) worldwide. Recently, there have been instances in which CFA positivity has been associated with Loa Loa microfilaremia. Here, we examined the association, at both the community and individual levels, between L. Loa and CFA using additional diagnostic tools (quantitative polymerase chain reaction [qPCR], Og4C3 enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, and IgG4 antibodies to Wb123 assays) to demonstrate the relationship between L. Loa microfilaremia and ICT positivity. In May 2013, peripheral blood was collected during the day from 1,812 individuals living in southern Cameroon. ICT tests were done on the spot, and positive individuals were resampled at night. Results of qPCR and Wb123 assays concurred proving the absence of W. bancrofti infection. Og4C3 assays indicate a quantitative relationship between the level of L. Loa microfilaremia and that of CFA. This was confirmed by epidemiological analyses, which reveal a strong association between L. Loa microfilaremia and ICT positivity, with 50% of ICT reacting to L. Loa when its microfilarial density exceeds 30,000 microfilariae/mL. At the community level, the proportion of positive ICT would exceed 2% when the prevalence of L. Loa microfilaremia in the total population is above 20%. This has significant implications in terms of mapping and control of LF caused by W. bancrofti in Loa-endemic areas. Cross-reactivity of ICT with L. Loa has to be considered in the context of both individual and community diagnostics.
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encephalopathy after ivermectin treatment in a patient infected with Loa Loa and plasmodium spp
American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 2008Co-Authors: Joseph Kamgno, Michel Boussinesq, Francois Labrousse, Blaise Nkegoum, Bjorn I Thylefors, Charles D. MackenzieAbstract:Despite over 350 million people being safely treated with ivermectin, there have been rare cases of death post-treatment; these events are most often associated with high Loa Loa microfilaremia. This first autopsy description of an encephalopathy case following the administration of ivermectin involves a 45-year-old male who became comatose 3 days after treatment. He slowly deteriorated over 5 weeks and died at 54 days after the anthelminthic treatment, probably as a result of a secondary skin or pulmonary infection exacerbated by malnutrition. The major pre- and post-autopsy findings included the presence of high Loads of Loa Loa, positivity for Plasmodium, the presence of a longstanding respiratory condition, and vascular pathology in the brain. The central nervous system lesions have similarities with those described in previously reported cases of Loa Loa-associated death following diethylcarbamazine treatment.
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Co-infection with Onchocerca volvulus and Loa Loa microfilariae in central Cameroon: Are these two species interacting?
Parasitology, 2006Co-Authors: P Clarke, J. A.n. Filipe, María-gloria Basáñez, Jacques Gardon, Joseph Kamgno, Michel BoussinesqAbstract:Ivermectin treatment may induce severe adverse reactions in some individuals heavily infected with Loa Loa. This hampers the implementation of mass ivermectin treatment against onchocerciasis in areas where Onchocerca volvulus and L. Loa are co-endemic. In order to identify factors, including co-infections, which may explain the presence of high L. Loa microfilaraemia in some individuals, we analysed data collected in 19 villages of central Cameroon. Two standardized skin snips and 30 mul of blood were obtained from each of 3190 participants and the microfilarial (mf) Loads of both O. volvulus and L. Loa were quantified. The data were analysed using multivariate hierarchical models. Individual-level variables were: age, sex, mf presence, and mf Load; village-related variables included the endemicity levels for each infection. The two species show a certain degree of ecological separation in the study area. However, for a given individual host, the presence of microfilariae of one species was positively associated with the presence of microfilariae of the other (OR=1.79, 95% CI [1.43-2.24]). Among individuals harbouring Loa microfilariae, there was a slight positive relationship between the L. Loa and O. volvulus mf Loads which corresponded to an 11% increase in L. Loa mf Load per 100 O. volvulus microfilariae. Co-infection with O. volvulus is not sufficient to explain the very high L. Loa mf Loads harboured by some individuals.
Jean-paul Akue - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Development of a Highly Sensitive Loop-Mediated Isothermal Amplification (LAMP) Method for the Detection of Loa Loa
2016Co-Authors: Prosper Obolo Mvoulouga, Jean-paul Akue, Vicente Santiago, Miguel Cordero Sánchez, Antonio MuroAbstract:The filarial parasite Loa Loa, the causative agent of loiasis, is endemic in Central and Western Africa infecting 3–13 million people. L. Loa has been associated with fatal encephalopathic reactions in high Loa-infected individuals receiving ivermectin during mass drug administration programs for the control of onchocerciasis and lymphatic filariasis. In endemic areas, the only diagnostic method routinely used is the microscopic examination of mid-day blood samples by thick blood film. Improved methods for detection of L. Loa are needed in endemic regions with limited resources, where delayed diagnosis results in high mortality. We have investigated the use of a loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) assay to facilitate rapid, inexpensive, molecular diagnosis of loiasis. Primers for LAMP were designed from a species-specific repetitive DNA sequence from L. Loa retrieved from GenBank. Genomic DNA of a L. Loa adult worm was used to optimize the LAMP conditions using a thermocycler or a conventional heating block. Amplification of DNA in the LAMP mixture was visually inspected for turbidity as well as addition of fluorescent dye. LAMP specificity was evaluated using DNA from other parasites; sensitivity was evaluated using DNA from L. Loa 10-fold serially diluted. Simulated human blood samples spiked with DNA from L. Loa were also tested for sensitivity. Upon addition of fluorescent dye, all positive reactions turned green while the negative controls remained orange under ambient light. After electrophoresis on agarose gels, a ladder of multiple bands of different sizes could be observed in positive samples. The detection limit of the assay was found to be a
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development of a highly sensitive loop mediated isothermal amplification lamp method for the detection of Loa Loa
PLOS ONE, 2014Co-Authors: Pedro Fernandezsoto, Jean-paul Akue, Prosper Obolo Mvoulouga, Julio Lopez Aban, Belen Vicente Santiago, Miguel Cordero Sanchez, Antonio MuroAbstract:The filarial parasite Loa Loa, the causative agent of loiasis, is endemic in Central and Western Africa infecting 3–13 million people. L. Loa has been associated with fatal encephalopathic reactions in high Loa-infected individuals receiving ivermectin during mass drug administration programs for the control of onchocerciasis and lymphatic filariasis. In endemic areas, the only diagnostic method routinely used is the microscopic examination of mid-day blood samples by thick blood film. Improved methods for detection of L. Loa are needed in endemic regions with limited resources, where delayed diagnosis results in high mortality. We have investigated the use of a loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) assay to facilitate rapid, inexpensive, molecular diagnosis of loiasis. Primers for LAMP were designed from a species-specific repetitive DNA sequence from L. Loa retrieved from GenBank. Genomic DNA of a L. Loa adult worm was used to optimize the LAMP conditions using a thermocycler or a conventional heating block. Amplification of DNA in the LAMP mixture was visually inspected for turbidity as well as addition of fluorescent dye. LAMP specificity was evaluated using DNA from other parasites; sensitivity was evaluated using DNA from L. Loa 10-fold serially diluted. Simulated human blood samples spiked with DNA from L. Loa were also tested for sensitivity. Upon addition of fluorescent dye, all positive reactions turned green while the negative controls remained orange under ambient light. After electrophoresis on agarose gels, a ladder of multiple bands of different sizes could be observed in positive samples. The detection limit of the assay was found to be as little as 0.5 ag of L. Loa genomic DNA when using a heating block. We have designed, for the first time, a highly sensitive LAMP assay for the detection of L. Loa which is potentially adaptable for field diagnosis and disease surveillance in loiasis-endemic areas.
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Epidemiology of Concomitant Infection Due to Loa Loa and Mansonella perstans in Gabon
PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases, 2011Co-Authors: Jean-paul Akue, Hubert Moukana, Dieudonné Nkoghé, Cindy Padilla, Ghislain Moussavou, Roger Antoine Mbou, Benjamin Ollomo, Eric Maurice LeroyAbstract:Background The filarial parasites Loa Loa and Mansonnella perstans are endemic in the central and western African forest block. Loa Loa is pathogenic and represents a major obstacle to the control of co-endemic filariae because its treatment can cause fatal complications such as encephalitis. Methodology/Principal Findings 4392 individuals aged over 15 years were studied both by direct examination and a concentration technique. The overall prevalence rates were 22.4% for Loa Loa microfilaremia, 10.2% for M. perstans microfilaremia, and 3.2% for mixed infection. The prevalence of both filariae was higher in the forest ecosystem than in savannah and lakeland (p8000 mf/ml (r = 0.624; p30 000 mf/ml (r = 0.319, p = 0.002). In contrast, the prevalence of pruritis and Calabar swellings correlated negatively with the prevalence of Loa Loa microfilaria (r = −0.219, p = 0.032; r = −0.220; p = 0.031, respectively). Pruritis, Calabar swellings and eye worm were not associated with L. Loa mf intensity (r = −0.144, p = 0.162; r–0.061, p = 0.558; and r = 0.051, p = 0.624, respectively), or with the prevalence or intensity of M. perstans microfilariae. Conclusions/Significance This map of the distribution of filariae in Gabon should prove helpful for control programs. Our findings confirm the spatial uniformity of the relationship between parasitological indices. Clinical manifestations point to a relationship between filariae and allergy.
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Evidence against Wolbachia symbiosis in Loa Loa
Filaria Journal, 2003Co-Authors: Helen F Mcgarry, Peter Enyong, Samuel Wanji, Achim Hoerauf, Ken Pfarr, Gill Egerton, Jean-paul Akue, Sabine L Kläger, Albert E Bianco, Nick J BeechingAbstract:Background The majority of filarial nematode species are host to Wolbachia bacterial endosymbionts, although a few including Acanthocheilonema viteae, Onchocerca flexuosa and Setaria equina have been shown to be free of infection. Comparisons of species with and without symbionts can provide important information on the role of Wolbachia symbiosis in the biology of the nematode hosts and the contribution of the bacteria to the development of disease. Previous studies by electron microscopy and PCR have failed to detect intracellular bacterial infection in Loa Loa . Here we use molecular and immunohistological techniques to confirm this finding. Methods We have used a combination of PCR amplification of bacterial genes (16S ribosomal DNA [rDNA], ftsZ and Wolbachia surface protein [WSP]) on samples of L. Loa adults, third-stage larvae (L3) and microfilariae (mf) and immunohistology on L. Loa adults and mf derived from human volunteers to determine the presence or absence of Wolbachia endosymbionts. Samples used in the PCR analysis included 5 adult female worms, 4 adult male worms, 5 mf samples and 2 samples of L3. The quality and purity of nematode DNA was tested by PCR amplification of nematode 5S rDNA and with diagnostic primers from the target species and used to confirm the absence of contamination from Onchocerca sp., Mansonella perstans, M. streptocerca and Wuchereria bancrofti . Immunohistology was carried out by light and electron microscopy on L. Loa adults and mf and sections were probed with rabbit antibodies raised to recombinant Brugia malayi Wolbachia WSP. Samples from nematodes known to be infected with Wolbachia ( O. volvulus, O. ochengi, Litomosoides sigmodontis and B. malayi ) were used as positive controls and A. viteae as a negative control. Results Single PCR analysis using primer sets for the bacterial genes 16S rDNA, ftsZ, and WSP were negative for all DNA samples from L. Loa . Positive PCR reactions were obtained from DNA samples derived from species known to be infected with Wolbachia , which confirmed the suitability of the primers and PCR conditions. The quality and purity of nematode DNA samples was verified by PCR amplification of 5S rDNA and with nematode diagnostic primers. Additional analysis by 'long PCR' failed to produce any further evidence for Wolbachia symbiosis. Immunohistology of L. Loa adults and mf confirmed the results of the PCR with no evidence for Wolbachia symbiosis. Conclusion DNA analysis and immunohistology provided no evidence for Wolbachia symbiosis in L. Loa .
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Evidence against Wolbachia symbiosis in Loa Loa.
Filaria journal, 2003Co-Authors: Helen F Mcgarry, Peter Enyong, Samuel Wanji, Achim Hoerauf, Ken Pfarr, Gill Egerton, Jean-paul Akue, Sabine L Kläger, Albert E Bianco, Nick J BeechingAbstract:Background The majority of filarial nematode species are host to Wolbachia bacterial endosymbionts, although a few including Acanthocheilonema viteae, Onchocerca flexuosa and Setaria equina have been shown to be free of infection. Comparisons of species with and without symbionts can provide important information on the role of Wolbachia symbiosis in the biology of the nematode hosts and the contribution of the bacteria to the development of disease. Previous studies by electron microscopy and PCR have failed to detect intracellular bacterial infection in Loa Loa. Here we use molecular and immunohistological techniques to confirm this finding.
Suzanne Magagoum - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Filaria specific antibody response profiling in plasma from anti-retroviral naïve Loa Loa microfilaraemic HIV-1 infected people
BMC Infectious Diseases, 2018Co-Authors: Ghislain Donald Njambe Priso, Abel Lissom, Jules Colince Tchadji, Thibau Flaurant Tchouangueu, Georgia E. Ambada, Carole Stéphanie Sake Ngane, Brigitte Laure Dafeu, Larissa Djukouo, Inès Nyebe, Suzanne MagagoumAbstract:Background In West and Central Africa areas of endemic Loa Loa infections overlap with regions of high prevalence of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infections. Because individuals in this region are exposed to filarial parasites from birth, most HIV-1 infected individuals invariably also have a history of filarial parasite infection. Since HIV-1 infection both depletes immune system and maintains it in perpetual inflammation, this can hamper Loa Loa filarial parasite mediated immune modulation, leading to enhanced Loaisis. Methods In this study we have assessed in plasma from asymptomatic anti-retroviral (ARV) naïve Loa Loa microfilaraemic HIV-1 infected people the filarial antibody responses specific to a filariasis composite antigen consisting of Wbgp29-BmR1-BmM14-WbSXP. The antibody responses specific to the filariasis composite antigen was determined by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) in plasma from ARV naïve Loa Loa microfilaraemic HIV-1 infected participants. In addition the filarial antigen specific IgG antibody subclass profiles were also determined for both HIV-1 positive and negative people. Results Both Loa Loa microfilaraemic HIV-1 positive and negative individuals showed significantly higher plasma levels of IgG1 ( P