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Veronica Acostamartinez - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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field wind tunnel testing of two silt Loam Soils on the north american central high plains
Aeolian Research, 2013Co-Authors: Scott R Van Pelt, Matthew C Baddock, Ted M Zobeck, Alan J Schlegel, Merle F Vigil, Veronica AcostamartinezAbstract:Abstract Wind erosion is a soil degrading process that threatens agricultural sustainability and environmental quality globally. Protecting the soil surface with cover crops and plant residues, practices common in no-till and reduced tillage cropping systems, are highly effective methods for shielding the soil surface from the erosive forces of wind and have been credited with beneficial increases of chemical and physical soil properties including soil organic matter, water holding capacity, and wet aggregate stability. Recently, advances in biofuel technology have made crop residues valuable feed stocks for ethanol production. Relatively little is known about cropping systems effects on intrinsic soil erodibility, the ability of the soil without a protective cover to resist the erosive force of wind. We tested the bare, uniformly disturbed, surface of long-term tillage and crop rotation research plots containing silt Loam Soils in western Kansas and eastern Colorado with a portable field wind tunnel. Total Suspended Particulate (TSP) were measured using glass fiber filters and respirable dust, PM10 and PM2.5, were measured using optical particle counters sampling the flow to the filters. The results were highly variable and TSP emission rates varied from less than 0.5 mg m−2 s−1 to greater than 16.1 mg m−2 s−1 but all the results indicated that cropping system history had no effect on intrinsic erodibility or dust emissions from the soil surfaces. We conclude that prior best management practices will not protect the soil from the erosive forces of wind if the protective mantle of crop residues is removed.
S.k. Chaudhari - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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unsaturated flow of different quality irrigation waters through clay clay Loam and silt Loam Soils and its dependence on soil and solution parameters
Agricultural Water Management, 2004Co-Authors: S.k. Chaudhari, R. B. SomawanshiAbstract:Abstract The effect of total electrolyte concentration (TEC) and sodium adsorption ratio (SAR) of irrigation water on unsaturated hydraulic properties, viz. unsaturated hydraulic conductivity, wetting front advancement and soil-water diffusivity of clay (Typic Haplustert), clay Loam (Vertic Haplustept) and silt Loam (Lithic Haplorthent) soil was studied in a laboratory experiment. Twenty-four types of irrigation waters, encompassing four TEC levels, viz. 5, 10, 20 and 50 me l −1 and six SAR levels, viz. 2.5, 5, 10, 15, 20 and 30 m mol 1/2 l −1/2 were synthesised to equilibrate the soil samples using pure chloride salts of calcium, magnesium and sodium at Mg:Ca=1:2. Unsaturated hydraulic conductivity ( K θ ), was determined both directly (by ‘inflow–outflow’ vertical infiltration method for water potentials of −5 and −10 kPa) and indirectly (from diffusivity functions and soil-water retention curves) in two different water potential ranges. Wetting front advancement and diffusivity ( D θ ) were determined by the horizontal infiltration method. Water quality had larger impacts on the unsaturated hydraulic conductivities of the silt Loam soil than on the clay and clay Loam Soils. The effects of TEC and SAR were both large for the silt Loam soil whereas the effects of SAR were predominant for the clay and clay Loam Soils. At a water potential of −5 kPa (50 cm suction), the hydraulic conductivity of clay and clay Loam Soils was approximately 10 times smaller than at saturation under different quality waters. However, the hydraulic conductivity of silt Loam soil was approximately 10 and 100 times smaller than at saturation for low SAR (up to 10 m mol 1/2 l −1/2 ) and high SAR (15 m mol 1/2 l −1/2 and above) waters, respectively. Influence of irrigation water quality on K θ increased with decreasing water content. SAR of water and exchangeable sodium percentage (ESP) of Soils influenced K θ significantly. Besides SAR, TEC also influenced K θ of silt Loam significantly. D θ increased with increase in TEC and/or decrease in SAR of water. The clay soil was found to be the most sensitive soil to unsaturated flow above SAR 15 m mol 1/2 l −1/2 . At higher and lower water contents, the dependence of D θ on SAR of water and ESP of soil was found to be highly significant. However, in silt Loam soil it was significantly dependent on TEC of water also.
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Dependence of Saturated Hydraulic Conductivity on Dispersion, Swelling and Exchangeable Sodium under Different Quality Waters
Journal of the Indian Society of Soil Science, 2001Co-Authors: S.k. ChaudhariAbstract:Effects of water quality on saturated hydraulic conductivity, dispersion, swelling and exchangeable sodium build-up in clay (Typic Haplustert), clay Loam (Vertic Haplustept) and silt Loam (Lithic Ustorthent) Soils were studied. Soil samples were equilibrated with twenty-four water quality combinations encompassing four electrolyte concentrations (TEC) ranging between 5 and 50 me L−1; and six sodium adsorption ratios (SAR) ranging between 2.5 and 30 m mol½ L−½. Saturated hydraulic conductivity ranged from 0.009 to 0.157, 0.016 to 0.235; and 0.453 to 22.76 cm h−1, dispersion index from 11.6 to 26.0, 8.3 to 24.9 and 5.7 to 13.2 per cent, coefficient of linear extensibility from 0.05 to 0.21, 0.03 to 0.14; and 0.007 to 0.032; and exchangeable sodium percentage from 2.23 to 20.0, 3.18 to 24.55; and 4.26 to 32.4 in clay, clay Loam and silt Loam Soils, respectively. Dependence of saturated hydraulic conductivity on water quality parameters (TEC and SAR) and soil properties (dispersion, swelling and exchangeable sodium) was also studied. Clay and clay Loam Soils were equally sensitive to the changes in TEC only. Multiple regression equations indicated the significant dependence of saturated hydraulic conductivity on ESP in all the Soils. Dispersion and swelling were found to be the important processes governing the changes in saturated hydraulic conductivity of clay and clay Loam Soils. However, changes in saturated hydraulic conductivity were mainly governed by dispersion in silt Loam soil.
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Modelling pF curve of clay, clay Loam and silt Loam Soils under different quality waters.
2000Co-Authors: S.k. Chaudhari, R. B. SomawanshiAbstract:Water retention curve of clay (Typic Haplusterts), clay Loam (Vertic Haplustepts) and silt Loam (Lithic Ustorthents) Soils were modelled hy six ditlerent approaches. A modified exponential form with log of suction (pF) as the dependent and relative water content (water content as a fraction of saturation water content) as the independent variahle, predicted this relationship very satisfactorily under differ ent water quality comhinations in clay and clay Loam Soils with an average R2 values of96.6 and 98.9 per cent, respectively. An inverse polynomial fonn predicted this relationship very satisfactorily with an average R2 value of 98.3 per cent in silt Loam soil. Rise in sodium adsorption ratio under low electrolyte solutions declined the R2 values of various models, however under high electrolyte solu tions R2 values remained almost constant.
Matthew C Baddock - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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field wind tunnel testing of two silt Loam Soils on the north american central high plains
Aeolian Research, 2013Co-Authors: Scott R Van Pelt, Matthew C Baddock, Ted M Zobeck, Alan J Schlegel, Merle F Vigil, Veronica AcostamartinezAbstract:Abstract Wind erosion is a soil degrading process that threatens agricultural sustainability and environmental quality globally. Protecting the soil surface with cover crops and plant residues, practices common in no-till and reduced tillage cropping systems, are highly effective methods for shielding the soil surface from the erosive forces of wind and have been credited with beneficial increases of chemical and physical soil properties including soil organic matter, water holding capacity, and wet aggregate stability. Recently, advances in biofuel technology have made crop residues valuable feed stocks for ethanol production. Relatively little is known about cropping systems effects on intrinsic soil erodibility, the ability of the soil without a protective cover to resist the erosive force of wind. We tested the bare, uniformly disturbed, surface of long-term tillage and crop rotation research plots containing silt Loam Soils in western Kansas and eastern Colorado with a portable field wind tunnel. Total Suspended Particulate (TSP) were measured using glass fiber filters and respirable dust, PM10 and PM2.5, were measured using optical particle counters sampling the flow to the filters. The results were highly variable and TSP emission rates varied from less than 0.5 mg m−2 s−1 to greater than 16.1 mg m−2 s−1 but all the results indicated that cropping system history had no effect on intrinsic erodibility or dust emissions from the soil surfaces. We conclude that prior best management practices will not protect the soil from the erosive forces of wind if the protective mantle of crop residues is removed.
R. B. Somawanshi - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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unsaturated flow of different quality irrigation waters through clay clay Loam and silt Loam Soils and its dependence on soil and solution parameters
Agricultural Water Management, 2004Co-Authors: S.k. Chaudhari, R. B. SomawanshiAbstract:Abstract The effect of total electrolyte concentration (TEC) and sodium adsorption ratio (SAR) of irrigation water on unsaturated hydraulic properties, viz. unsaturated hydraulic conductivity, wetting front advancement and soil-water diffusivity of clay (Typic Haplustert), clay Loam (Vertic Haplustept) and silt Loam (Lithic Haplorthent) soil was studied in a laboratory experiment. Twenty-four types of irrigation waters, encompassing four TEC levels, viz. 5, 10, 20 and 50 me l −1 and six SAR levels, viz. 2.5, 5, 10, 15, 20 and 30 m mol 1/2 l −1/2 were synthesised to equilibrate the soil samples using pure chloride salts of calcium, magnesium and sodium at Mg:Ca=1:2. Unsaturated hydraulic conductivity ( K θ ), was determined both directly (by ‘inflow–outflow’ vertical infiltration method for water potentials of −5 and −10 kPa) and indirectly (from diffusivity functions and soil-water retention curves) in two different water potential ranges. Wetting front advancement and diffusivity ( D θ ) were determined by the horizontal infiltration method. Water quality had larger impacts on the unsaturated hydraulic conductivities of the silt Loam soil than on the clay and clay Loam Soils. The effects of TEC and SAR were both large for the silt Loam soil whereas the effects of SAR were predominant for the clay and clay Loam Soils. At a water potential of −5 kPa (50 cm suction), the hydraulic conductivity of clay and clay Loam Soils was approximately 10 times smaller than at saturation under different quality waters. However, the hydraulic conductivity of silt Loam soil was approximately 10 and 100 times smaller than at saturation for low SAR (up to 10 m mol 1/2 l −1/2 ) and high SAR (15 m mol 1/2 l −1/2 and above) waters, respectively. Influence of irrigation water quality on K θ increased with decreasing water content. SAR of water and exchangeable sodium percentage (ESP) of Soils influenced K θ significantly. Besides SAR, TEC also influenced K θ of silt Loam significantly. D θ increased with increase in TEC and/or decrease in SAR of water. The clay soil was found to be the most sensitive soil to unsaturated flow above SAR 15 m mol 1/2 l −1/2 . At higher and lower water contents, the dependence of D θ on SAR of water and ESP of soil was found to be highly significant. However, in silt Loam soil it was significantly dependent on TEC of water also.
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Modelling pF curve of clay, clay Loam and silt Loam Soils under different quality waters.
2000Co-Authors: S.k. Chaudhari, R. B. SomawanshiAbstract:Water retention curve of clay (Typic Haplusterts), clay Loam (Vertic Haplustepts) and silt Loam (Lithic Ustorthents) Soils were modelled hy six ditlerent approaches. A modified exponential form with log of suction (pF) as the dependent and relative water content (water content as a fraction of saturation water content) as the independent variahle, predicted this relationship very satisfactorily under differ ent water quality comhinations in clay and clay Loam Soils with an average R2 values of96.6 and 98.9 per cent, respectively. An inverse polynomial fonn predicted this relationship very satisfactorily with an average R2 value of 98.3 per cent in silt Loam soil. Rise in sodium adsorption ratio under low electrolyte solutions declined the R2 values of various models, however under high electrolyte solu tions R2 values remained almost constant.
H. Kennouche - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Tylosin Sorption to Silty Clay Loam Soils, Swine Manure, and Sand
Journal of Environmental Science and Health Part B, 2005Co-Authors: Sharon A. Clay, Z. Liu, Robert C. Thaler, H. KennoucheAbstract:The objectives of this study were to assess sorption and desorption of tylosin, a macrolide antimicrobial chemical used in swine, cattle, and poultry production, in three silty clay Loam Soils of South Dakota and compare soil sorption to sand and manure sorption. The silty clay Loam Soils, from a toposequence in eastern South Dakota, standardized sand samples, and swine manure were used in 24-h batch sorption studies with tylosin concentrations ranging from 25 to 232 μ mole/L. Desorption from soil was conducted over a four-day period. Partition coefficients, based on the Freundlich isotherm (K f ) or K d values, were calculated. K f values for the silty clay Loams were similar, not influenced by landscape position, and averaged 1350 with isotherm slopes ranging from 0.85 to 0.93. K f values for sand were dependent on solution/sand ratios and pH, ranging from 1.4 to 25.1. K d values of manure were dependent on the solution type and ranged from 840 L/kg with urine to about 175 L/kg when sorbed from water. D...
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tylosin sorption to silty clay Loam Soils swine manure and sand
Journal of Environmental Science and Health Part B-pesticides Food Contaminants and Agricultural Wastes, 2005Co-Authors: Sharon A. Clay, Z. Liu, Robert C. Thaler, H. KennoucheAbstract:The objectives of this study were to assess sorption and desorption of tylosin, a macrolide antimicrobial chemical used in swine, cattle, and poultry production, in three silty clay Loam Soils of South Dakota and compare soil sorption to sand and manure sorption. The silty clay Loam Soils, from a toposequence in eastern South Dakota, standardized sand samples, and swine manure were used in 24-h batch sorption studies with tylosin concentrations ranging from 25 to 232 micro mole/L. Desorption from soil was conducted over a four-day period. Partition coefficients, based on the Freundlich isotherm (K(f)) or K(d) values, were calculated. K(f) values for the silty clay Loams were similar, not influenced by landscape position, and averaged 1,350 with isotherm slopes ranging from 0.85 to 0.93. K(f) values for sand were dependent on solution/sand ratios and pH, ranging from 1.4 to 25.1. K(d) values of manure were dependent on the solution type and ranged from 840 L/kg with urine to about 175 L/kg when sorbed from water. Desorption of tylosin from each soil over the four-day period was < 0.2% of the amount added. The Soils' high K(f) values and low desorption amounts suggest that once tylosin is in these Soils, leaching to lower depths may not occur. However, this does not preclude runoff with soil eroded particles. If tylosin reaches a sand aquifer, through bypass flow or other mechanism(s), movement in the aquifer most likely would occur.