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Mika Kivimaki - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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personality disability free life years and life expectancy individual participant meta analysis of 131 195 individuals from 10 cohort studies
Journal of Personality, 2020Co-Authors: Markus Jokela, Mika Kivimaki, Jaakko Airaksinen, Marianna Virtanen, David G Batty, Christian HakulinenAbstract:OBJECTIVE We examined how personality traits of the Five Factor Model were related to years of healthy life years lost (mortality and disability) for individuals and the population. METHOD Participants were 131,195 individuals from 10 cohort studies from Australia, Germany, the United Kingdom, and the United States (n = 43,935 from seven cohort studies for the longitudinal analysis of disability, assessed using scales of Activities of Daily Living). RESULTS Lower Conscientiousness was associated with higher mortality and disability risk, but only when Conscientiousness was beLow its median level. If the excess risk associated with Low Conscientiousness had been absent, population life expectancy would have been 1.3 years longer and disability-free life 1.0 years longer. Lower emotional stability was related to shorter life expectancy, but only among those in the Lowest 15% of the distribution, and disability throughout the distribution: if the excess risk associated with Low emotional stability had been absent, population life expectancy would have been 0.4 years longer and disability-free life 2.4 years longer. CONCLUSIONS Personality traits of Low Conscientiousness and Low emotional stability are associated with reduced healthy life expectancy of individuals and population.
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Personality and risk of diabetes in adults: pooled analysis of 5 cohort studies.
Health psychology : official journal of the Division of Health Psychology American Psychological Association, 2013Co-Authors: Markus Jokela, Taina Hintsa, Marko Elovainio, Solja T. Nyberg, Adam G. Tabák, G. David Batty, Mika KivimakiAbstract:Objective: Diabetes is an increasingly important public health concern, but little is known about the contribution of psychological factors on diabetes risk. We examined whether personality is associated with risk of incident diabetes and diabetes-related mortality. Method: An individual-participant metaanalysis of 34,913 adults free of diabetes at baseline (average age 53.7 years, 57% women) from 5 prospective cohort studies from the United States and United Kingdom. Personality dimensions included extraversion, neuroticism, agreeableness, Conscientiousness, and openness to experience based on the Five Factor Model. Results: During an average folLow-up of 5.7 years, 1845 participants became diabetic. Of the 5 personality dimensions, only Low Conscientiousness was associated with an elevated diabetes risk (OR 0.87, 95% CI 0.82–0.91 per 1 standard deviation increment in Conscientiousness). This association attenuated by 60% after adjustment for obesity and by 25% after adjustment for physical inactivity. Low Conscientiousness was also associated with elevated risk of diabetes mortality (HR 0.72, CI 0.53–0.98 per 1 standard deviation increment in Conscientiousness). Other personality traits were not consistently associated with diabetes incidence or mortality. Conclusions: Low Conscientiousness—a cognitive–behavioral disposition reflecting careless behavior and a lack of self-control and planning—is associated with elevated risk of diabetes and diabetes-related mortality. The underlying mechanisms are likely to involve health behaviors, such as poor weight management, physical inactivity, and adherence to medical management recommendations.
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Low Conscientiousness and risk of all-cause, cardiovascular and cancer mortality over 17 years: Whitehall II cohort study.
Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 2012Co-Authors: Gareth Hagger-johnson, Séverine Sabia, Hermann Nabi, Eric Brunner, Mika Kivimaki, Martin Shipley, Archana Singh-manouxAbstract:To examine the personality trait Conscientiousness as a risk factor for mortality and to identify candidate explanatory mechanisms. Participants in the Whitehall II cohort study (N=6800, aged 34 to 55 at recruitment in 1985) completed two self-reported items measuring Conscientiousness in 1991-1993 ('I am overly conscientious' and 'I am overly perfectionistic', Cronbach's α=.72), the baseline for this study. Age, socio-economic status (SES), social support, health behaviours, physiological variables and minor psychiatric morbidity were also recorded at baseline. The vital status of participants was then monitored for a mean of 17 years. All-cause and cause-specific mortality was ascertained through linkage to a national mortality register until January 2010. Each 1 standard deviation decrease in Conscientiousness was associated with a 10% increase in all-cause (hazard ratio [HR]=1.10, 95% CI 1.003, 1.20) mortality. Patterns were similar for cardiovascular (HR=1.17, 95% CI 0.98, 1.39) and cancer mortality (HR=1.10, 95% CI 0.96, 1.25), not reaching statistical significance. The association with all-cause mortality was attenuated by 5% after adjustment for SES, 13% for health behaviours, 14% for cardiovascular risk factors, 5% for minor psychiatric morbidity, 29% for all variables. Repeating analyses with each item separately and excluding participants who died within five years of personality assessment did not change the results materially. Low Conscientiousness in midlife is a risk factor for all-cause mortality. This association is only partly explained by health behaviours, SES, cardiovascular disease risk factors and minor psychiatric morbidity in midlife.
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Low Conscientiousness and risk of all-cause, cardiovascular and cancer mortality over 17 years: Whitehall II cohort study.
Journal of psychosomatic research, 2012Co-Authors: Gareth Hagger-johnson, Séverine Sabia, Hermann Nabi, Mika Kivimaki, Eric J. Brunner, Martin J. Shipley, Archana Singh ManouxAbstract:Objective To examine the personality trait Conscientiousness as a risk factor for mortality and to identify candidate explanatory mechanisms.
Gareth Hagger-johnson - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Low Conscientiousness and risk of all-cause, cardiovascular and cancer mortality over 17 years: Whitehall II cohort study.
Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 2012Co-Authors: Gareth Hagger-johnson, Séverine Sabia, Hermann Nabi, Eric Brunner, Mika Kivimaki, Martin Shipley, Archana Singh-manouxAbstract:To examine the personality trait Conscientiousness as a risk factor for mortality and to identify candidate explanatory mechanisms. Participants in the Whitehall II cohort study (N=6800, aged 34 to 55 at recruitment in 1985) completed two self-reported items measuring Conscientiousness in 1991-1993 ('I am overly conscientious' and 'I am overly perfectionistic', Cronbach's α=.72), the baseline for this study. Age, socio-economic status (SES), social support, health behaviours, physiological variables and minor psychiatric morbidity were also recorded at baseline. The vital status of participants was then monitored for a mean of 17 years. All-cause and cause-specific mortality was ascertained through linkage to a national mortality register until January 2010. Each 1 standard deviation decrease in Conscientiousness was associated with a 10% increase in all-cause (hazard ratio [HR]=1.10, 95% CI 1.003, 1.20) mortality. Patterns were similar for cardiovascular (HR=1.17, 95% CI 0.98, 1.39) and cancer mortality (HR=1.10, 95% CI 0.96, 1.25), not reaching statistical significance. The association with all-cause mortality was attenuated by 5% after adjustment for SES, 13% for health behaviours, 14% for cardiovascular risk factors, 5% for minor psychiatric morbidity, 29% for all variables. Repeating analyses with each item separately and excluding participants who died within five years of personality assessment did not change the results materially. Low Conscientiousness in midlife is a risk factor for all-cause mortality. This association is only partly explained by health behaviours, SES, cardiovascular disease risk factors and minor psychiatric morbidity in midlife.
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Low Conscientiousness and risk of all-cause, cardiovascular and cancer mortality over 17 years: Whitehall II cohort study.
Journal of psychosomatic research, 2012Co-Authors: Gareth Hagger-johnson, Séverine Sabia, Hermann Nabi, Mika Kivimaki, Eric J. Brunner, Martin J. Shipley, Archana Singh ManouxAbstract:Objective To examine the personality trait Conscientiousness as a risk factor for mortality and to identify candidate explanatory mechanisms.
L. A. Witt - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Ethical Leadership: A Factor in Mission Readiness
2013Co-Authors: L. A. Witt, Loring J. CrepeauAbstract:Abstract : Emotional exhaustion is a threat to mission readiness. This paper describes a psychological process in which ethical leadership influences emotional exhaustion not only directly, but also indirectly through unit cohesion. The model was tested among 338 uniformed Department of Defense personnel deployed in combat zones-personnel likely exposed to operational situations that generally are (or can potentially become) high moral intensity situations. The tests revealed that unit cohesion partially mediates the relationship between ethical leadership and emotional exhaustion. A boundary condition was also identified for this process; namely, the process does not hold among Low-Conscientiousness personnel. Implications for command practice are discussed.
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General job performance of first-line supervisors: the role of Conscientiousness in determining its effects on subordinate exhaustion
Stress and health : journal of the International Society for the Investigation of Stress, 2011Co-Authors: Sara Jansen Perry, Cristina Rubino, L. A. WittAbstract:In an integrated test of the job demands-resources model and trait activation theory, we predicted that the general job performance of employees who also hold supervisory roles may act as a demand to subordinates, depending on levels of subordinate Conscientiousness. In a sample of 313 customer service call centre employees, we found that high-Conscientiousness individuals were more likely to experience emotional exhaustion, and Low-Conscientiousness individuals were less likely as the general job performance of their supervisor improved. The results were curvilinear, such that high-Conscientiousness individuals' exhaustion levelled off with very high supervisor performance (two standard deviations above the mean), and Low-Conscientiousness individuals' exhaustion levelled off as supervisor performance improved from moderate to high. These findings suggest high-Conscientiousness employees may efficiently handle demands presented by a Low-performing coworker who is their boss, but when performance expectations are high (i.e. high-performing boss), these achievement-oriented employees may direct their resources (i.e. energy and time) towards performance-related efforts at the expense of their well-being. Conversely, Low-Conscientiousness employees suffer when paired with a Low-performing boss, but benefit from a supervisor who demonstrates at least moderate job performance.
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The Downside of Goal-Focused Leadership: The Role of Personality in Subordinate Exhaustion
SSRN Electronic Journal, 2010Co-Authors: Leanne E. Atwater, Sara Jansen Perry, Lisa M. Penney, L. A. WittAbstract:Exhaustion has a significant impact on employees and organizations, and leader behavior may affect it. We applied Conservation of Resources Theory to test propositions regarding the joint effects of goal-focused leadership (GFL) and personality on employee exhaustion. We proposed that the relationship between GFL and exhaustion depends on employees’ standing on both Conscientiousness and emotional stability. Specifically, we expected that high-Conscientiousness subordinates experience greater compatibility with a goal-focused leader because of their predisposition to direct resources toward achievement and goal-setting, resulting in Lower exhaustion under such a leader than among Low-Conscientiousness employees. Furthermore, high emotional stability may compensate for GFL incompatibility among Low-Conscientiousness employees by providing additional resources to manage GFL. In contrast, employees Low on both traits likely experience greater exhaustion under a goal-focused leader compared to other employees. Results revealed a three-way interaction in two independent samples and were generally supportive of our predictions. GFL was associated with heightened exhaustion among individuals in the Low-emotional stability, Low-Conscientiousness group, but not among workers having any other trait combination.
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The downside of goal-focused leadership: the role of personality in subordinate exhaustion.
The Journal of applied psychology, 2010Co-Authors: Sara Jansen Perry, Lisa M. Penney, L. A. Witt, Leanne E. AtwaterAbstract:Exhaustion has a significant impact on employees and organizations, and leader behavior may affect it. We applied conservation of resources theory to test propositions regarding the joint effects of goal-focused leadership (GFL) and personality on employee exhaustion. We proposed that the relationship between GFL and exhaustion depends on employees' standing on both Conscientiousness and emotional stability. Specifically, we expected that high-Conscientiousness subordinates experience greater compatibility with a goal-focused leader because of their predisposition to direct resources toward achievement and goal setting, resulting in Lower exhaustion under such a leader than among Low-Conscientiousness employees. Furthermore, high emotional stability may compensate for GFL incompatibility among Low-Conscientiousness employees by providing additional resources to manage GFL. In contrast, employees Low on both traits likely experience greater exhaustion under a goal-focused leader compared with other employees. Results revealed a 3-way interaction in 2 independent samples and were generally supportive of our predictions. GFL was associated with heightened exhaustion among individuals in the Low-emotional-stability, Low-Conscientiousness group but not among workers having any other trait combination.
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The work-family interface and job performance: moderating effects of Conscientiousness and perceived organizational support.
Journal of occupational health psychology, 2006Co-Authors: L. A. Witt, Dawn S. CarlsonAbstract:Based on conservation of resources (COR) theory, the authors hypothesized that two aspects of the work-family interface--family-to-work conflict (FWC) and family-to-work enrichment (FWE)--are related to job performance. The authors also hypothesized that two variables moderate those relationships--individual differences in Conscientiousness and aspects of the work environment in terms of perceived organizational support (POS). Data collected from a matched set of 136 private sector workers and their respective supervisors revealed that high FWC was more strongly related to Lower job performance: (1) among high- than Low-Conscientiousness workers and (2) among workers reporting Low rather than high levels of organizational support. However, FWE was unrelated to job performance.
Archana Singh-manoux - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Low Conscientiousness and risk of all-cause, cardiovascular and cancer mortality over 17 years: Whitehall II cohort study.
Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 2012Co-Authors: Gareth Hagger-johnson, Séverine Sabia, Hermann Nabi, Eric Brunner, Mika Kivimaki, Martin Shipley, Archana Singh-manouxAbstract:To examine the personality trait Conscientiousness as a risk factor for mortality and to identify candidate explanatory mechanisms. Participants in the Whitehall II cohort study (N=6800, aged 34 to 55 at recruitment in 1985) completed two self-reported items measuring Conscientiousness in 1991-1993 ('I am overly conscientious' and 'I am overly perfectionistic', Cronbach's α=.72), the baseline for this study. Age, socio-economic status (SES), social support, health behaviours, physiological variables and minor psychiatric morbidity were also recorded at baseline. The vital status of participants was then monitored for a mean of 17 years. All-cause and cause-specific mortality was ascertained through linkage to a national mortality register until January 2010. Each 1 standard deviation decrease in Conscientiousness was associated with a 10% increase in all-cause (hazard ratio [HR]=1.10, 95% CI 1.003, 1.20) mortality. Patterns were similar for cardiovascular (HR=1.17, 95% CI 0.98, 1.39) and cancer mortality (HR=1.10, 95% CI 0.96, 1.25), not reaching statistical significance. The association with all-cause mortality was attenuated by 5% after adjustment for SES, 13% for health behaviours, 14% for cardiovascular risk factors, 5% for minor psychiatric morbidity, 29% for all variables. Repeating analyses with each item separately and excluding participants who died within five years of personality assessment did not change the results materially. Low Conscientiousness in midlife is a risk factor for all-cause mortality. This association is only partly explained by health behaviours, SES, cardiovascular disease risk factors and minor psychiatric morbidity in midlife.
Markus Jokela - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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personality disability free life years and life expectancy individual participant meta analysis of 131 195 individuals from 10 cohort studies
Journal of Personality, 2020Co-Authors: Markus Jokela, Mika Kivimaki, Jaakko Airaksinen, Marianna Virtanen, David G Batty, Christian HakulinenAbstract:OBJECTIVE We examined how personality traits of the Five Factor Model were related to years of healthy life years lost (mortality and disability) for individuals and the population. METHOD Participants were 131,195 individuals from 10 cohort studies from Australia, Germany, the United Kingdom, and the United States (n = 43,935 from seven cohort studies for the longitudinal analysis of disability, assessed using scales of Activities of Daily Living). RESULTS Lower Conscientiousness was associated with higher mortality and disability risk, but only when Conscientiousness was beLow its median level. If the excess risk associated with Low Conscientiousness had been absent, population life expectancy would have been 1.3 years longer and disability-free life 1.0 years longer. Lower emotional stability was related to shorter life expectancy, but only among those in the Lowest 15% of the distribution, and disability throughout the distribution: if the excess risk associated with Low emotional stability had been absent, population life expectancy would have been 0.4 years longer and disability-free life 2.4 years longer. CONCLUSIONS Personality traits of Low Conscientiousness and Low emotional stability are associated with reduced healthy life expectancy of individuals and population.
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Personality and risk of diabetes in adults: pooled analysis of 5 cohort studies.
Health psychology : official journal of the Division of Health Psychology American Psychological Association, 2013Co-Authors: Markus Jokela, Taina Hintsa, Marko Elovainio, Solja T. Nyberg, Adam G. Tabák, G. David Batty, Mika KivimakiAbstract:Objective: Diabetes is an increasingly important public health concern, but little is known about the contribution of psychological factors on diabetes risk. We examined whether personality is associated with risk of incident diabetes and diabetes-related mortality. Method: An individual-participant metaanalysis of 34,913 adults free of diabetes at baseline (average age 53.7 years, 57% women) from 5 prospective cohort studies from the United States and United Kingdom. Personality dimensions included extraversion, neuroticism, agreeableness, Conscientiousness, and openness to experience based on the Five Factor Model. Results: During an average folLow-up of 5.7 years, 1845 participants became diabetic. Of the 5 personality dimensions, only Low Conscientiousness was associated with an elevated diabetes risk (OR 0.87, 95% CI 0.82–0.91 per 1 standard deviation increment in Conscientiousness). This association attenuated by 60% after adjustment for obesity and by 25% after adjustment for physical inactivity. Low Conscientiousness was also associated with elevated risk of diabetes mortality (HR 0.72, CI 0.53–0.98 per 1 standard deviation increment in Conscientiousness). Other personality traits were not consistently associated with diabetes incidence or mortality. Conclusions: Low Conscientiousness—a cognitive–behavioral disposition reflecting careless behavior and a lack of self-control and planning—is associated with elevated risk of diabetes and diabetes-related mortality. The underlying mechanisms are likely to involve health behaviors, such as poor weight management, physical inactivity, and adherence to medical management recommendations.
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Personality is differentially associated with planned and non-planned pregnancies
Journal of Research in Personality, 2013Co-Authors: Venla Berg, Anna Rotkirch, Heini Väisänen, Markus JokelaAbstract:Recent studies have linked personality with family formation and having children. We studied whether personality traits are differentially associated with planned versus non-planned pregnancies. The participants were 8336 men and women from the 1958 British birth cohort study, with personality assessed in adulthood using the Five Factor Model. Planned pregnancies were more likely in women with high agreeableness and Low openness to experience, and in men with high extraversion, high emotional stability, high Conscientiousness, and Low openness to experience. Non-planned pregnancies were more likely in women with high extraversion, Low emotional stability, and Low Conscientiousness, and in men with high extraversion and Low agreeableness. These results indicate that personality is associated with fertility differences via different pathways of fertility planning.
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Associations between five-factor model traits and perceived job strain: a population-based study.
Journal of occupational health psychology, 2013Co-Authors: Maria Törnroos, Markus Jokela, Mirka Hintsanen, Taina Hintsa, Laura Pulkki-råback, Nina Hutri-kähönen, Liisa Keltikangas-järvinenAbstract:This study examined the association between Five-Factor Model personality traits and perceived job strain. The sample consisted of 758 women and 614 men (aged 30-45 years in 2007) participating in the Young Finns study. Personality was assessed with the Neuroticism, Extraversion, Openness, Five-Factor Inventory (NEO-FFI) questionnaire and work stress according to Karasek's demand-control model of job strain. The associations between personality traits and job strain and its components were measured by linear regression analyses where the traits were first entered individually and then simultaneously. The results for the associations between individually entered personality traits showed that high neuroticism, Low extraversion, Low openness, Low Conscientiousness, and Low agreeableness were associated with high job strain. High neuroticism, high openness, and Low agreeableness were related to high demands, whereas high neuroticism, Low extraversion, Low openness, Low Conscientiousness, and Low agreeableness were associated with Low control. In the analyses for the simultaneously entered traits, high neuroticism, Low openness, and Low Conscientiousness were associated with high job strain. In addition, high neuroticism was related to high demands and Low control, whereas Low extraversion was related to Low demands and Low control. Low openness and Low Conscientiousness were also related to Low control. This study suggests that personality is related to perceived job strain. Perceptions of work stressors and decision latitude are not only indicators of structural aspects of work but also indicate that there are individual differences in how individuals experience their work environment.
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Reproductive behavior and personality traits of the Five Factor Model
European Journal of Personality, 2011Co-Authors: Markus Jokela, Alexandra Alvergne, Thomas V. Pollet, Virpi LummaaAbstract:We examined associations between Five Factor Model personality traits and various outcomes of reproductive behavior in a sample of 15 729 women and men from the Wisconsin Longitudinal Study (WLS) and Midlife Development in the United States (MIDUS) survey. Personality and reproductive history was self-reported in adulthood (mean age: 53 years). High extraversion, high openness to experience, and Low neuroticism were associated with larger number of children in both sexes, while high agreeableness and Low Conscientiousness correlated with largeroffspring number in women only. These associations were independent of marital status. There were also more specific associations between personality and timing of childbearing. The findings demonstrate that personality traits of the Five Factor Model are systematically associated with multiple reproductive outcomes. Copyright # 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
