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Michel P. Valim - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Description of the postembryonic stages of Mulcticola macrocephalus (Kellogg, 1896) (Phthiraptera, Ischnocera: Philopteridae)—CORRIGENDUM
The Canadian Entomologist, 2020Co-Authors: Kamila M. D. Kuabara, Michel P. Valim, Terry D. GallowayAbstract:AbstractThe nymphs I, II, III, and adult male and adult female stages of Mulcticola macrocephalus (Kellogg) (Phthiraptera, Ischnocera: Philopteridae), a monoxenous species of chewing louse infesting common nighthawk, Chordeiles minor (Forster) (Caprimulgiformes: Caprimulgidae), in North America, are described. Line drawings of whole nymphs and adults are presented, as are details of anterior dorsal head plates, metasternal plates, female subvulvar plates, and male genitalia. Ontogenetic characters exhibited during the postembryonic development of this species of chewing louse are described and discussed in relation to previous information in the literature.
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The known chewing lice of the family Philopteridae (Ischnocera) parasitic on Galb...
2016Co-Authors: Michel P. Valim, O C. Cicchino, O Cicchino C. ZookeysAbstract:Bobdalgleishia, a new genus of bird lice from Brazil 57 A remarkable new genus and a new species of chewing louse (Phthiraptera, Ischnocera, Philopteridae) from Brazi
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Type specimens of lice (Insecta: Phthiraptera) held in the Museu de Zoologia da Universidade de São Paulo, Brazil
Universidade de São Paulo, 2009Co-Authors: Michel P. ValimAbstract:The type specimens of 142 nominal species of chewing and sucking lice (Insecta: Phthiraptera: Amblycera, Ischnocera and Anoplura) held in the Museu de Zoologia da Universidade de São Paulo, Brazil (MZUSP) are listed. The list includes species in the families: Menoponidae and Gyropidae (Suborder Amblycera); Philopteridae (including species initially described in Heptapsogastridae) and Trichodectidae (Suborder Ischnocera); and Hoplopleuridae (Suborder Anoplura). The following type categories are represented in the collection: holotype, allotype, paratype, syntype, neotype, neoallotype, neoparatype and paralectotype. Information is taken from card data, and includes changes in nomenclatural status for each species since their original description. Two additional lists, one with updated scientific names for the lice (Appendix 1) and another with those for the host taxa (Appendix 2), are included.Os espécimes tipo de 142 espécies de malófagos e anopluros (Insecta: Phthiraptera: Amblycera, Ischnocera e Anoplura) mantidos no Museu de Zoologia da Universidade de São Paulo, Brazil (MZUSP) são listados. Essa lista inclui espécies das famílias: Menoponidae e Gyropidae (subordem Amblycera); Philopteridae (incluindo as espécies incialmente descritas em Heptapsogastridae) e Trichodectidae (subordem Ischnocera); e Hoplopleuridae (subordem Anoplura). As seguintes categorias de tipos estão representadas na coleção: holótipo, alótipo, parátipo, sintipo, neótipo, neoalótipo, neoparátipo e paralectótipo. As informações foram extraídas das fichas de depósito e incluem mudanças na nomenclatura para cada espécie desde sua descrição original. Duas listas adicionais, uma com os nomes científicos atualizados para os parasitos (Apêndice 1) e outra com os nomes dos hospedeiros (Apêndice 2), são incluídas
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Type specimens of lice (Insecta: Phthiraptera) held in the Museu de Zoologia da Universidade de São Paulo, Brazil
Papéis Avulsos de Zoologia (São Paulo), 2009Co-Authors: Michel P. ValimAbstract:The type specimens of 142 nominal species of chewing and sucking lice (Insecta: Phthiraptera: Amblycera, Ischnocera and Anoplura) held in the Museu de Zoologia da Universidade de Sao Paulo, Brazil (MZUSP) are listed. The list includes species in the families: Menoponidae and Gyropidae (Suborder Amblycera); Philopteridae (including species initially described in Heptapsogastridae) and Trichodectidae (Suborder Ischnocera); and Hoplopleuridae (Suborder Anoplura). The following type categories are represented in the collection: holotype, allotype, paratype, syntype, neotype, neoallotype, neoparatype and paralectotype. Information is taken from card data, and includes changes in nomenclatural status for each species since their original description. Two additional lists, one with updated scientific names for the lice (Appendix 1) and another with those for the host taxa (Appendix 2), are included.
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Craspedorrhynchus linardii, a new species of chewing louse (Phthiraptera: Ischnocera: Philopteridae) from the Gray-headed Kite (Aves: Falconiformes: Accipitridae)
Zootaxa, 2006Co-Authors: Michel P. ValimAbstract:A new species of the genus Craspedorrhynchus Keler, 1938 (Phthiraptera: Ischnocera: Philopteridae) is described and illustrated based on specimens from a Gray-headed Kite, Leptodon cayanensis (Latham, 1790) (Aves: Falconiformes: Accipitridae), collected in Fazenda Agua Limpa, Brasilia-DF, Brazil. This is the first species of chewing louse described from the Gray-headed Kite.
Eberhard Mey - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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A 'penguin ' chewing louse Nesiotinus on a Kerguelen Diving-petrel (Pelecanoides urinatrix exsul): an indication of a phylogenetic relationship?
2015Co-Authors: Eberhard Mey, Olivier Chastel, Jean-claude BeaucournuAbstract:The confirmed discovery of an adult female of an as yet undescribed species of the genus Nesiotinus (Phthiraptera, Ischnocera, Philopteridae sensu lato) on a Kerguelen Diving-petrel appears to provide the first certain parasitophyletic evidence for a phylogenetic relationship between penguins (Sphenisciformes) and tubenoses (Procellariiformes). An over-view of the hospital distribution of chewing lice genera parasitising penguins and tubenoses is given
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Zur Taxonomie, Lebensweise und parasitophyletischen Evidenz der Federlingsgattung Struthiolipeurus sensu lato (Insecta, Phthiraptera, Ischnocera)
Zoosystematics and Evolution, 2008Co-Authors: Eberhard MeyAbstract:On Taxonomy, Bionomic and Parasitophyletic Evidence of the Feather Louse Genus Struthiolipeurus sensu lato (Insecta, Phthiraptera, Ischnocera) The c. 80 Mill. years old Ischnoceran chewing louse genus Struthiolipeurus s. l. parasitizing both Struthionidae (Africa) and Rheidae (South America) only is revised. Archolipeurus nov. gen. and Struthiolipeurus chilensis nov. spec. are described and illustrated. A. nandu, A. renschi, St. andinus, St. stresemanni and St. struthionis (incl. egg and larvae) are redescribed. Lectotypes are designated for both A. nandu and St. andinus. Except for the sibling species pair St. struthionis — St. stresemanni, all other species are clearly distinguished from each other by morphological characters. An abdominal organ of unknown function (may be a sensillus) is situated on each side of segments ii to viii. Data are given about some details of life cycles of St. struthionis: the importance of the functional unit of mandibles and asymmetric ventral preantennal region for host attachment, mating sequence (copulatory posture is subfeminal, timing of mating occurs for up to 18 h), life expectation apart from the host (25–26 d) and hyperparasitism by a mite. St. struthionis is found as a secondary colonizer on captive Rhea americana only. The hospital-geographical distribution is listed. Some problems regarding chewing lice material collected from wild versus captive birds are outlined. As indicated by two species of both Struthiolipeurus and Meinertzhageniella, Pterocnemia comprises two geographically isolated species: pennata in the southern area of South America, tarapacensis in the northern ones. Struthiolipeurus (and Archolipeurus) suggest a strong relationship between Struthionidae and Rheidae. This evidence is discussed in connection with the ostrich-rhea divergence (vicariant and dispersal hypothesis). Struthiolipeurus/Archolipeurus may have originated on a common palaeognathous ancestor in the mid-Cretaceous of the Southern Hemisphere. A key is provided for the identification of the species of Archolipeurus and Struthiolipeurus and for the genus Meinertzhageniella.
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First records of lice (Insecta: Phthiraptera) from wild southern pudu, Pudu puda (Mammalia: Artiodactyla: Cervidae)
European Journal of Wildlife Research, 2004Co-Authors: Daniel González-acuña, Dolores C. Castro, Lucila Moreno, Eberhard MeyAbstract:The presence of two species of Phthiraptera, Bovicola caprae (Gurlt, 1843) (Ischnocera: Bovicoliidae) and Solenopotes binipilosus (Fahrenholz, 1916) (Anoplura: Linognathidae), is reported for the first time from Pudu puda (Molina, 1782).
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A ‘penguin’ chewing louseNesiotinus on a Kerguelen Diving-petrel (Pelecanoides urinatrix exsul): an indication of a phylogenetic relationship?
Journal für Ornithologie, 2002Co-Authors: Eberhard Mey, Olivier Chastel, Jean-claude BeaucournuAbstract:The confirmed discovery of an adult female of an as yet undescribed species of the genus Nesiotinus (Phthiraptera, Ischnocera, Philopteridae sensu lato ) on a Kerguelen Diving-petrel appears to provide the first certain parasitophyletic evidence for a phylogenetic relationship between penguins (Sphenisciformes) and tubenoses (Procellariiformes). An overview of the hospital distribution of chewing lice genera parasitising penguins and tubenoses is given. Der authentische Fund eines adulten Weibchens einer noch unbeschriebenen Art der Gattung Nesiotinus (Phthiraptera, Ischnocera, Philopteridae sensu lato) auf dem Lummensturmvogel der Kerguelen gibt Anlass zu der Annahme, damit auf das erste sicher erscheinende parasitophyletische Indiz für die Verwandtschaft von Pinguinen (Sphenisciformes) und Sturmvögeln (Procellariiformes) gestoßen zu sein. Es wird eine Übersicht über die hospitale Verbreitung der auf Pinguinen und Sturmvögeln bisher nachgewiesenen Federlingsgattungen gegeben.
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A ‘penguin’ chewing louse Nesiotinus on a Kerguelen Diving‐petrel (Pelecanoides urinatrix exsul): an indication of a phylogenetic relationship?
Journal für Ornithologie, 2002Co-Authors: Eberhard Mey, Olivier Chastel, Jean-claude BeaucournuAbstract:The confirmed discovery of an adult female of an as yet undescribed species of the genusNesiotinus (Phthiraptera, Ischnocera, Philopteridaesensu lato) on a Kerguelen Diving-petrel appears to provide the first certain parasitophyletic evidence for a phylogenetic relationship between penguins (Sphenisciformes) and tubenoses (Procellariiformes). An overview of the hospital distribution of chewing lice genera parasitising penguins and tubenoses is given.
Kevin P Johnson - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Clever birds are lousy: co-variation between avian innovation and the taxonomic richness of their amblyceran lice.
International journal for parasitology, 2011Co-Authors: Zoltán Vas, Kevin P Johnson, Louis Lefebvre, Jeno Reiczigel, Lajos RózsaAbstract:Lice (Insecta: Phthiraptera) are ectoparasites that reduce host life expectancy and sexual attractiveness. Their taxonomic richness varies considerably among their hosts. Previous studies have already explored some important factors shaping louse diversity. An unexplored potential correlate of louse taxonomic richness is host behavioural flexibility. In this comparative study, we examine the relationship between louse generic richness, innovative capabilities (as a proxy for behavioural flexibility), and brain size while controlling for host species diversity, phylogeny, body size and research effort. Using data for 108 avian families, we found a highly significant positive relationship between host innovative capabilities and the taxonomic richness of amblyceran lice, but a lack of a similar relationship in Ischnoceran lice. Host brain size had only a marginal impact on amblyceran diversity and no correlation with Ischnoceran diversity. This suggests that the effect in Amblycera is not mediated by metabolic limitations due to the energetic costs of brain size and maintenance, rather directly caused by the ecological differences between hosts with differing cognitive capabilities. We propose four alternative and mutually non-exclusive hypotheses that may explain this phenomenon.
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Data incongruence and the problem of avian louse phylogeny
Zoologica Scripta, 2004Co-Authors: Vincent S. Smith, Roderic D. M. Page, Kevin P JohnsonAbstract:Smith, V. S., Page, R. D. M. & Johnson, K. P. (2004). Data incongruence and the problem of avian louse phylogeny. —Zoologica Scripta, 33, 239 –259. Recent studies based on different types of data (i.e. morphological and molecular) have supported conflicting phylogenies for the genera of avian feather lice (Ischnocera: Phthiraptera). We analyse new and published data from morphology and from mitochondrial (12S rRNA and COI) and nuclear (EF1-α) genes to explore the sources of this incongruence and explain these conflicts. Character convergence, multiple substitutions at high divergences, and ancient radiation over a short period of time have contributed to the problem of resolving louse phylogeny with the data currently available. We show that apparent incongruence between the molecular datasets is largely attributable to rate variation and nonstationarity of base composition. In contrast, highly significant character incongruence leads to topological incongruence between the molecular and morphological data. We consider ways in which biases in the sequence data could be misleading, using several maximum likelihood models and LogDet corrections. The hierarchical structure of the data is explored using likelihood mapping and SplitsTree methods. Ultimately, we concede there is strong discordance between the molecular and morphological data and apply the conditional combination approach in this case. We conclude that higher level phylogenetic relationships within avian Ischnocera remain extremely problematic. However, consensus between datasets is beginning to converge on a stable phylogeny for avian lice, at and below the familial rank.
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Phylogeny of the lice (Insecta, Phthiraptera) inferred from small subunit rRNA
Zoologica Scripta, 2003Co-Authors: Michael F. Whiting, Kevin P Johnson, Anna MurrellAbstract:There has been much argument about the phylogenetic relationships of the four suborders of lice (Insecta: Phthiraptera). Lyal's study of the morphology of lice indicated that chewing/biting lice (Mallophaga) are paraphyletic with respect to sucking lice (Anoplura). To test this hypothesis we inferred the phylogeny of 33 species of lice from small subunit (SSU) rRNA sequences (18S rRNA). Liposcelis sp. from the Liposcelididae (Psocoptera) was used for outgroup reference. Phylogenetic relationships among the four suborders of lice inferred from these sequences were the same as those inferred from morphology. The Amblycera is apparently the sister-group to all other lice whereas the Rhynchophthirina is apparently sister to the Anoplura; these two suborders are sister to the Ischnocera, i.e. (Amblycera (Ischnocera (Anoplura, Rhynchophthirina))). Thus, the Mallophaga (Amblycera, Ischnocera, Rhynchophthirina) is apparently paraphyletic with respect to the Anoplura. Our analyses also provide evidence that: (i) each of the three suborders of lice that are well represented in our study (the Amblycera, Ischnocera, and Anoplura) are monophyletic; (ii) the Boopiidae is monophyletic; (iii) the genera Heterodoxus and Latumcephalum (Boopiidae) are more closely related to one another than either is to the genus Boopia (also Boopiidae); (iv) the Ricinidae and Laemobothridae may be sister-taxa; (v) the Philopteridae may be paraphyletic with respect to the Trichodectidae; (vi) the genera Pediculus and Pthirus are more closely related to each other than either is to the genus Pedicinus ; and (vii) in contrast to published data for mitochondrial genes, the rates of nucleotide substitution in the SSU rRNA of lice are not higher than those of other insects, nor do substitution rates in the suborders differ substantially from one another.
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Multiple genes and the monophyly of Ischnocera (Insecta: Phthiraptera).
Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 2002Co-Authors: Kevin P Johnson, Michael F. WhitingAbstract:Abstract Whereas most traditional classifications identify Ischnocera as a major suborder of lice in the order Phthiraptera, a recent molecular study based on one gene did not recover monophyly of Ischnocera. In this study we test the monophyly of Ischnocera using sequences of portions of three different genes: two nuclear (EF1α and 18S) and one mitochondrial (COI). Analysis of EF1α and COI sequences did not recover monophyly of Ischnocera, but these genes provided little support for Ischnoceran paraphyly because homoplasy is high among the divergent taxa included in this study. Analysis of 18S sequences recovered Ischnoceran monophyly with strong support. Sequences from these three gene regions showed significant conflict with the partition homogeneity test, but this heterogeneity probably arises from the dramatic differences in substitution rates. In support of this conclusion, Kishino–Hasegawa tests of the EF1α and COI genes did not reject several trees containing Ischnoceran monophyly. Combined analysis of all three gene regions supported monophyly of Ischnocera, although not as strongly as analysis of 18S by itself. In sum, although rapidly evolving genes can retain some phylogenetic signal for deep phylogenetic relationships, strong support for such relationships is likely to come from more slowly evolving genes.
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MOLECULAR SYSTEMATICS OF GONIODIDAE (INSECTA: PHTHIRAPTERA)
The Journal of parasitology, 2001Co-Authors: Kevin P Johnson, Richard J. Adams, Dale H. ClaytonAbstract:The higher level phylogenetic relationships within the avian feather lice (Insecta: Phthiraptera: Ischnocera) are ex- tremely problematic. Here we investigate the relationships of 1 family (Goniodidae), sometimes recognized as distinct within Ischnocera, using parsimony and likelihood analyses of nuclear and mitochondrial DNA sequences. These data support monophyly for a restricted definition of traditional Goniodidae, but recognition of this family would result in paraphyly of the large hetero- geneous family Philopteridae. We show that the New World Chelopistes is not related to other members of Goniodidae, despite similarities in morphology, but rather is the sister taxon to Oxylipeurus. Within Goniodidae, genera are divided into those occurring on Galliformes (the Goniodes complex) and those occurring on Columbiformes (the Coloceras complex). Within the well-sampled Coloceras complex, or Physconelloidinae, several groups are identified. However, traditionally recognized genera such as Colo- ceras and Physconelloides appear to be paraphyletic. Whereas the phylogeny of Goniodidae reflects some aspects of host rela- tionships, biogeography also influences coevolutionary history. Parasitic lice (Insecta: Phthiraptera) are widely used as a model system for studies of host-parasite coevolutionary his- tory (Hafner and Nadler, 1988, 1990; Barker, 1991; Hafner et al., 1994; Page et al., 1998; Johnson and Clayton, 2001). Al- though these and other studies have produced phylogenetic trees for 1 or more genera of lice, the higher level relationships among most major groups of lice remain largely uncertain. Identifying monophyletic groups for cophylogenetic study re- lies on robust phylogenetic information concerning genera of lice within families or subfamilies. While classification of the order Phthiraptera into 4 suborders has been relatively stable over the past 50 yr, classification of families and genera within the suborder Ischnocera, containing about 60% of all described louse species, is troublesome. Most workers recognize 2 (Ward, 1957; R. Price, pers. comm.), 3 (Hopkins and Clay, 1952), or 4 (Smith, 2000) families of Is- chnocera, while others recognize as many as 21 families (Ei- chler, 1963). Particularly problematic are relationships among genera of the avian Ischnocera, most of which are classified in Philopteridae. Some workers also recognize Heptapsogasteridae (e.g., Hopkins and Clay, 1952), for a group of distinctive genera of tinamou lice, and Goniodidae (e.g., Smith, 2000), for an apparently closely related group of louse genera occurring on Galliformes (chickens, quail, pheasants, partridges, etc.) and Columbiformes (pigeons and doves). Based on 138 morpholog- ical characters, Smith (2001) provided evidence for the mono- phyly of Goniodidae, as well as evidence for the close rela- tionship between this family and Heptapsogasteridae. Earlier work by Smith (2000) used 62 morphological characters to pro- duce a phylogenetic tree for the genera within each of these 2 families. Thus, morphological data provide some support for recognition of Heptapsogasteridae and Goniodidae. In contrast, Cruickshank et al. (2001) indicated polyphyly of both of these families based on sequences of a portion of the nuclear elon- gation factor 1-
Vincent S. Smith - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Data incongruence and the problem of avian louse phylogeny
Zoologica Scripta, 2004Co-Authors: Vincent S. Smith, Roderic D. M. Page, Kevin P JohnsonAbstract:Smith, V. S., Page, R. D. M. & Johnson, K. P. (2004). Data incongruence and the problem of avian louse phylogeny. —Zoologica Scripta, 33, 239 –259. Recent studies based on different types of data (i.e. morphological and molecular) have supported conflicting phylogenies for the genera of avian feather lice (Ischnocera: Phthiraptera). We analyse new and published data from morphology and from mitochondrial (12S rRNA and COI) and nuclear (EF1-α) genes to explore the sources of this incongruence and explain these conflicts. Character convergence, multiple substitutions at high divergences, and ancient radiation over a short period of time have contributed to the problem of resolving louse phylogeny with the data currently available. We show that apparent incongruence between the molecular datasets is largely attributable to rate variation and nonstationarity of base composition. In contrast, highly significant character incongruence leads to topological incongruence between the molecular and morphological data. We consider ways in which biases in the sequence data could be misleading, using several maximum likelihood models and LogDet corrections. The hierarchical structure of the data is explored using likelihood mapping and SplitsTree methods. Ultimately, we concede there is strong discordance between the molecular and morphological data and apply the conditional combination approach in this case. We conclude that higher level phylogenetic relationships within avian Ischnocera remain extremely problematic. However, consensus between datasets is beginning to converge on a stable phylogeny for avian lice, at and below the familial rank.
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Avian louse phylogeny (Phthiraptera: Ischnocera): a cladistic study based on morphology
Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 2001Co-Authors: Vincent S. SmithAbstract:The louse suborder Ischnocera (Phthiraptera) contains 3060 currently described species from over 150 genera. These lice are permanent obligatory ectoparasites of a diverse selection of birds and mammals with a worldwide distribution. Historically, they have played a major role in the development of our ideas on coevolution, and species hosted by mammals have been used extensively as model organisms for the study of cospeciation. In contrast, avian taxa comprising 90% of Ischnoceran species have been neglected due to a lack of data on their wider systematics. A comparative study based on the adult and nymphal instar morphology of avian lice yielded 138 characters from 56 species (51 genera), all of which are illustrated or discussed here for the first time. A further five outgroup taxa were examined from the mammalian Ischnoceran family Trichodectidae. Phylogenetic analyses of these data produced three most parsimonious cladograms, the strict consensus of which is highly resolved and broadly consistent with previous classifications. Morphological character variation is extensive, and nymphal character traits are useful in identifying instances of convergent evolution in adult morphology. The role of ontogeny in the development of the major character complexes of the head and abdomen is discussed, and its implications for further work on the phylogeny of avian Ischnocera is considered. Comparison with host taxonomy reveals a series of complex host-parasite associations that do not support a hypothesis of strict one to one cospeciation. However, extrapolation of these associations is compromised by the low sample size. The role of niche specialization to explain the presence of multiple unrelated lineages on the same host taxon is considered.
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Basal Ischnoceran louse phylogeny (Phthiraptera: Ischnocera: Goniodidae and Heptapsogasteridae)
Systematic Entomology, 2000Co-Authors: Vincent S. SmithAbstract:Summary A phylogenetic analysis of generic relationships for avian chewing lice of families Goniodidae and Heptapsogasteridae (Phthiraptera: Ischnocera) is presented. These lice, hosted by galliform, columbiform and tinamiform birds are reputedly basal in the phylogeny of Ischnocera. A cladistic analysis of sixty-two adult morphological characters from thirty-one taxa revealed thirty equally parsimonious cladograms. The phylogeny is well resolved within Heptap-sogasteridae and supports the monophyly of subfamily Strongylocotinae (sensuEichler 1963). Resolution within Goniodidae is lower but suggests that the genera hosted by Columbiformes are largely monophyletic. Mapping host taxonomy on to the phylogeny of the lice reveals a consistent pattern which is largely congruent down to the rank of host family, although at lower taxonomic levels the association appears to be more complex. The inclusion of more louse taxa may help considerably to unravel the coevolutionary history of both the hosts and their parasites.
Michael F. Whiting - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Phylogeny of the lice (Insecta, Phthiraptera) inferred from small subunit rRNA
Zoologica Scripta, 2003Co-Authors: Michael F. Whiting, Kevin P Johnson, Anna MurrellAbstract:There has been much argument about the phylogenetic relationships of the four suborders of lice (Insecta: Phthiraptera). Lyal's study of the morphology of lice indicated that chewing/biting lice (Mallophaga) are paraphyletic with respect to sucking lice (Anoplura). To test this hypothesis we inferred the phylogeny of 33 species of lice from small subunit (SSU) rRNA sequences (18S rRNA). Liposcelis sp. from the Liposcelididae (Psocoptera) was used for outgroup reference. Phylogenetic relationships among the four suborders of lice inferred from these sequences were the same as those inferred from morphology. The Amblycera is apparently the sister-group to all other lice whereas the Rhynchophthirina is apparently sister to the Anoplura; these two suborders are sister to the Ischnocera, i.e. (Amblycera (Ischnocera (Anoplura, Rhynchophthirina))). Thus, the Mallophaga (Amblycera, Ischnocera, Rhynchophthirina) is apparently paraphyletic with respect to the Anoplura. Our analyses also provide evidence that: (i) each of the three suborders of lice that are well represented in our study (the Amblycera, Ischnocera, and Anoplura) are monophyletic; (ii) the Boopiidae is monophyletic; (iii) the genera Heterodoxus and Latumcephalum (Boopiidae) are more closely related to one another than either is to the genus Boopia (also Boopiidae); (iv) the Ricinidae and Laemobothridae may be sister-taxa; (v) the Philopteridae may be paraphyletic with respect to the Trichodectidae; (vi) the genera Pediculus and Pthirus are more closely related to each other than either is to the genus Pedicinus ; and (vii) in contrast to published data for mitochondrial genes, the rates of nucleotide substitution in the SSU rRNA of lice are not higher than those of other insects, nor do substitution rates in the suborders differ substantially from one another.
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Multiple genes and the monophyly of Ischnocera (Insecta: Phthiraptera).
Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 2002Co-Authors: Kevin P Johnson, Michael F. WhitingAbstract:Abstract Whereas most traditional classifications identify Ischnocera as a major suborder of lice in the order Phthiraptera, a recent molecular study based on one gene did not recover monophyly of Ischnocera. In this study we test the monophyly of Ischnocera using sequences of portions of three different genes: two nuclear (EF1α and 18S) and one mitochondrial (COI). Analysis of EF1α and COI sequences did not recover monophyly of Ischnocera, but these genes provided little support for Ischnoceran paraphyly because homoplasy is high among the divergent taxa included in this study. Analysis of 18S sequences recovered Ischnoceran monophyly with strong support. Sequences from these three gene regions showed significant conflict with the partition homogeneity test, but this heterogeneity probably arises from the dramatic differences in substitution rates. In support of this conclusion, Kishino–Hasegawa tests of the EF1α and COI genes did not reject several trees containing Ischnoceran monophyly. Combined analysis of all three gene regions supported monophyly of Ischnocera, although not as strongly as analysis of 18S by itself. In sum, although rapidly evolving genes can retain some phylogenetic signal for deep phylogenetic relationships, strong support for such relationships is likely to come from more slowly evolving genes.
