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Martin A. Erlandson - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Examining population structure of a bertha armyworm, Mamestra configurata (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), outbreak in western North America: Implications for gene flow and dispersal.
PLOS ONE, 2019Co-Authors: Martin A. Erlandson, Cathy Coutu, Boyd A. Mori, Jennifer Holowachuk, Owen Olfert, T. D. Gariepy, Dwayne D. HegedusAbstract:The bertha armyworm (BAW), Mamestra configurata, is a significant pest of canola (Brassica napus L. and B. rapa L.) in western North America that undergoes cyclical outbreaks every 6–8 years. During peak outbreaks millions of dollars are spent on insecticidal control and, even with control efforts, subsequent damage can result in losses worth millions of dollars. Despite the importance of this pest insect, information is lacking on the dispersal ability of BAW and the genetic variation of populations from across its geographic range which may underlie potential differences in their susceptibility to insecticides or pathogens. Here, we examined the genetic diversity of BAW populations during an outbreak across its geographic range in western North America. First, mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase 1 (CO1) barcode sequences were used to confirm species identification of insects captured in a network of pheromone traps across the range, followed by haplotype analyses. We then sequenced the BAW genome and used double-digest restriction site associated DNA sequencing, mapped to the genome, to identify 1000s of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) markers. CO1 haplotype analysis identified 9 haplotypes distributed across 28 sample locations and three laboratory-reared colonies. Analysis of genotypic data from both the CO1 and SNP markers revealed little population structure across BAW’s vast range. The CO1 haplotype pattern showed a star-like phylogeny which is often associated with species whose population abundance and range has recently expanded and combined with pheromone trap data, indicates the outbreak may have originated from a single focal point in central Saskatchewan. The relatively recent introduction of canola and rapid expansion of the canola growing region across western North America, combined with the cyclical outbreaks of BAW caused by precipitous population crashes, has likely selected for a genetically homogenous BAW population adapted to this crop.
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Restriction endonuclease analysis of LaolNPV DNA.
2017Co-Authors: Oihane Simón, Martin A. Erlandson, Marie Frayssinet, Trevor Williams, David A. Theilmann, Anne-nathalie Volkoff, Primitivo CaballeroAbstract:Restriction endonuclease profiles following digestion of A) genomic DNAs of the seven isolates of LaolNPV collected in alfalfa crops nearby Montpellier with BglII, EcoRI and PstI enzymes, B) genomic DNAs of Chrysodeixis chalcites NPV (Chch), Helicoverpa armigera SNPV (Hear), Spodoptera littoralis (Spli), Spodopera exigua MNPV (Se) and the virus under study (LaolNPV) with BamHI, BglII, EcoRI and PstI, and C) genomic DNAs of Mamestra brassicae MNPV (Mb), Mamestra configurata NPV-A (MacoA), Mamestra configurata NPV-B (MacoB) and LaolNPV with BglII, EcoRI and PstI.
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MacoNPV baculovirus midgut-specific gene expression during infection of the bertha armyworm, Mamestra configurata.
Virology, 2016Co-Authors: B. Cameron Donly, David A. Theilmann, Doug Baldwin, Dwayne D. Hegedus, Emine Kaplanoglu, Edyta A. Sieminska, Martin A. ErlandsonAbstract:Baculoviruses have two forms, occlusion derived virus (ODV) which is responsible for primary infection in host midgut tissue and budded virus (BV), which infects all other host tissues during secondary infection. This study examined the primary infection by ODV of midgut cells of bertha armyworm Mamestra configurata fourth instar larvae and measured the expression of viral genes over a time course of infection. Both digital PCR and RNA sequencing methods showed the profile of transcription to be different from those produced by AcMNPV BV infection of in vitro cell cultures. This included having unique collections of genes expressed early, as well as much greater late gene expression of p6.9 and much reduced expression of polh and p10. These differences likely reflect characteristics unique to the critical step of in vivo midgut cell infection, and provide insights into the processes that regulate viral gene expression in different host tissues.
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Identification of the Mamestra configurata (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) peritrophic matrix proteins and enzymes involved in peritrophic matrix chitin metabolism.
Insect Science, 2015Co-Authors: Umut Toprak, Martin A. Erlandson, Cedric Gillott, Doug Baldwin, Cathy Coutu, Steve Karcz, Lianglu Wan, Dwayne D. HegedusAbstract:The peritrophic matrix (PM) is essential for insect digestive system physiology as it protects the midgut epithelium from damage by food particles, pathogens, and toxins. The PM is also an attractive target for development of new pest control strategies due to its per os accessibility. To understand how the PM performs these functions, the molecular architecture of the PM was examined using genomic and proteomic approaches in Mamestra configurata (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), a major pest of cruciferous oilseed crops in North America. Liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry analyses of the PM identified 82 proteins classified as: (i) peritrophins, including a new class with a CBDIII domain; (ii) enzymes involved in chitin modification (chitin deacetylases), digestion (serine proteases, aminopeptidases, carboxypeptidases, lipases and α-amylase) or other reactions (β-1,3-glucanase, alkaline phosphatase, dsRNase, astacin, pantetheinase); (iii) a heterogenous group consisting of polycalin, REPATs, serpin, C-Type lectin and Lsti99/Lsti201 and 3 novel proteins without known orthologs. The genes encoding PM proteins were expressed predominantly in the midgut. cDNAs encoding chitin synthase-2 (McCHS-2), chitinase (McCHI), and β-N-acetylglucosaminidase (McNAG) enzymes, involved in PM chitin metabolism, were also identified. McCHS-2 expression was specific to the midgut indicating that it is responsible for chitin synthesis in the PM, the only chitinous material in the midgut. In contrast, the genes encoding the chitinolytic enzymes were expressed in multiple tissues. McCHS-2, McCHI, and McNAG were expressed in the midgut of feeding larvae, and NAG activity was present in the PM. This information was used to generate an updated model of the lepidopteran PM architecture.
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Spatial and temporal synthesis of Mamestra configurata peritrophic matrix through a larval stadium.
Insect Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 2014Co-Authors: Umut Toprak, Doug Baldwin, Cathy Coutu, Dwayne D. Hegedus, Martin A. ErlandsonAbstract:The structure and synthesis of the Mamestra configurata peritrophic matrix (PM) was examined at various time points during a larval stadium. Bright field and confocal fluorescence microscopy revealed major differences between the PM of feeding and molting larvae. The PM from feeding larvae was thinner and composed of approximately 5-10 layers. In contrast, mid-molt larvae had a chitinaceaous PM composed of multiple thick layers which filled most of the midgut lumen. PM synthesis initiates in the anterior midgut, based on the expression of genes encoding chitin synthase-2 (CHS-2), coincident with the incorporation of the major structural PM proteins (McIIM1, McIIM2 and McPM1). This is followed by reinforcement with other PM proteins (McIIM3 and McIIM4) as it moves toward the posterior of the midgut. Chitin deacetylase (McCDA1) was associated only with the anterior PM. Collectively, these findings indicate that the structural properties of the PM differ along the length of the midgut. Genes encoding chitinolytic enzymes (McCHI and McNAG) were expressed and exochitinase activity was present when the PM had degraded (pre-molt) and when the new PM was forming (mid-molt), indicating that they are involved in either PM turnover and/or maintenance dependent upon the stage.
Dwayne D. Hegedus - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Examining population structure of a bertha armyworm, Mamestra configurata (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), outbreak in western North America: Implications for gene flow and dispersal.
PLOS ONE, 2019Co-Authors: Martin A. Erlandson, Cathy Coutu, Boyd A. Mori, Jennifer Holowachuk, Owen Olfert, T. D. Gariepy, Dwayne D. HegedusAbstract:The bertha armyworm (BAW), Mamestra configurata, is a significant pest of canola (Brassica napus L. and B. rapa L.) in western North America that undergoes cyclical outbreaks every 6–8 years. During peak outbreaks millions of dollars are spent on insecticidal control and, even with control efforts, subsequent damage can result in losses worth millions of dollars. Despite the importance of this pest insect, information is lacking on the dispersal ability of BAW and the genetic variation of populations from across its geographic range which may underlie potential differences in their susceptibility to insecticides or pathogens. Here, we examined the genetic diversity of BAW populations during an outbreak across its geographic range in western North America. First, mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase 1 (CO1) barcode sequences were used to confirm species identification of insects captured in a network of pheromone traps across the range, followed by haplotype analyses. We then sequenced the BAW genome and used double-digest restriction site associated DNA sequencing, mapped to the genome, to identify 1000s of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) markers. CO1 haplotype analysis identified 9 haplotypes distributed across 28 sample locations and three laboratory-reared colonies. Analysis of genotypic data from both the CO1 and SNP markers revealed little population structure across BAW’s vast range. The CO1 haplotype pattern showed a star-like phylogeny which is often associated with species whose population abundance and range has recently expanded and combined with pheromone trap data, indicates the outbreak may have originated from a single focal point in central Saskatchewan. The relatively recent introduction of canola and rapid expansion of the canola growing region across western North America, combined with the cyclical outbreaks of BAW caused by precipitous population crashes, has likely selected for a genetically homogenous BAW population adapted to this crop.
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MacoNPV baculovirus midgut-specific gene expression during infection of the bertha armyworm, Mamestra configurata.
Virology, 2016Co-Authors: B. Cameron Donly, David A. Theilmann, Doug Baldwin, Dwayne D. Hegedus, Emine Kaplanoglu, Edyta A. Sieminska, Martin A. ErlandsonAbstract:Baculoviruses have two forms, occlusion derived virus (ODV) which is responsible for primary infection in host midgut tissue and budded virus (BV), which infects all other host tissues during secondary infection. This study examined the primary infection by ODV of midgut cells of bertha armyworm Mamestra configurata fourth instar larvae and measured the expression of viral genes over a time course of infection. Both digital PCR and RNA sequencing methods showed the profile of transcription to be different from those produced by AcMNPV BV infection of in vitro cell cultures. This included having unique collections of genes expressed early, as well as much greater late gene expression of p6.9 and much reduced expression of polh and p10. These differences likely reflect characteristics unique to the critical step of in vivo midgut cell infection, and provide insights into the processes that regulate viral gene expression in different host tissues.
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Identification of the Mamestra configurata (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) peritrophic matrix proteins and enzymes involved in peritrophic matrix chitin metabolism.
Insect Science, 2015Co-Authors: Umut Toprak, Martin A. Erlandson, Cedric Gillott, Doug Baldwin, Cathy Coutu, Steve Karcz, Lianglu Wan, Dwayne D. HegedusAbstract:The peritrophic matrix (PM) is essential for insect digestive system physiology as it protects the midgut epithelium from damage by food particles, pathogens, and toxins. The PM is also an attractive target for development of new pest control strategies due to its per os accessibility. To understand how the PM performs these functions, the molecular architecture of the PM was examined using genomic and proteomic approaches in Mamestra configurata (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), a major pest of cruciferous oilseed crops in North America. Liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry analyses of the PM identified 82 proteins classified as: (i) peritrophins, including a new class with a CBDIII domain; (ii) enzymes involved in chitin modification (chitin deacetylases), digestion (serine proteases, aminopeptidases, carboxypeptidases, lipases and α-amylase) or other reactions (β-1,3-glucanase, alkaline phosphatase, dsRNase, astacin, pantetheinase); (iii) a heterogenous group consisting of polycalin, REPATs, serpin, C-Type lectin and Lsti99/Lsti201 and 3 novel proteins without known orthologs. The genes encoding PM proteins were expressed predominantly in the midgut. cDNAs encoding chitin synthase-2 (McCHS-2), chitinase (McCHI), and β-N-acetylglucosaminidase (McNAG) enzymes, involved in PM chitin metabolism, were also identified. McCHS-2 expression was specific to the midgut indicating that it is responsible for chitin synthesis in the PM, the only chitinous material in the midgut. In contrast, the genes encoding the chitinolytic enzymes were expressed in multiple tissues. McCHS-2, McCHI, and McNAG were expressed in the midgut of feeding larvae, and NAG activity was present in the PM. This information was used to generate an updated model of the lepidopteran PM architecture.
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Spatial and temporal synthesis of Mamestra configurata peritrophic matrix through a larval stadium.
Insect Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 2014Co-Authors: Umut Toprak, Doug Baldwin, Cathy Coutu, Dwayne D. Hegedus, Martin A. ErlandsonAbstract:The structure and synthesis of the Mamestra configurata peritrophic matrix (PM) was examined at various time points during a larval stadium. Bright field and confocal fluorescence microscopy revealed major differences between the PM of feeding and molting larvae. The PM from feeding larvae was thinner and composed of approximately 5-10 layers. In contrast, mid-molt larvae had a chitinaceaous PM composed of multiple thick layers which filled most of the midgut lumen. PM synthesis initiates in the anterior midgut, based on the expression of genes encoding chitin synthase-2 (CHS-2), coincident with the incorporation of the major structural PM proteins (McIIM1, McIIM2 and McPM1). This is followed by reinforcement with other PM proteins (McIIM3 and McIIM4) as it moves toward the posterior of the midgut. Chitin deacetylase (McCDA1) was associated only with the anterior PM. Collectively, these findings indicate that the structural properties of the PM differ along the length of the midgut. Genes encoding chitinolytic enzymes (McCHI and McNAG) were expressed and exochitinase activity was present when the PM had degraded (pre-molt) and when the new PM was forming (mid-molt), indicating that they are involved in either PM turnover and/or maintenance dependent upon the stage.
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Mamestra configurata nucleopolyhedrovirus-A transcriptome from infected host midgut.
Virus Genes, 2013Co-Authors: B. Cameron Donly, Dwayne D. Hegedus, David A. Theilmann, Douglas Baldwin, Martin A. ErlandsonAbstract:Infection of an insect by a baculovirus occurs in two distinct phases, an initial infection of host midgut by occlusion-derived virions (ODVs) and subsequent systemic infection of other tissues by budded virions (BV). A vast majority of investigations of the infection process have been restricted to cell culture studies using BV that emulate the systemic phase of infection. This is one of the first studies to investigate baculovirus gene expression in ODV infected midgut cells. We have focused on the critical first phase of in vivo infection by Mamestra configurata nucleopolyhedrovirus-A in M. configurata larvae, using qPCR and RNAseq mass sequencing to measure virus gene expression in midgut cells. The earliest genes detected by each method had significant overlap, including known early genes as well as genes unique to MacoNPV-A and genes of unknown function. The RNAseq data also revealed a large range of expression levels across all ORFs, which could not be measured using qPCR. This dataset provides a first whole genome transcriptomic analysis of viral genes required for virus infection in vivo and will provide the basis for functionally analyzing specific genes that may be critical elements in baculovirus midgut infectivity and host range.
Umut Toprak - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Identification of the Mamestra configurata (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) peritrophic matrix proteins and enzymes involved in peritrophic matrix chitin metabolism.
Insect Science, 2015Co-Authors: Umut Toprak, Martin A. Erlandson, Cedric Gillott, Doug Baldwin, Cathy Coutu, Steve Karcz, Lianglu Wan, Dwayne D. HegedusAbstract:The peritrophic matrix (PM) is essential for insect digestive system physiology as it protects the midgut epithelium from damage by food particles, pathogens, and toxins. The PM is also an attractive target for development of new pest control strategies due to its per os accessibility. To understand how the PM performs these functions, the molecular architecture of the PM was examined using genomic and proteomic approaches in Mamestra configurata (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), a major pest of cruciferous oilseed crops in North America. Liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry analyses of the PM identified 82 proteins classified as: (i) peritrophins, including a new class with a CBDIII domain; (ii) enzymes involved in chitin modification (chitin deacetylases), digestion (serine proteases, aminopeptidases, carboxypeptidases, lipases and α-amylase) or other reactions (β-1,3-glucanase, alkaline phosphatase, dsRNase, astacin, pantetheinase); (iii) a heterogenous group consisting of polycalin, REPATs, serpin, C-Type lectin and Lsti99/Lsti201 and 3 novel proteins without known orthologs. The genes encoding PM proteins were expressed predominantly in the midgut. cDNAs encoding chitin synthase-2 (McCHS-2), chitinase (McCHI), and β-N-acetylglucosaminidase (McNAG) enzymes, involved in PM chitin metabolism, were also identified. McCHS-2 expression was specific to the midgut indicating that it is responsible for chitin synthesis in the PM, the only chitinous material in the midgut. In contrast, the genes encoding the chitinolytic enzymes were expressed in multiple tissues. McCHS-2, McCHI, and McNAG were expressed in the midgut of feeding larvae, and NAG activity was present in the PM. This information was used to generate an updated model of the lepidopteran PM architecture.
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Spatial and temporal synthesis of Mamestra configurata peritrophic matrix through a larval stadium.
Insect Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 2014Co-Authors: Umut Toprak, Doug Baldwin, Cathy Coutu, Dwayne D. Hegedus, Martin A. ErlandsonAbstract:The structure and synthesis of the Mamestra configurata peritrophic matrix (PM) was examined at various time points during a larval stadium. Bright field and confocal fluorescence microscopy revealed major differences between the PM of feeding and molting larvae. The PM from feeding larvae was thinner and composed of approximately 5-10 layers. In contrast, mid-molt larvae had a chitinaceaous PM composed of multiple thick layers which filled most of the midgut lumen. PM synthesis initiates in the anterior midgut, based on the expression of genes encoding chitin synthase-2 (CHS-2), coincident with the incorporation of the major structural PM proteins (McIIM1, McIIM2 and McPM1). This is followed by reinforcement with other PM proteins (McIIM3 and McIIM4) as it moves toward the posterior of the midgut. Chitin deacetylase (McCDA1) was associated only with the anterior PM. Collectively, these findings indicate that the structural properties of the PM differ along the length of the midgut. Genes encoding chitinolytic enzymes (McCHI and McNAG) were expressed and exochitinase activity was present when the PM had degraded (pre-molt) and when the new PM was forming (mid-molt), indicating that they are involved in either PM turnover and/or maintenance dependent upon the stage.
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Peritrofik matriks proteinlerine spesifik antiserumların ağız yoluyla yedirilmesinin Mamestra configurata Walker (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) larva gelişimine etkisi
2013Co-Authors: Umut Toprak, Doug Baldwin, Dwayne D. Hegedus, Martin A. ErlandsonAbstract:Peritrofik matriks (PM) mide epitel hucreleri boyunca uzanan, kitin ve proteinden olusan gozenekli ve hucresiz bir yapidir. PM besin partikulleri, patojenler ve toksinlere karsi bir bariyer gorevi gormektedir. Dipter sistemlerdeki cesitli arastirmalar PM proteinlerine spesifik antibadilerin PM’deki hedef antijenlerine baglanip PM gozeneklerini tikayarak bocek gelisimini geciktirdigini gostermistir. PM proteinlerine spesifik antibadilerin lepidopter bir sistemde de larva gelisimini engelleyip engellemediginin belirlenmesi amaciyla, kitin deasetilaz 1, bocek barsak musini 2, bocek barsak musini 4 ve PM proteini 1 proteinlerine spesifik antiserumlar, Kuzey Amerika’daki Brassica bitkilerinin ana zararlisi durumunda olan Mamestra configurata Walker (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)’nin 2. donem larvalarina yedirilmistir. Ilginc olarak bu larvalar, antiserum icermeyen veya normal serum iceren besin uzerinde beslenen larvalara gore daha fazla agirlik kazanmistir. Anti-McPM1 and anti-McIIM4 antiserum denemeleri en yuksek larva agirlik artisina neden olurken, anti-McCDA1 and anti-McIIM2 antiserum denemeleri daha az agirlik artisina neden olmustur. Antiserum-zaman iliskisi 6. gunden itibaren onemli bulunurken, konsantrasyon-zaman iliskisi sadece 12. gunde onemli bulunmustur. Tum antiserum uygulamalarinin % 1 veya % 4’luk konsantrasyonlarindaki larva agirlik artislari arasindaki fark onemli bulunmamistir.
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Per os feeding with antisera specific to peritrophic matrix proteins stimulates larval growth in Mamestra configurata Walker (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) Peritrofik matriks proteinlerine spesifik antiserumlarin ağiz yoluyla yedirilmesinin Mamestra config
2013Co-Authors: Umut Toprak, Doug Baldwin, Dwayne D. Hegedus, Martin A. ErlandsonAbstract:Peritrophic matrix (PM) is an acellular, porous sheath composed of chitin and proteins that lines the midgut epithelial cells. The PM serves as a barrier against food particles, pathogens and toxins. Several studies in dipteran systems revealed that antibodies specific to PM proteins retard insect development by binding to their target antigens in the PM and blocking PM pores. To test whether antisera specific to PM proteins also inhibit larval growth in a lepidopteran system, antisera specific to chitin deacetylase 1, insect intestinal mucin 2, insect intestinal mucin 4 and PM protein 1 were fed to 2 instar Mamestra configurata Walker (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) larvae, a major pest of Brassica plants in North America. Interestingly, all larvae feeding on antisera gained more weight than the larvae feeding on the diet containing non-immune sera or no antiserum. The anti-McPM1 and anti-McIIM4 antisera treatments showed the highest larval weight gains, followed by the anti-McCDA1 and anti-McIIM2 antisera treatments. The interaction of treatment with time was found significant by the 6 day and the interaction of concentration with time was found significant only by the 12 day. No difference was found between the larval weights from all treatments at concentrations of 1 or 4%.
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Role of enhancin in Mamestra configurata nucleopolyhedrovirus virulence: selective degradation of host peritrophic matrix proteins.
Journal of General Virology, 2012Co-Authors: Umut Toprak, Cedric Gillott, David A. Theilmann, Dwayne D. Hegedus, Douglas Baldwin, Stephanie Harris, Martin A. ErlandsonAbstract:To infect per os, baculovirus virions cross the peritrophic matrix (PM) to reach the midgut epithelium. Insect intestinal mucins (IIMs) are PM proteins that protect the PM and aid passage of the food bolus through the gut. Some baculoviruses, including Mamestra configurata nucleopolyhedrovirus (MacoNPV-A), encode metalloproteases, known as enhancins, that facilitate infection by degrading IIMs. We examined the interaction between MacoNPV-A enhancin and M. configurata IIMs both in vivo and in vitro. Per os inoculation of M. configurata larvae with MacoNPV-A occlusion bodies (OBs) resulted in the degradation of McIIM4 within 4 h of OB ingestion, while McIIM2 was unaffected. The PM recovered by 8 h post-inoculation. To investigate whether enhancin was responsible for the degradation of IIM, a recombinant Autographa californica multiple nucleopolyhedrovirus expressing MacoNPV enhancin (AcMNPV-enMP2) was constructed. Enhancin was found to be a component of occlusion-derived virions in AcMNPV-enMP2 and MacoNPV-A. In in vitro assays, McIIM4 was degraded after MacoNPV-A and AcMNPV-enMP2 treatments. Degradation of McIIM4 was inhibited by EDTA, a metalloprotease inhibitor, indicating that the degradation was due to enhancin activity. Thus, MacoNPV-A enhancin is able to degrade major structural PM proteins, but exhibits target substrate specificity.
Doug Baldwin - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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MacoNPV baculovirus midgut-specific gene expression during infection of the bertha armyworm, Mamestra configurata.
Virology, 2016Co-Authors: B. Cameron Donly, David A. Theilmann, Doug Baldwin, Dwayne D. Hegedus, Emine Kaplanoglu, Edyta A. Sieminska, Martin A. ErlandsonAbstract:Baculoviruses have two forms, occlusion derived virus (ODV) which is responsible for primary infection in host midgut tissue and budded virus (BV), which infects all other host tissues during secondary infection. This study examined the primary infection by ODV of midgut cells of bertha armyworm Mamestra configurata fourth instar larvae and measured the expression of viral genes over a time course of infection. Both digital PCR and RNA sequencing methods showed the profile of transcription to be different from those produced by AcMNPV BV infection of in vitro cell cultures. This included having unique collections of genes expressed early, as well as much greater late gene expression of p6.9 and much reduced expression of polh and p10. These differences likely reflect characteristics unique to the critical step of in vivo midgut cell infection, and provide insights into the processes that regulate viral gene expression in different host tissues.
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Identification of the Mamestra configurata (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) peritrophic matrix proteins and enzymes involved in peritrophic matrix chitin metabolism.
Insect Science, 2015Co-Authors: Umut Toprak, Martin A. Erlandson, Cedric Gillott, Doug Baldwin, Cathy Coutu, Steve Karcz, Lianglu Wan, Dwayne D. HegedusAbstract:The peritrophic matrix (PM) is essential for insect digestive system physiology as it protects the midgut epithelium from damage by food particles, pathogens, and toxins. The PM is also an attractive target for development of new pest control strategies due to its per os accessibility. To understand how the PM performs these functions, the molecular architecture of the PM was examined using genomic and proteomic approaches in Mamestra configurata (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), a major pest of cruciferous oilseed crops in North America. Liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry analyses of the PM identified 82 proteins classified as: (i) peritrophins, including a new class with a CBDIII domain; (ii) enzymes involved in chitin modification (chitin deacetylases), digestion (serine proteases, aminopeptidases, carboxypeptidases, lipases and α-amylase) or other reactions (β-1,3-glucanase, alkaline phosphatase, dsRNase, astacin, pantetheinase); (iii) a heterogenous group consisting of polycalin, REPATs, serpin, C-Type lectin and Lsti99/Lsti201 and 3 novel proteins without known orthologs. The genes encoding PM proteins were expressed predominantly in the midgut. cDNAs encoding chitin synthase-2 (McCHS-2), chitinase (McCHI), and β-N-acetylglucosaminidase (McNAG) enzymes, involved in PM chitin metabolism, were also identified. McCHS-2 expression was specific to the midgut indicating that it is responsible for chitin synthesis in the PM, the only chitinous material in the midgut. In contrast, the genes encoding the chitinolytic enzymes were expressed in multiple tissues. McCHS-2, McCHI, and McNAG were expressed in the midgut of feeding larvae, and NAG activity was present in the PM. This information was used to generate an updated model of the lepidopteran PM architecture.
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Spatial and temporal synthesis of Mamestra configurata peritrophic matrix through a larval stadium.
Insect Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 2014Co-Authors: Umut Toprak, Doug Baldwin, Cathy Coutu, Dwayne D. Hegedus, Martin A. ErlandsonAbstract:The structure and synthesis of the Mamestra configurata peritrophic matrix (PM) was examined at various time points during a larval stadium. Bright field and confocal fluorescence microscopy revealed major differences between the PM of feeding and molting larvae. The PM from feeding larvae was thinner and composed of approximately 5-10 layers. In contrast, mid-molt larvae had a chitinaceaous PM composed of multiple thick layers which filled most of the midgut lumen. PM synthesis initiates in the anterior midgut, based on the expression of genes encoding chitin synthase-2 (CHS-2), coincident with the incorporation of the major structural PM proteins (McIIM1, McIIM2 and McPM1). This is followed by reinforcement with other PM proteins (McIIM3 and McIIM4) as it moves toward the posterior of the midgut. Chitin deacetylase (McCDA1) was associated only with the anterior PM. Collectively, these findings indicate that the structural properties of the PM differ along the length of the midgut. Genes encoding chitinolytic enzymes (McCHI and McNAG) were expressed and exochitinase activity was present when the PM had degraded (pre-molt) and when the new PM was forming (mid-molt), indicating that they are involved in either PM turnover and/or maintenance dependent upon the stage.
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Peritrofik matriks proteinlerine spesifik antiserumların ağız yoluyla yedirilmesinin Mamestra configurata Walker (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) larva gelişimine etkisi
2013Co-Authors: Umut Toprak, Doug Baldwin, Dwayne D. Hegedus, Martin A. ErlandsonAbstract:Peritrofik matriks (PM) mide epitel hucreleri boyunca uzanan, kitin ve proteinden olusan gozenekli ve hucresiz bir yapidir. PM besin partikulleri, patojenler ve toksinlere karsi bir bariyer gorevi gormektedir. Dipter sistemlerdeki cesitli arastirmalar PM proteinlerine spesifik antibadilerin PM’deki hedef antijenlerine baglanip PM gozeneklerini tikayarak bocek gelisimini geciktirdigini gostermistir. PM proteinlerine spesifik antibadilerin lepidopter bir sistemde de larva gelisimini engelleyip engellemediginin belirlenmesi amaciyla, kitin deasetilaz 1, bocek barsak musini 2, bocek barsak musini 4 ve PM proteini 1 proteinlerine spesifik antiserumlar, Kuzey Amerika’daki Brassica bitkilerinin ana zararlisi durumunda olan Mamestra configurata Walker (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)’nin 2. donem larvalarina yedirilmistir. Ilginc olarak bu larvalar, antiserum icermeyen veya normal serum iceren besin uzerinde beslenen larvalara gore daha fazla agirlik kazanmistir. Anti-McPM1 and anti-McIIM4 antiserum denemeleri en yuksek larva agirlik artisina neden olurken, anti-McCDA1 and anti-McIIM2 antiserum denemeleri daha az agirlik artisina neden olmustur. Antiserum-zaman iliskisi 6. gunden itibaren onemli bulunurken, konsantrasyon-zaman iliskisi sadece 12. gunde onemli bulunmustur. Tum antiserum uygulamalarinin % 1 veya % 4’luk konsantrasyonlarindaki larva agirlik artislari arasindaki fark onemli bulunmamistir.
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Per os feeding with antisera specific to peritrophic matrix proteins stimulates larval growth in Mamestra configurata Walker (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) Peritrofik matriks proteinlerine spesifik antiserumlarin ağiz yoluyla yedirilmesinin Mamestra config
2013Co-Authors: Umut Toprak, Doug Baldwin, Dwayne D. Hegedus, Martin A. ErlandsonAbstract:Peritrophic matrix (PM) is an acellular, porous sheath composed of chitin and proteins that lines the midgut epithelial cells. The PM serves as a barrier against food particles, pathogens and toxins. Several studies in dipteran systems revealed that antibodies specific to PM proteins retard insect development by binding to their target antigens in the PM and blocking PM pores. To test whether antisera specific to PM proteins also inhibit larval growth in a lepidopteran system, antisera specific to chitin deacetylase 1, insect intestinal mucin 2, insect intestinal mucin 4 and PM protein 1 were fed to 2 instar Mamestra configurata Walker (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) larvae, a major pest of Brassica plants in North America. Interestingly, all larvae feeding on antisera gained more weight than the larvae feeding on the diet containing non-immune sera or no antiserum. The anti-McPM1 and anti-McIIM4 antisera treatments showed the highest larval weight gains, followed by the anti-McCDA1 and anti-McIIM2 antisera treatments. The interaction of treatment with time was found significant by the 6 day and the interaction of concentration with time was found significant only by the 12 day. No difference was found between the larval weights from all treatments at concentrations of 1 or 4%.
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Sequential decision plan for controlling Mamestra configurata in spring canola
The Canadian Entomologist, 2009Co-Authors: I.l. Wise, W.j. Turnock, John GavloskiAbstract:Abstract A sequential decision plan was developed for controlling larvae of the bertha armyworm, Mamestra configurata Walker (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), in canola (Brassica napus L. and B. rapa L., Brassicaceae), using 0.25 and 0.5 m2 sampling units. Fields in Manitoba were sampled from 1980 to 1994 to determine minimum sample sizes and upper and lower cumulative larval counts at three economic thresholds. Taylor's power law described most of the variation between mean larval density and variance for 0.25 m2 (r 2 = 0.926) and 0.5 m2 (r2 = 0.924) samples. Larvae were found to have a moderately clumped distribution in canola (b = 1.42). Levels of precision (D0) varying from 0.15 to 0.25 caused minimum sample sizes to vary between 6 and 21 for the 0.5 m2 samples to between 9 and 31 for the 0.25 m2 samples, for an economic threshold of 16–24 larvae/m2 (P = 0.20). Mean sampling times ranged from 40–108 for the 0.25 m2 samples to 49–126 min for the 0.5 m2 samples. The sampling plan for the 0.25 m2 samples was ver...
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Abundance and species of Bumble Bees (Hymenoptera: Apoidea: Bombinae) in fields of canola, Brassica rapa L., in Manitoba: an 8-year record
2007Co-Authors: W.j. Turnock, Peter G. Kevan, Terence M. Laverty, L. DumouchelAbstract:J. ent. Soc. Ont. 137: 31-40 Bumble bees, Bombus spp., were inadvertently captured in Unitraps® baited with a bertha armyworm (Mamestra configurata Wlk.) sex attractant placed in fields of canola (oilseed rape, Brassica rapa L.) in four regions within the agricultural zone of Manitoba, 1986-1993. Bombus rufocinctus Cresson and B. borealis Kirby were the most abundant species, occurring in all four regions. Another 13 species were much less abundant. Species diversity and number of captures were greatest in the northwestern region (Swan River Valley), and least in the southeast (Red River Valley), coinciding with the amount of native vegetation in the region. Captures of Bombus spp. were largest in 1989, with smaller peaks in 1992, 1986, and 1993. The patterns of abundance among regions were very similar among years, suggesting that the abundance of bumble bees is controlled by weather–related factors, even though analyses of the temperature and precipitation during summer, winter, and the spring periods when queens are establishing new colonies did not reveal any relationships. Published July 2007 1 Department of Environmental Biology, Ontario Agricultural College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada N1G 2W1 2 Department of Biology, Biological and Geological Sciences Building, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada N6A 5B7 3 Plant Health Risk Assessment Unit, Canadian Food Inspection Agency, 3851 Fallowfield Road, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K2H 8P9 * Corresponding author Deceased 2004 Introduction During the period 1986-1993, sex–attractant traps were being used to predict the abundance of the bertha armyworm, Mamestra configurata Wlk. (Noctuidae: Lepidoptera),
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Evaluation of the Palaearctic Eurithia consobrina (Diptera: Tachinidae) as a Potential Biocontrol Agent for Mamestra configurata (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) in Canada
Biocontrol Science and Technology, 1995Co-Authors: W.j. Turnock, K. P. CarlAbstract:The evaluation of Eurithia consobrina (Meigen) as a candidate for introduction against bertha armyworm, Mamestra configurata (Walker) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), in western Canada included studies of its host range, distribution, synchronization with host, constancy, abundance and life history in Europe. In addition, its diapause induction and its coldhardiness were compared with those of the target host M. configurata and its native tachinid parasitoid, Athrycia cinerea (Coq.). E. consobrina was found to fit criteria for a successful biocontrol agent reasonably well. It also had the potential to fill a largely unoccupied niche in the parasitoid complex of M. configurata. E. consobrina has a facultative diapause of the long-day type, similar to A. cinerea, but is less sensitive to diapause-inducing conditions. E. consobrina is at least as coldhardy as A. cinerea and more coldhardy than M. configurata. Laboratory exposures to temperatures of 0 C for 140 days apparently selected for greater coldhardiness, and...
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Life history and coldhardiness ofAthrycia cinerea (Dipt.: Tachinidae) in western Canada
Entomophaga, 1992Co-Authors: W.j. Turnock, R. J. BilodeauAbstract:Athrycia cinerea Coq. est un parasitoïde univoltin de Mamestra configurata Walker ( Lep.: Noctuidae ) dans l'ouest du Canada. Les deux espèces ont une diapause facultative de jours longs induite au cours de la vie larvaire. Les pupes de ce parasitoïde hivernent dans le sol. Ces pupes survivent mieux que leurs hôtes à des températures plus froides ou des durées d'exposition plus longues. L'exposition de pupes de A. cinerea à −7.5°C pendant 140 jours ne réduit pas significativement la survie. Celle-ci diminue avec la température lorsque l'on passe de −10°C à −20 °C, mais elle reste à 48% même après 40 jours à −20 °C. La distribution de fréquence des pupes d' A. cinerea dans leurs hôtes est contagieuse. Les auteurs décrivent d'autres aspects du cycle biologique. Athrycia cinerea Coq. is a univoltine parasitoid of the bertha armyworm, Mamestra configurata Walker ( Lepidoptera: Noctuidae ), in western Canada. This parasitoid overwinters as a pupa in the soil. These pupae are less sensitive than their host to increased cold stress caused by lower temperatures or danger durations of exposure. Exposure to −7.5°C for 140 days did not significantly reduce survival. Survival decreased with exposure to temperatures from −10 to −20°C, but survival was 48% even after 40 days exposure to −20°C. The frequency distribution of A. cinerea puparia per host is highly contagious. Other aspects of the life history are described.
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Life history and coldhardiness ofAthrycia cinerea (Dipt.: Tachinidae) in western Canada
Entomophaga, 1992Co-Authors: W.j. Turnock, R. J. BilodeauAbstract:Athrycia cinerea Coq. is a univoltine parasitoid of the bertha armyworm,Mamestra configurata Walker (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), in western Canada. This parasitoid overwinters as a pupa in the soil. These pupae are less sensitive than their host to increased cold stress caused by lower temperatures or danger durations of exposure. Exposure to −7.5°C for 140 days did not significantly reduce survival. Survival decreased with exposure to temperatures from −10 to −20°C, but survival was 48% even after 40 days exposure to −20°C. The frequency distribution ofA. cinerea puparia per host is highly contagious. Other aspects of the life history are described.
