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Kenneth D Cain - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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an initial evaluation of fishmeal replacement with soy protein sources on growth and immune responses of burbot lota lota maculosa
Aquaculture, 2021Co-Authors: Timothy J Bruce, Luke P Oliver, Brian C Small, Ronald W Hardy, Michael L Brown, Steven R Craig, Kenneth D CainAbstract:Abstract Burbot (lota lota maculosa) are the only freshwater member of the cod family (Gadidae) and potentially a new species for aquaculture production. This “freshwater cod” species could provide diversification for freshwater salmonid and other aquaculture operations, given its desirable fillet quality and growth potential. Burbot nutrition research is necessary to further define dietary requirements and the potential of this species to utilize sustainable plant-based proteins. A 91-day feeding trial and subsequent 28-day pathogen challenge was conducted with juvenile burbot (26.8 g mean weight) to assess growth performance, survival, and immune parameters. Dietary treatments included a fishmeal control (CTL), and 25% and 50% fishmeal replacement with soybean meal (SBM) soy protein concentrate (SPC), and bioprocessed soybean meal (BSBM). Growth results indicated a difference in percent gain (PG; P = 0.015) and thermal growth coefficient (TGC; P = 0.014) among dietary treatments, with the fish fed the SBM-25 and CTL performing higher than other diets except for the SPC-25. Analysis of distal intestine samples revealed no discernable differences in lamina propria thickness (P = 0.489) or cellularity (P = 0.944), and the amount of connective tissue of the submucosa was found to be similar (P = 0.988). Immediately following the feeding trial, burbot were challenged with a virulent strain of Aeromonas sp. (A141) while remaining on their respective dietary treatments. At day 28 post-challenge, no diet-related effects were found in cumulative percent mortality (P = 0.170) or serum lysozyme activity (P = 0.715). The respiratory burst activity of isolated head kidney-derived leukocytes did not show treatment differences at pre- and post-challenge sampling (P = 0.857), but activity decreased post-challenge (P
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evaluation of commercial and experimental grower diets for use in intensive burbot lota lota maculosa culture
Aquaculture, 2020Co-Authors: Timothy J Bruce, Sinem Gulen, Luke P Oliver, Kenneth D CainAbstract:Abstract Burbot (lota lota maculosa) are the only true freshwater gadiforms (cod-like fish) and are a promising new species for cold water aquaculture. This “freshwater cod” produces a delicate white flesh fillet, the liver and roe are considered delicacies, and the skin can be manufactured into leather. Furthermore, burbot grow-out requires similar water quality parameters as trout production, and burbot have been found to be relatively refractory to most primary salmonid pathogens. Burbot could be reared at existing trout production facilities and represent a means of diversifying production in already established cold water aquaculture operations. For commercial burbot culture to succeed, optimal diet selection for grow-out must be determined. To address this, two feeding trials were conducted to evaluate the effect of different dietary formulations on the growth of juvenile and subadult burbot. Four dietary treatments at fixed rations were evaluated, Europa (commercial), Oncor (commercial), a formulated marine-like reference diet (Burbot 1; B1), and a formulated trout-like reference diet (Burbot 2; B2). Juvenile growth results indicated a difference in relative growth (RG; P
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isolation and experimental challenge of cultured burbot lota lota maculosa with flavobacterium columnare and aeromonas sp isolates
Journal of Fish Diseases, 2020Co-Authors: Timothy J Bruce, Luke P Oliver, Evan M Jones, Benjamin R Lafrentz, Kenneth D CainAbstract:Burbot (lota lota maculosa) are a potential new species for commercial aquaculture. As burbot culture expands, there is a need to further define pathogen susceptibility and characterize aspects of the burbot immune response in an effort to assess fish health. A recent clinical diagnostic case from juvenile burbot reared at a commercial production facility resulted in the isolation and identification of Flavobacterium columnare along with several Aeromonas spp. The F. columnare isolate was assigned to genetic group 1 via multiplex PCR, a genetic group commonly associated with columnaris disease cases in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Virulence of the F. columnare isolate was assessed in vivo in both juvenile burbot and rainbow trout. Additionally, several of the Aeromonas sp. case isolates were identified via sequencing (16S rRNA, gyrB and rpoD) and a putative A. sobria isolate (BI-3) was used to challenge burbot, along with a known virulent Aeromonas sp. (A141), but BI-3 was not found to be virulent. Burbot were refractory to F. columnare when challenged by immersion, and it is likely that this is a secondary pathogen for burbot. Although refractory in burbot, the identified F. columnare isolate (BI-1) was found to be virulent in rainbow trout.
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triploid induction in cultured burbot lota lota using thermal and hydrostatic shock
Aquaculture, 2020Co-Authors: Luke P Oliver, Timothy J Bruce, Joseph T Evavold, Daniel B Korbel, Kenneth D CainAbstract:Abstract The feasibility of triploid induction for burbot (lota lota) was determined following a series of hydrostatic (pressure) and thermal (heat) shock treatments. Hydrostatic shock treatments were designed to test a range of variables including 1) duration of shock; 2) timing of shock (post-fertilization); and 3) shock pressure. Shock times post-fertilization and shock duration were varied by degree minutes (°C minutes). A hydrostatic shock of 8,500psi at 180 °C minutes post-fertilization for 10 °C minutes yielded the highest percent triploid induction (100%) and survival (95%) relative to the controls. Duration of pressure-shock longer than 10 °C min at 8,500psi and higher, resulted in 100% pre-hatch mortality. A reduced shock pressure (7,500psi) resulted in a high percent triploidy (100%), but pre-hatch larval survival was 65.5% at a shock duration of 30 °C minutes. Thermal shock treatments included: duration of shock, timing of shock, and shock temperature. Triploid induction and survival were greatest following a thermal shock of 16 °C at 120 °C minutes post-fertilization for 500 °C minutes. This resulted in 96.6% triploidy and 57.4% survival relative to control groups. Shock temperatures above 16 °C generally resulted in a higher percent triploid induction but lower survival. Results presented here confirm that triploid induction in burbot is possible. Further work is needed to confirm scale up potential, survival dynamics, sterility of triploid burbot, and changes in growth performance. Production of sterile burbot may increase opportunities for culturing burbot in areas where escapement may be a concern or when growth is inhibited due to reproductive maturation.
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effects of temperature on the intensive culture performance of larval and juvenile north american burbot lota lota maculosa
Aquaculture, 2012Co-Authors: James M. Barron, Nathan R Jensen, Paul J Anders, Joshua P Egan, Susan C Ireland, Kenneth D CainAbstract:article i nfo The objective of this study was to determine the effect of temperature on growth and survival of larval and juvenile burbot, lota lota maculosa. Burbot aquaculture is developing primarily in response to declining wild stocks and a need to restore such populations. Beyond conservation efforts, there is also potential to culture this species commercially. However, many important aspects of burbot culture remain unaddressed. In this study larval and juvenile burbot were reared at three constant water temperatures (10, 15, and 20 °C) in an intensive culture setting. Two 30 day trials were conducted during the larval life stage and one 60 day trial during the juvenile life stage. In Trial 1, larval burbot (mean total length±SD, 6.9±1.0 mm, approximately 65 days post hatch) reared at 20 °C grew the fastest, while growth was lowest in the 10 °C treatment. Survival was inversely related to temperature, with the lowest average of 6.6% observed in larvae reared at 20 °C. The percentage cannibalized was quantified and found to be positively correlated with water temperature, and reached 58.0% in larvae reared at 20 °C. In Trial 2, as larvae approached metamorphosis (12.9±1.9 mm, approximately 100 days post hatch), growth was also highest in fish at 20 °C and lowest in those at 10 °C. At this stage survival was higher in fish at lower temperatures, but the percentage cannibalized appeared independent of temperature, averaging over 50% in fish at all temperatures. In Trial 3, growth of juveniles (59.9±12.4 mm, approximately 205 days post hatch) reared at 15 and 20 °C was not significantly different, yet both displayed significantly increased growth relative to juveniles reared at 10 °C. Juveniles were fully transitioned to a dry diet, and survival averaged >93% in all culture temperatures. The percentage cannibalized during this life stage averaged b5%, and was not affected by temperature. This study demonstrated the importance of water temperature, as it clearly affects culture performance of larval and juvenile burbot. Results from this study have implications for maximizing growth during larval and juvenile life stages of this species, and provide a comparative, empirical framework for establishing conservation, or commercial aquaculture programs for burbot.
David M Janz - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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bioenergetics and growth of young of the year northern pike esox lucius and burbot lota lota exposed to metal mining effluent
Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 2007Co-Authors: Pamela M Bennett, David M JanzAbstract:Abstract We hypothesized that exposure to metal mining effluent would reduce the ability of young-of-the-year fishes to accumulate energy reserves to survive the overwinter period (known as “winter stress syndrome”) in a Canadian boreal forest watershed. Northern pike ( Esox lucius ) and burbot ( lota lota ) were collected immediately before and after winter from a reference lake and two lakes receiving effluent. Unexpectedly, total body lipid and triglyceride, and liver triglyceride levels were greater in effluent-exposed pike and burbot in both fall and spring. However, there were no lake or season differences in growth indices of length, weight, muscle RNA/DNA ratio, or muscle protein levels in pike. In addition, total lipids and triglycerides in burbot were greater in spring compared to fall, while no seasonal differences were observed in pike, suggesting that burbot continued to feed during winter. Findings do not support the winter stress syndrome hypothesis and suggest possible direct and indirect effects of metal mining effluent on lipid dynamics of juvenile fishes.
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bioenergetics and growth of young of the year northern pike esox lucius and burbot lota lota exposed to metal mining effluent
Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 2007Co-Authors: Pamela M Bennett, David M JanzAbstract:We hypothesized that exposure to metal mining effluent would reduce the ability of young-of-the-year fishes to accumulate energy reserves to survive the overwinter period (known as "winter stress syndrome") in a Canadian boreal forest watershed. Northern pike (Esox lucius) and burbot (lota lota) were collected immediately before and after winter from a reference lake and two lakes receiving effluent. Unexpectedly, total body lipid and triglyceride, and liver triglyceride levels were greater in effluent-exposed pike and burbot in both fall and spring. However, there were no lake or season differences in growth indices of length, weight, muscle RNA/DNA ratio, or muscle protein levels in pike. In addition, total lipids and triglycerides in burbot were greater in spring compared to fall, while no seasonal differences were observed in pike, suggesting that burbot continued to feed during winter. Findings do not support the winter stress syndrome hypothesis and suggest possible direct and indirect effects of metal mining effluent on lipid dynamics of juvenile fishes.
Pamela M Bennett - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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bioenergetics and growth of young of the year northern pike esox lucius and burbot lota lota exposed to metal mining effluent
Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 2007Co-Authors: Pamela M Bennett, David M JanzAbstract:Abstract We hypothesized that exposure to metal mining effluent would reduce the ability of young-of-the-year fishes to accumulate energy reserves to survive the overwinter period (known as “winter stress syndrome”) in a Canadian boreal forest watershed. Northern pike ( Esox lucius ) and burbot ( lota lota ) were collected immediately before and after winter from a reference lake and two lakes receiving effluent. Unexpectedly, total body lipid and triglyceride, and liver triglyceride levels were greater in effluent-exposed pike and burbot in both fall and spring. However, there were no lake or season differences in growth indices of length, weight, muscle RNA/DNA ratio, or muscle protein levels in pike. In addition, total lipids and triglycerides in burbot were greater in spring compared to fall, while no seasonal differences were observed in pike, suggesting that burbot continued to feed during winter. Findings do not support the winter stress syndrome hypothesis and suggest possible direct and indirect effects of metal mining effluent on lipid dynamics of juvenile fishes.
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bioenergetics and growth of young of the year northern pike esox lucius and burbot lota lota exposed to metal mining effluent
Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 2007Co-Authors: Pamela M Bennett, David M JanzAbstract:We hypothesized that exposure to metal mining effluent would reduce the ability of young-of-the-year fishes to accumulate energy reserves to survive the overwinter period (known as "winter stress syndrome") in a Canadian boreal forest watershed. Northern pike (Esox lucius) and burbot (lota lota) were collected immediately before and after winter from a reference lake and two lakes receiving effluent. Unexpectedly, total body lipid and triglyceride, and liver triglyceride levels were greater in effluent-exposed pike and burbot in both fall and spring. However, there were no lake or season differences in growth indices of length, weight, muscle RNA/DNA ratio, or muscle protein levels in pike. In addition, total lipids and triglycerides in burbot were greater in spring compared to fall, while no seasonal differences were observed in pike, suggesting that burbot continued to feed during winter. Findings do not support the winter stress syndrome hypothesis and suggest possible direct and indirect effects of metal mining effluent on lipid dynamics of juvenile fishes.
Tianxiang Gao - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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chromosome level genome assembly of burbot lota lota provides insights into the evolutionary adaptations in freshwater
Molecular Ecology Resources, 2021Co-Authors: Zhiqiang Han, Manhong Liu, Qi Liu, Hao Zhai, Shijun Xiao, Tianxiang GaoAbstract:The burbot (lota lota) is the only member of the order Gadiformes adapted solely to freshwater. This species has the widest longitudinal range among freshwater fish worldwide. Burbot serves as a good model for studies on adaptive genome evolution from marine to freshwater environments. However, a high-quality reference genome of burbot has not yet been released. Here, the first chromosome-level genome of burbot was constructed using PacBio long sequencing and Hi-C technology. A total of 95.24 Gb polished PacBio sequences were generated, and the preliminary genome assembly was 575.83 Mb in size with a contig N50 size of 2.15 Mb. The assembled sequences were anchored to 22 pseudochromosomes by using Hi-C data. The final assembled genome after Hi-C correction was 575.92 Mb, with a contig N50 of 2.01 Mb and a scaffold N50 of 22.10 Mb. A total of 22,067 protein-coding genes were predicted, 94.82% of which were functionally annotated. Phylogenetic analyses indicated that burbot diverged with the Atlantic cod approximately 43.8 million years ago. In addition, 377 putative genes that appear to be under positive selection in burbot were identified. These positively selected genes might be involved in the adaptation to the freshwater environment. These genome data provide an invaluable resource for the ecological and evolutionary study of the order Gadiformes.
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Comparative transcriptomic analysis brings new insights into the response to acute temperature acclimation in burbot (lota lota lota)
'Elsevier BV', 2021Co-Authors: Tianyan Yang, Yuan Zhang, Wei Meng, Xin Zhong, Yang Shan, Tianxiang GaoAbstract:Temperature is a crucial environmental factor affecting the survival and growth of aquatic organisms. However, the global warming caused by the growth of greenhouse gas emission has severely affected the sustainable development of global nature ecosystem. The change in water temperature has caused a disorder in the aquatic ecosystems. lota lota lota is a unique member of cold-freshwater codfish; it has an important economic value like its marine relatives. It is also a good model for studying the molecular mechanisms of temperature adaptability of fish. In this study, RNA sequencing based on the Illumina HiSeq™ 2500 platform was used to reveal gene expression at the transcriptome level. Transcriptome profiles were generated from liver and brain samples from fish exposed to (0 °C, 17 °C and 28 °C). A total of 30,958 annotated differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified in all comparisons, with more DEGs in high-temperature groups (1668) than in low-temperature groups (1110). GO analysis was divided into three extensive categories and 55 subcategories. A series of candidate genes and pathways associated with temperature responsiveness was detected, mainly including heat-shock protein (HSP) family, fatty acid desaturase (FAD) and antigen processing and presentation. The expression levels of HSP70 were highest amongst those of the HSP family members in the high-temperature groups, implying that HSP70 was an efficient biomarker of high temperature challenge in L. lota lota. An obvious upward trend in the expression of FAD was conducive to regulating fatty acid composition and maintaining membrane fluidity under low-temperature stress. In addition, evidence indicated that elevated temperature had a large influence on immune function and heat stress could upregulate the immune-related pathways in L. lota lota
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chromosome level genome assembly of burbot lota lota provides insights into the evolutionary adaptations in freshwater
Authorea Preprints, 2020Co-Authors: Zhiqiang Han, Manhong Liu, Qi Liu, Hao Zhai, Shijun Xiao, Tianxiang GaoAbstract:The burbot (lota lota) is the only member of the cod family (Gadidae) that is adapted solely to freshwater. This species shows the widest longitudinal range of freshwater fish in the world. The burbot is a good model for studies on adaptive genome evolution from marine to freshwater environment. However, no high-quality reference genome has been released. Here, the first chromosome-level genome of the burbot was constructed using PacBio long sequencing and Hi-C technology. A total of 95.24 Gb polished PacBio sequences were generated, and the preliminary genome assembly was 575.83 Mb in size with a contig N50 size of 2.15 Mb. The assembled sequences were anchored to 22 pseudo-chromosomes by using the Hi-C data. The final assembled genome after Hi-C correction was 575.92 Mb, with a contig N50 of 2.01 Mb and a scaffold N50 of 22.10 Mb. A total of 22,067 protein-coding genes were predicted, 94.82% of which were functionally annotated. Phylogenetic analyses indicated that burbot diverged with the Atlantic cod about 44.4 million years ago. In addition, 377 putative genes that appear to be under positive selection in burbot were identified. These positively selected genes might adapt to the freshwater environment. These genome data provide an invaluable resource for the ecological and evolutionary study of the order Gadiformes.
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The complete mitochondrial genome of lota lota (Gadiformes: Gadidae).
Mitochondrial DNA, 2014Co-Authors: Nan Zhang, Na Song, Tianxiang GaoAbstract:In this study, the complete mitochondrial genome (mitogenome) sequence of lota lota has been determined by long polymerase chain reaction and primer walking methods. The mitogenome is a circular molecule of 16,547 bp in length and contains 37 mitochondrial genes including 13 protein-coding genes, 2 ribosomal RNA (rRNA), 22 transfer RNA (tRNA) and a control region as other bony fishes. Within the control region, we identified the termination-associated sequence domain (TAS), the central conserved sequence block domains (CSB-F and CSB-D), and the conserved sequence block domains (CSB-1, CSB-2 and CSB-3).
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the complete mitochondrial genome of lota lota gadiformes gadidae from the burqin river in china
Mitochondrial DNA, 2014Co-Authors: Nan Zhang, Na Song, Tianxiang GaoAbstract:In this study, the complete mitochondrial genome (mitogenome) sequence of lota lota has been determined by long polymerase chain reaction and primer walking methods. The mitogenome is a circular molecule of 16,519 bp in length and contains 37 mitochondrial genes including 13 protein-coding genes, 2 ribosomal RNA (rRNA), 22 transfer RNA (tRNA) and a control region as other bony fishes. Within the control region, we identified the termination-associated sequence domain (TAS), the central conserved sequence block domains (CSB-F and CSB-D), and the conserved sequence block domains (CSB-1, CSB-2 and CSB-3).
Anne E Todgham - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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does a cannibal feeding strategy impart differential metabolic performance in young burbot lota lota maculosa
Conservation Physiology, 2020Co-Authors: Amanda J Frazier, Nathan R Jensen, Shawn P Young, Anne E TodghamAbstract:The practice of mitigating cannibalism in aquaculture is an important focus for hatcheries seeking to maximize yield and has been maintained in hatcheries focusing on wild stock restoration. We hypothesize, however, that a cannibal feeding strategy may confer performance advantages over a non-cannibal feeding strategy and that perhaps cannibal size grading may not be optimal for hatcheries focusing on conservation goals. This study examined metabolic performance differences between cannibal and non-cannibal burbot, lota lota maculosa, at the Kootenai Tribe of Idaho Twin Rivers Hatchery in Moyie Springs, ID, USA. After habitat alteration led to functional extinction of burbot in the region, the Twin Rivers Hatchery has played a leading role in the reestablishment of burbot in the Kootenai River, ID, and British Columbia. We examined morphometric data (weight, length and condition factor), whole animal resting metabolic rate and the enzyme activity of lactate dehydrogenase, citrate synthase and 3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase to describe the baseline metabolic performance of cannibal and non-cannibal burbot. Taken together, our results demonstrated significant differences in the metabolic strategies of cannibal vs. non-cannibal burbot, where cannibals relied more heavily on carbohydrate metabolism and non-cannibals relied more heavily on glycolytic and lipid metabolism. This study demonstrates the need to reevaluate the traditional practice of removing cannibal fish in conservation hatcheries, as it may not be the ideal strategy of raising the most robust individuals for release. When natural habitat conditions cannot be restored due to permanent habitat alteration, prioritizing release of higher performing individuals could help achieve conservation goals.
