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Leigh W Simmons - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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FeMale Genitalia can evolve more rapidly and divergently than Male Genitalia.
Nature communications, 2019Co-Authors: Leigh W Simmons, John L. FitzpatrickAbstract:Male Genitalia exhibit patterns of divergent evolution driven by sexual selection. In contrast, for many taxonomic groups, feMale Genitalia are relatively uniform and their patterns of evolution remain largely unexplored. Here we quantify variation in the shape of feMale Genitalia across onthophagine dung beetles, and use new comparative methods to contrast their rates of divergence with those of Male Genitalia. As expected, Male genital shape has diverged more rapidly than a naturally selected trait, the foretibia. Remarkably, feMale genital shape has diverged nearly three times as fast as Male genital shape. Our results dispel the notion that feMale Genitalia do not show the same patterns of divergent evolution as Male Genitalia, and suggest that feMale Genitalia are under sexual selection through their role in feMale choice.
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evidence for stabilizing selection and slow divergent evolution of Male Genitalia in a millipede antichiropus variabilis
Evolution, 2012Co-Authors: Janine M Wojcieszek, Leigh W SimmonsAbstract:It is generally accepted that postcopulatory sexual selection drives rapid divergence of genital morphology among isolated populations. The mode of selection operating upon Genitalia can be explored by comparing patterns of population divergence in genetic and genitalic traits. We collected Antichiropus variabilis millipedes from eight localities across the species range. Levels of among-population genetic divergence, at microsatellite loci, and the mitochondrial COI gene were very high. Following geometric morphometric analyses, genital morphology was also found to be highly divergent among the populations surveyed, whereas head morphology had not diverged as markedly. However, pairwise comparisons of F ST and P ST showed that among-population divergence in both genital and head shape was significantly lower than that experienced by neutral genetic markers. Our results suggest that the Genitalia of A. variabilis are currently experiencing a period of stabilizing selection, the mode of selection expected for Genitalia that function in species recognition via a "lock-and-key" mechanism. Our results demonstrate that although genital morphology can clearly diverge among genetically isolated populations, divergence is not necessarily as rapid as commonly argued, and continuous directional sexual selection may not always underpin the evolutionary divergence of Male Genitalia.
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The evolution of Male Genitalia: functional integration of genital sclerites in the dung beetle Onthophagus taurus
Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 2008Co-Authors: Michael Werner, Leigh W SimmonsAbstract:It is now widely recognized that sexual selection has been important in the rapid and divergent evolution of Male genital morphology. However, distinguishing among putative mechanisms of sexual selection acting on Male genital morphology represents a considerable challenge. Although there is growing evidence that variation in the size and/or shape of Male genital structures can determine a Male’s success in gaining fertilizations, our knowledge of the functional morphology of Male Genitalia remains limited. Here we examine the functional morphology of genital sclerites that are known to influence paternity in the dung beetle Onthophagus taurus. We show that three of the sclerites form a functionally integrated unit that generates the tubular-shaped spermatophore and delivers its opening to the feMale’s spermathecal duct. A fourth sclerite acts as a holdfast device during copulation. Our observations shed light on the mechanism by which these sclerites influence a Male’s paternity, and their patterns of phenotypic and genetic (co)variation. © 2008 The Linnean Society of London, Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 2008, 93, 257–266. ADDITIONAL KEYWORDS: cryptic feMale choice – Male genital morphology – paternity – sexual selection – sperm competition.
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The evolution of Male Genitalia: patterns of genetic variation and covariation in the genital sclerites of the dung beetle Onthophagus taurus.
Journal of evolutionary biology, 2005Co-Authors: Clarissa M House, Leigh W SimmonsAbstract:Three main hypotheses, have been invoked to explain divergent genital evolution, the lock and key, pleiotropy, and sexual selection hypotheses, each of which make different predictions about how genital traits are inherited. Here we used a half-sib breeding design to examine the patterns of genetic variation and covariation between Male genital sclerites, and their covariance with general body morphology in the dung beetle Onthophagus taurus. We found CVA's and CVP's were similar for both genital and general morphological traits and that CVR's were large for both trait types. We found that Male genital sclerites were negatively genetically correlated with general morphological traits. Variation in Male genital morphology has direct implications for a Male's fertilization success and the resulting sexual selection acting on Male Genitalia is predicted to maintain high levels of additive genetic variance. Contrary to this prediction, we found that individual genital sclerites all had low levels of additive genetic variance and large maternal and environmental sources of variation. Our data suggest that the genital sclerites in O. taurus are not inherited independently but as a genetically integrated unit. More importantly, the way the different sclerites function to influence Male fertilization success reflects this genetic integration. Even though levels of VA in individual genital sclerites may be low, there may still be sufficient VA in multivariate trait space for selection to generate evolutionary change in the overall morphology of Male Genitalia.
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genital morphology and fertilization success in the dung beetle onthophagus taurus an example of sexually selected Male Genitalia
Proceedings of The Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 2003Co-Authors: Clarissa M House, Leigh W SimmonsAbstract:In animals with internal fertilization and promiscuous mating, Male Genitalia show rapid and divergent evolution. Three hypotheses have been suggested to explain the evolutionary processes responsible for genital evolution: the lock-and-key hypothesis, the pleiotropy hypothesis and the sexual-selection hypothesis. Here, we determine whether variation in Male genital morphology influences fertilization success in the dung beetle Onthophagus taurus, as predicted by the sexual-selection hypothesis. Variation in four out of five genital sclerites of the endophallus influenced a Male's fertilization success, supporting the general hypothesis that Male Genitalia can evolve under sexual selection. Furthermore, different genital sclerites were found to enhance first versus second Male paternity, indicating that different sclerites serve offensive and defensive roles. Genital-trait variability was comparable to that in other species but was less variable than a non-genital sexually selected trait (head horns). We suggest that directional selection for genital elaboration may be countered by natural selection, which should favour Genitalia of a size and shape necessary for efficient coupling and sperm transfer.
Holzenthal, Ralph W. - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Figure 15. - Leucotrichiadianeae sp. n. (UMSP000201649). Male Genitalia: A segments IX–X, lateral (base of phallus crosshatched) B segments VII–VIII and segment IX margin, lateral C segments IX–X, dorsal D segments VII–IX, ventral E phallus, lateral
2018Co-Authors: Thomson, Robin E., Holzenthal, Ralph W.Abstract:Figure 15. - Leucotrichiadianeae sp. n. (UMSP000201649). Male Genitalia: A segments IX–X, lateral (base of phallus crosshatched) B segments VII–VIII and segment IX margin, lateral C segments IX–X, dorsal D segments VII–IX, ventral E phallus, lateral F phallus, dorsal
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Figure 35. - Leucotrichiaprocera sp. n. (UMSP000047406). Male Genitalia: A segments IX–X, lateral (base of phallus crosshatched) B segments VII–VIII and segment IX margin, lateral C segments IX–X, dorsal D segments VII–IX, ventral E phallus, lateral
2018Co-Authors: Thomson, Robin E., Holzenthal, Ralph W.Abstract:Figure 35. - Leucotrichiaprocera sp. n. (UMSP000047406). Male Genitalia: A segments IX–X, lateral (base of phallus crosshatched) B segments VII–VIII and segment IX margin, lateral C segments IX–X, dorsal D segments VII–IX, ventral E phallus, lateral F phallus, dorsal
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Figure 6. - Leucotrichiaalisensis Rueda Martín, 2011 (redrawn from Rueda Martín 2011). Male Genitalia: A segments IX–X, lateral B apex of segment IX and inferior appendage, ventral C segment VIII, ventral D phallus, lateral.
2018Co-Authors: Thomson, Robin E., Holzenthal, Ralph W.Abstract:Figure 6. - Leucotrichiaalisensis Rueda Martín, 2011 (redrawn from Rueda Martín 2011). Male Genitalia: A segments IX–X, lateral B apex of segment IX and inferior appendage, ventral C segment VIII, ventral D phallus, lateral
Saini, Malkiat S. - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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FIGURES 64–68. Hydropsyche spp., Male Genitalia. 64–68, H in Review of genus Hydropsyche Pictet 1834 (Insecta: Trichoptera: Hydropsychidae) from India
2017Co-Authors: Pandher, Manpreet S., Kaur Simarjit, Parey, Sajad H., Saini, Malkiat S.Abstract:FIGURES 64–68. Hydropsyche spp., Male Genitalia. 64–68, H. asiatica Ulmer: 64, left lateral; 65, dorsal; 66, right inferior appendage, ventral; 67, phallus, left lateral; 68, phallus, ventral
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FIGURES 1–10. Hydropsyche spp., Male Genitalia.1–5, H in Review of genus Hydropsyche Pictet 1834 (Insecta: Trichoptera: Hydropsychidae) from India
2017Co-Authors: Pandher, Manpreet S., Kaur Simarjit, Parey, Sajad H., Saini, Malkiat S.Abstract:FIGURES 1–10. Hydropsyche spp., Male Genitalia.1–5, H.appendicularis Martynov:1, left lateral; 2, dorsal; 3, right inferior appendage, ventral; 4, phallus, left lateral; 5, phallus, ventral. 6–10, H. nuristanica Schmid: 6, left lateral; 7, dorsal; 8, right inferior appendage, ventral;9, phallus,left lateral; 10, phallus, ventral
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FIGURES 31–40. Hydropsyche spp., Male Genitalia. 31–35, H in Review of genus Hydropsyche Pictet 1834 (Insecta: Trichoptera: Hydropsychidae) from India
2017Co-Authors: Pandher, Manpreet S., Kaur Simarjit, Parey, Sajad H., Saini, Malkiat S.Abstract:FIGURES 31–40. Hydropsyche spp., Male Genitalia. 31–35, H. athamas Malicky & Chantaramongkol: 31, left lateral; 32, dorsal; 33, right inferior appendage, ventral; 34, phallus, left lateral; 35, ventral. 36–40, H. pallipenne Banks: 36, left lateral; 37, dorsal; 38, right inferior appendage, ventral; 39, phallus, left lateral; 40, phallus, ventral
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FIGURES 52–61. Hydropsyche spp., Male Genitalia. 52–56, H in Review of genus Hydropsyche Pictet 1834 (Insecta: Trichoptera: Hydropsychidae) from India
2017Co-Authors: Pandher, Manpreet S., Kaur Simarjit, Parey, Sajad H., Saini, Malkiat S.Abstract:FIGURES 52–61. Hydropsyche spp., Male Genitalia. 52–56, H. charon Malicky & Chantaramongkol: 52, left lateral; 53, dorsal; 54, right inferior appendage, ventral; 55, phallus, left lateral; 56, phallus, ventral. 57–61, H. homunculus Schmid: 57, left lateral; 58, dorsal; 59, right inferior appendage, ventral; 60, phallus, left lateral; 61, phallus, ventral
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FIGURES 41–51. Hydropsyche spp., Male Genitalia. 41–46, H in Review of genus Hydropsyche Pictet 1834 (Insecta: Trichoptera: Hydropsychidae) from India
2017Co-Authors: Pandher, Manpreet S., Kaur Simarjit, Parey, Sajad H., Saini, Malkiat S.Abstract:FIGURES 41–51. Hydropsyche spp., Male Genitalia. 41–46, H. claviformis Mey: 41, left lateral; 42, dorsal; 43, right inferior appendage,ventral;44, right inferiorappendage, ventral; 45,phallus, left lateral; 46, phallus, ventral.47–51, H.golitarensis sp. nov.: 47, left lateral; 48, dorsal; 49, right inferior appendage, ventral; 50, phallus, left lateral; 51, phallus, ventral
Carpenter, James Michael - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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An illustrated atlas for Male Genitalia of the New World Polistes Latreille, 1802 (Vespidae: Polistinae)
2018Co-Authors: Somavilla Alexandre, Oliveira, Marcio Luiz, Andena, Sergio Ricardo, Carpenter, James MichaelAbstract:Somavilla, Alexandre, Oliveira, Marcio Luiz, Andena, Sergio Ricardo, Carpenter, James Michael (2018): An illustrated atlas for Male Genitalia of the New World Polistes Latreille, 1802 (Vespidae: Polistinae). Zootaxa 4504 (3): 301-344, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4504.3.
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FIGURE 40 in An illustrated atlas for Male Genitalia of the New World Polistes Latreille, 1802 (Vespidae: Polistinae)
2018Co-Authors: Somavilla Alexandre, Oliveira, Marcio Luiz, Andena, Sergio Ricardo, Carpenter, James MichaelAbstract:FIGURE 40. Male Genitalia of Polistes (Palisotius) major—A= paramere, lateral view; B= aedeagus, ventral view; C= aedeagus, lateral view; D= digitus, lateral view; E= cuspis, lateral view. Scale bar = 1.0 mm
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FIGURE 42 in An illustrated atlas for Male Genitalia of the New World Polistes Latreille, 1802 (Vespidae: Polistinae)
2018Co-Authors: Somavilla Alexandre, Oliveira, Marcio Luiz, Andena, Sergio Ricardo, Carpenter, James MichaelAbstract:FIGURE 42. Male Genitalia of Polistes (Palisotius) paraguayensis—A= paramere, lateral view; B= aedeagus, ventral view; C= aedeagus, lateral view; D= digitus, lateral view; E= cuspis, lateral view. Scale bar = 1.0 mm
Thomson, Robin E. - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Figure 15. - Leucotrichiadianeae sp. n. (UMSP000201649). Male Genitalia: A segments IX–X, lateral (base of phallus crosshatched) B segments VII–VIII and segment IX margin, lateral C segments IX–X, dorsal D segments VII–IX, ventral E phallus, lateral
2018Co-Authors: Thomson, Robin E., Holzenthal, Ralph W.Abstract:Figure 15. - Leucotrichiadianeae sp. n. (UMSP000201649). Male Genitalia: A segments IX–X, lateral (base of phallus crosshatched) B segments VII–VIII and segment IX margin, lateral C segments IX–X, dorsal D segments VII–IX, ventral E phallus, lateral F phallus, dorsal
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Figure 35. - Leucotrichiaprocera sp. n. (UMSP000047406). Male Genitalia: A segments IX–X, lateral (base of phallus crosshatched) B segments VII–VIII and segment IX margin, lateral C segments IX–X, dorsal D segments VII–IX, ventral E phallus, lateral
2018Co-Authors: Thomson, Robin E., Holzenthal, Ralph W.Abstract:Figure 35. - Leucotrichiaprocera sp. n. (UMSP000047406). Male Genitalia: A segments IX–X, lateral (base of phallus crosshatched) B segments VII–VIII and segment IX margin, lateral C segments IX–X, dorsal D segments VII–IX, ventral E phallus, lateral F phallus, dorsal
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Figure 6. - Leucotrichiaalisensis Rueda Martín, 2011 (redrawn from Rueda Martín 2011). Male Genitalia: A segments IX–X, lateral B apex of segment IX and inferior appendage, ventral C segment VIII, ventral D phallus, lateral.
2018Co-Authors: Thomson, Robin E., Holzenthal, Ralph W.Abstract:Figure 6. - Leucotrichiaalisensis Rueda Martín, 2011 (redrawn from Rueda Martín 2011). Male Genitalia: A segments IX–X, lateral B apex of segment IX and inferior appendage, ventral C segment VIII, ventral D phallus, lateral
