The Experts below are selected from a list of 1488 Experts worldwide ranked by ideXlab platform
Christoph Gradmann - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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laboratory disease robert koch s Medical Bacteriology
2009Co-Authors: Christoph Gradmann, Elborg ForsterAbstract:In the nineteenth century, the new field of Medical Bacteriology identified microorganisms and explained how they spread disease. This book interweaves the history of this discipline and the biography of one of its founders, Nobel Prize-winning German physician Robert Koch (1843-1910). Koch contributed to modern medicine by inventing or improving fundamental techniques such as bacterial staining, solid culture media, mass pure cultures, and the use of animal models. His discoveries, which dominated Medical science at the turn of the last century, are epitomized in a set of rules named after him. "Koch's Postulates" are still invoked today in attempts to prove the causal involvement of pathogens in infectious diseases. In a double history, Christoph Gradmann narrates the development of a discipline and the biography of a scientist. Drawing on Koch's extensive laboratory notes, Gradmann details how Koch developed his scientific method and discovered the bacterial causes of anthrax, tuberculosis, and cholera. Koch tried to bring this knowledge to clinical medicine by developing medicines that would specifically target the bacterial pathogens he identified. And Koch's passion for personal travel developed into a career signature, as he became a pioneer in the study of tropical diseases. A fascinating look into Koch's personality and his experimental work in Medical Bacteriology, Laboratory Disease reveals both the biographical and the historical roots of our modern understanding of infectious diseases.
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Robert Koch and the white death: from tuberculosis to tuberculin.
Microbes and infection, 2005Co-Authors: Christoph GradmannAbstract:The German Medical bacteriologist Robert Koch is commonly considered one of the founding fathers of Medical Bacteriology. His investigations into the aetiology of tuberculosis uncovered the pathogen of this condition, the tubercle bacillus today known as Mycobacterium tuberculosis, in 1882. This work can be seen as a cornerstone of contemporary Medical Bacteriology, its technologies and methods. It has often been asked how such successful research connected to the tuberculin episode of 1890/91, when Koch produced a medicine for that disease, which spectacularly failed when applied in practice. The analysis concentrates on the path of mostly experimental investigations which Koch followed between 1882 and 1890. From Koch's laboratory notes it becomes clear that tuberculin therapy did in fact work in Koch's laboratory, even though it failed to do so almost anywhere else. The clue to this contradictory picture lies in the peculiar nature of Koch's understanding of tuberculosis as a disease e.g. his reliance an animal experiments, which essentially differed from what many of his contemporaries held as essentials of that condition.
John E Moore - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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The increasing role of DNA molecular technologies in infection control-related Medical Bacteriology: what the infection prevention specialist needs to know:
Journal of Infection Prevention, 2010Co-Authors: B. Cherie Millar, Anne Loughrey, Colin E. Goldsmith, Wilson A. Coulter, James S. G. Dooley, John E MooreAbstract:Molecular biology has the potential to revolutionise the way in which diagnostic tests are delivered in order to optimise care of infected patients, whether they are in hospital or in the community. Many routine hospital diagnostic laboratories are now beginning to adopt commercial molecular kits, which have dramatically expanded the availability of such tests into hospitals, which previously would not have used them. This has created a need among infection prevention specialists, microbiologists and infection control doctors as to what these tests mean, and how to formulate policy around them, so that there is added value for their use in the infection prevention scenario. This review wishes to explore their basis, their application in the infection prevention setting, their interpretation, as well as their advantages and disadvantages, in order to better inform infection prevention specialists.
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Molecular diagnostics of Medically important bacterial infections.
Current issues in molecular biology, 2007Co-Authors: Beverley C. Millar, John E MooreAbstract:Infectious diseases are common diseases all over the world. A recent World Health Organization report indicated that infectious diseases are now the world's biggest killer of children and young adults. Infectious diseases in non-industrialized countries caused 45% in all and 63% of death in early childhood. In developed countries, the emergence of new, rare or already-forgotten infectious diseases, such as HIV/AIDS, Lyme disease and tuberculosis, has stimulated public interest and inspired commitments to surveillance and control. Recently, it is reported that infectious diseases are responsible for more than 17 million deaths worldwide each year, most of which are associated with bacterial infections. Hence, the control of infectious diseases control is still an important task in the world. The ability to control such bacterial infections is largely dependent on the ability to detect these aetiological agents in the clinical microbiology laboratory. Diagnostic Medical Bacteriology consists of two main components namely identification and typing. Molecular biology has the potential to revolutionise the way in which diagnostic tests are delivered in order to optimise care of the infected patient, whether they occur in hospital or in the community. Since the discovery of PCR in the late 1980s, there has been an enormous amount of research performed which has enabled the introduction of molecular tests to several areas of routine clinical microbiology. Molecular biology techniques continue to evolve rapidly, so it has been problematic for many laboratories to decide upon which test to introduce before that technology becomes outdated. However the vast majority of diagnostic clinical Bacteriology laboratories do not currently employ any form of molecular diagnostics but the use such technology is becoming more widespread in both specialized regional laboratories as well as in national reference laboratories. Presently molecular biology offers a wide repertoire of techniques and permutations of these analytical tools, hence this article wishes to explore the application of these in the diagnostic laboratory setting.
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risk assessment models and contamination management implications for broad range ribosomal dna pcr as a diagnostic tool in Medical Bacteriology
Journal of Clinical Microbiology, 2002Co-Authors: Cherie B Millar, John E MooreAbstract:Molecular methods have now become established as accepted methods for the detection of causal agents of infection (viral, bacterial, fungal, and protozoal). In particular, the use of a combination of rRNA genes from bacteria, fungi, and protozoa, i.e., universal or broad-range targets, has become
Vincent Jarlier - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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phenotypic detection of extended spectrum β lactamase production in enterobacteriaceae review and bench guide
Clinical Microbiology and Infection, 2008Co-Authors: Laurence Drieux, Florence Brossier, Wladimir Sougakoff, Vincent JarlierAbstract:Strains of Enterobacteriaceae producing an extended spectrum β-lactamase have become a concern in Medical Bacteriology as regards both antimicrobial treatment and infection control in hospitals. Extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL) detection tests should accurately discriminate between bacteria producing these enzymes and those with other mechanisms of resistance to β-lactams, e.g., broad-spectrum β-lactamases, inhibitor-resistant β-lactamases and cephalosporinase overproduction. Several phenotypic detection tests, based on the synergy between a third-generation cephalosporin and clavulanate, have been designed: the double-disk synergy test (DDST), ESBL Etests, and the combination disk method. These tests often need to be refined in order for them to detect an ESBL in some bacterial strains, such as those that also overproduce a cephalosporinase. The sensitivity of the DDST can be improved by reducing the distance between the disks of cephalosporins and clavulanate. The use of cefepime, a fourth-generation cephalosporin that is less rapidly inactivated by cephalosporinase than by ESBL, improves the detection of synergy with clavulanate when there is simultaneous stable hyperproduction of a cephalosporinase; alternatively, the cephalosporinase can be inactivated by performing phenotypic tests on a cloxacillin-containing agar. Some β-lactamases can hydrolyse both third-generation cephalosporins and carbapenems, such as the metallo-β-lactamases, which are not inhibited by clavulanate, but rather by EDTA. The production of an ESBL masked by a metallo-β-lactamase can be detected by means of double inhibition by EDTA and clavulanate. Since extended-spectrum Ambler class D oxacillinases are weakly inhibited by clavulanate and not inhibited by EDTA, their detection is difficult in the routine laboratory.
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Phenotypic detection of extended‐spectrum β‐lactamase production in Enterobacteriaceae: review and bench guide
Clinical Microbiology and Infection, 2008Co-Authors: Laurence Drieux, Florence Brossier, Wladimir Sougakoff, Vincent JarlierAbstract:Strains of Enterobacteriaceae producing an extended spectrum β-lactamase have become a concern in Medical Bacteriology as regards both antimicrobial treatment and infection control in hospitals. Extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL) detection tests should accurately discriminate between bacteria producing these enzymes and those with other mechanisms of resistance to β-lactams, e.g., broad-spectrum β-lactamases, inhibitor-resistant β-lactamases and cephalosporinase overproduction. Several phenotypic detection tests, based on the synergy between a third-generation cephalosporin and clavulanate, have been designed: the double-disk synergy test (DDST), ESBL Etests, and the combination disk method. These tests often need to be refined in order for them to detect an ESBL in some bacterial strains, such as those that also overproduce a cephalosporinase. The sensitivity of the DDST can be improved by reducing the distance between the disks of cephalosporins and clavulanate. The use of cefepime, a fourth-generation cephalosporin that is less rapidly inactivated by cephalosporinase than by ESBL, improves the detection of synergy with clavulanate when there is simultaneous stable hyperproduction of a cephalosporinase; alternatively, the cephalosporinase can be inactivated by performing phenotypic tests on a cloxacillin-containing agar. Some β-lactamases can hydrolyse both third-generation cephalosporins and carbapenems, such as the metallo-β-lactamases, which are not inhibited by clavulanate, but rather by EDTA. The production of an ESBL masked by a metallo-β-lactamase can be detected by means of double inhibition by EDTA and clavulanate. Since extended-spectrum Ambler class D oxacillinases are weakly inhibited by clavulanate and not inhibited by EDTA, their detection is difficult in the routine laboratory.
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Phenotypic detection of extended-spectrum beta-lactamase production in Enterobacteriaceae: review and bench guide.
Clinical microbiology and infection : the official publication of the European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, 2008Co-Authors: Laurence Drieux, Florence Brossier, Wladimir Sougakoff, Vincent JarlierAbstract:Strains of Enterobacteriaceae producing an extended spectrum beta-lactamase have become a concern in Medical Bacteriology as regards both antimicrobial treatment and infection control in hospitals. Extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) detection tests should accurately discriminate between bacteria producing these enzymes and those with other mechanisms of resistance to beta-lactams, e.g., broad-spectrum beta-lactamases, inhibitor-resistant beta-lactamases and cephalosporinase overproduction. Several phenotypic detection tests, based on the synergy between a third-generation cephalosporin and clavulanate, have been designed: the double-disk synergy test (DDST), ESBL Etests, and the combination disk method. These tests often need to be refined in order for them to detect an ESBL in some bacterial strains, such as those that also overproduce a cephalosporinase. The sensitivity of the DDST can be improved by reducing the distance between the disks of cephalosporins and clavulanate. The use of cefepime, a fourth-generation cephalosporin that is less rapidly inactivated by cephalosporinase than by ESBL, improves the detection of synergy with clavulanate when there is simultaneous stable hyperproduction of a cephalosporinase; alternatively, the cephalosporinase can be inactivated by performing phenotypic tests on a cloxacillin-containing agar. Some beta-lactamases can hydrolyse both third-generation cephalosporins and carbapenems, such as the metallo-beta-lactamases, which are not inhibited by clavulanate, but rather by EDTA. The production of an ESBL masked by a metallo-beta-lactamase can be detected by means of double inhibition by EDTA and clavulanate. Since extended-spectrum Ambler class D oxacillinases are weakly inhibited by clavulanate and not inhibited by EDTA, their detection is difficult in the routine laboratory.
Laurence Drieux - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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phenotypic detection of extended spectrum β lactamase production in enterobacteriaceae review and bench guide
Clinical Microbiology and Infection, 2008Co-Authors: Laurence Drieux, Florence Brossier, Wladimir Sougakoff, Vincent JarlierAbstract:Strains of Enterobacteriaceae producing an extended spectrum β-lactamase have become a concern in Medical Bacteriology as regards both antimicrobial treatment and infection control in hospitals. Extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL) detection tests should accurately discriminate between bacteria producing these enzymes and those with other mechanisms of resistance to β-lactams, e.g., broad-spectrum β-lactamases, inhibitor-resistant β-lactamases and cephalosporinase overproduction. Several phenotypic detection tests, based on the synergy between a third-generation cephalosporin and clavulanate, have been designed: the double-disk synergy test (DDST), ESBL Etests, and the combination disk method. These tests often need to be refined in order for them to detect an ESBL in some bacterial strains, such as those that also overproduce a cephalosporinase. The sensitivity of the DDST can be improved by reducing the distance between the disks of cephalosporins and clavulanate. The use of cefepime, a fourth-generation cephalosporin that is less rapidly inactivated by cephalosporinase than by ESBL, improves the detection of synergy with clavulanate when there is simultaneous stable hyperproduction of a cephalosporinase; alternatively, the cephalosporinase can be inactivated by performing phenotypic tests on a cloxacillin-containing agar. Some β-lactamases can hydrolyse both third-generation cephalosporins and carbapenems, such as the metallo-β-lactamases, which are not inhibited by clavulanate, but rather by EDTA. The production of an ESBL masked by a metallo-β-lactamase can be detected by means of double inhibition by EDTA and clavulanate. Since extended-spectrum Ambler class D oxacillinases are weakly inhibited by clavulanate and not inhibited by EDTA, their detection is difficult in the routine laboratory.
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Phenotypic detection of extended‐spectrum β‐lactamase production in Enterobacteriaceae: review and bench guide
Clinical Microbiology and Infection, 2008Co-Authors: Laurence Drieux, Florence Brossier, Wladimir Sougakoff, Vincent JarlierAbstract:Strains of Enterobacteriaceae producing an extended spectrum β-lactamase have become a concern in Medical Bacteriology as regards both antimicrobial treatment and infection control in hospitals. Extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL) detection tests should accurately discriminate between bacteria producing these enzymes and those with other mechanisms of resistance to β-lactams, e.g., broad-spectrum β-lactamases, inhibitor-resistant β-lactamases and cephalosporinase overproduction. Several phenotypic detection tests, based on the synergy between a third-generation cephalosporin and clavulanate, have been designed: the double-disk synergy test (DDST), ESBL Etests, and the combination disk method. These tests often need to be refined in order for them to detect an ESBL in some bacterial strains, such as those that also overproduce a cephalosporinase. The sensitivity of the DDST can be improved by reducing the distance between the disks of cephalosporins and clavulanate. The use of cefepime, a fourth-generation cephalosporin that is less rapidly inactivated by cephalosporinase than by ESBL, improves the detection of synergy with clavulanate when there is simultaneous stable hyperproduction of a cephalosporinase; alternatively, the cephalosporinase can be inactivated by performing phenotypic tests on a cloxacillin-containing agar. Some β-lactamases can hydrolyse both third-generation cephalosporins and carbapenems, such as the metallo-β-lactamases, which are not inhibited by clavulanate, but rather by EDTA. The production of an ESBL masked by a metallo-β-lactamase can be detected by means of double inhibition by EDTA and clavulanate. Since extended-spectrum Ambler class D oxacillinases are weakly inhibited by clavulanate and not inhibited by EDTA, their detection is difficult in the routine laboratory.
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Phenotypic detection of extended-spectrum beta-lactamase production in Enterobacteriaceae: review and bench guide.
Clinical microbiology and infection : the official publication of the European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, 2008Co-Authors: Laurence Drieux, Florence Brossier, Wladimir Sougakoff, Vincent JarlierAbstract:Strains of Enterobacteriaceae producing an extended spectrum beta-lactamase have become a concern in Medical Bacteriology as regards both antimicrobial treatment and infection control in hospitals. Extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) detection tests should accurately discriminate between bacteria producing these enzymes and those with other mechanisms of resistance to beta-lactams, e.g., broad-spectrum beta-lactamases, inhibitor-resistant beta-lactamases and cephalosporinase overproduction. Several phenotypic detection tests, based on the synergy between a third-generation cephalosporin and clavulanate, have been designed: the double-disk synergy test (DDST), ESBL Etests, and the combination disk method. These tests often need to be refined in order for them to detect an ESBL in some bacterial strains, such as those that also overproduce a cephalosporinase. The sensitivity of the DDST can be improved by reducing the distance between the disks of cephalosporins and clavulanate. The use of cefepime, a fourth-generation cephalosporin that is less rapidly inactivated by cephalosporinase than by ESBL, improves the detection of synergy with clavulanate when there is simultaneous stable hyperproduction of a cephalosporinase; alternatively, the cephalosporinase can be inactivated by performing phenotypic tests on a cloxacillin-containing agar. Some beta-lactamases can hydrolyse both third-generation cephalosporins and carbapenems, such as the metallo-beta-lactamases, which are not inhibited by clavulanate, but rather by EDTA. The production of an ESBL masked by a metallo-beta-lactamase can be detected by means of double inhibition by EDTA and clavulanate. Since extended-spectrum Ambler class D oxacillinases are weakly inhibited by clavulanate and not inhibited by EDTA, their detection is difficult in the routine laboratory.
Nicholas J Loman - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Are diagnostic and public health Bacteriology ready to become branches of genomic medicine?
Genome Medicine, 2011Co-Authors: Mark J Pallen, Nicholas J LomanAbstract:Diagnostic Medical Bacteriology is a conservative discipline. When busy house officers scribble 'M, C & S' on a form, they are requesting two techniques - microscopy and culture of microorganisms - that date back to the late 17th and late 19th century, respectively. The third technique - antibiotic susceptibility testing - has changed little in a half a century. Relatively few front-line diagnostic Bacteriology laboratories have embraced molecular methods; on my own campus, the hospital's Medical microbiology department does not even possess a thermal cycler! And yet in the research arena, genome sequencing has transformed almost every corner of the bioMedical sciences, including the study of bacterial pathogens Furthermore, over the past 5 years, high-throughput (or 'next-generation') sequencing technologies have delivered a step change in our ability to sequence microbial genomes [ 1 ]. Since arriving in the market place, these technologies have experienced sustained technical improvement, which, twinned with lively competition between alternative platforms, has placed sequencing in a state of 'permanent revolution'. At last, it seems that genomics has come up with a game-changer, a killer app, a disruptive technology that even those long wedded to the Gram stain and the agar plate can no longer ignore. Does this mean we are on the brink of a revolution in diagnostic and public health microbiology, in which high-throughput sequencing usurps the traditional 'M, C & S', or will the discipline's innate conservatism stand firm for decades to come?