The Experts below are selected from a list of 360 Experts worldwide ranked by ideXlab platform
Andrea B. Hollingshead - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Transactive Memory Systems in Organizations: Matching Tasks, Expertise, and People
Organization Science, 2004Co-Authors: David P. Brandon, Andrea B. HollingsheadAbstract:Transactive Memory is the shared division of cognitive labor with respect to the encoding, storage, retrieval, and communication of information from different knowledge domains, which often develops in groups and can lead to greater efficiency and effectiveness. Although discussions of transactive Memory theory suggest that components of the theory are dynamic, research tends to treat transactive Memory as evolving linearly, using static measures rather than assessing Development over time. In response, we offer a model emphasizing both linear and cyclical aspects of transactive Memory Development in work groups, and we propose that task is a major influence on Developmental processes. We introduce task representation and the task-expertise-person (TEP) unit as basic constructs involved in transactive Memory Development, and we provide a dynamic model of how TEP units are constructed, evaluated, and utilized. Regarding observable changes over time, we propose that transactive Memory systems can vary in terms of accuracy (the degree to which group members' perceptions about others' task-related expertise are accurate), sharedness (the degree to which members have a shared representation of the transactive Memory system), and validation (the degree to which group members participate in the transactive Memory system). Convergence is the optimal state of transactive Memory systems and reflects high levels of accuracy, sharedness, and validation.
Emily A Holmes - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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intrusive memories of trauma a target for research bridging cognitive science and its clinical application
Clinical Psychology Review, 2019Co-Authors: Lalitha Iyadurai, Emily A Holmes, Renee M Visser, Alex Lauzhu, Kate Porcheret, Antje Horsch, Ella L JamesAbstract:Intrusive memories of a traumatic event can be distressing and disruptive, and comprise a core clinical feature of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Intrusive memories involve mental imagery-based impressions that intrude into mind involuntarily, and are emotional. Here we consider how recent advances in cognitive science have fueled our understanding of the Development and possible treatment of intrusive memories of trauma. We conducted a systematic literature search in PubMed, selecting articles published from 2008 to 2018 that used the terms "trauma" AND ("intrusive memories" OR "involuntary memories") in their abstract or title. First, we discuss studies that investigated internal (neural, hormonal, psychophysiological, and cognitive) processes that contribute to intrusive Memory Development. Second, we discuss studies that targeted these processes using behavioural/pharmacological interventions to reduce intrusive memories. Third, we consider possible clinical implications of this work and highlight some emerging research avenues for treatment and prevention, supplemented by new data to examine some unanswered questions. In conclusion, we raise the possibility that intrusive memories comprise an alternative, possibly more focused, target in translational research endeavours, rather than only targeting overall symptoms of disorders such as PTSD. If so, relatively simple approaches could help to address the need for easy-to-deliver, widely-scalable trauma interventions.
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playing the computer game tetris prior to viewing traumatic film material and subsequent intrusive memories examining proactive interference
Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 2016Co-Authors: Ella L James, Antje Horsch, Alex Lauzhu, Hannah Tickle, Emily A HolmesAbstract:Abstract Background and objectives Visuospatial working Memory (WM) tasks performed concurrently or after an experimental trauma (traumatic film viewing) have been shown to reduce subsequent intrusive memories (concurrent or retroactive interference, respectively). This effect is thought to arise because, during the time window of Memory consolidation, the film Memory is labile and vulnerable to interference by the WM task. However, it is not known whether tasks before an experimental trauma (i.e. proactive interference) would also be effective. Therefore, we tested if a visuospatial WM task given before a traumatic film reduced intrusions. Findings are relevant to the Development of preventative strategies to reduce intrusive memories of trauma for groups who are routinely exposed to trauma (e.g. emergency services personnel) and for whom tasks prior to trauma exposure might be beneficial. Methods Participants were randomly assigned to 1 of 2 conditions. In the Tetris condition (n = 28), participants engaged in the computer game for 11 min immediately before viewing a 12-min traumatic film, whereas those in the Control condition (n = 28) had no task during this period. Intrusive Memory frequency was assessed using an intrusion diary over 1-week and an Intrusion Provocation Task at 1-week follow-up. Recognition Memory for the film was also assessed at 1-week. Results Compared to the Control condition, participants in the Tetris condition did not report statistically significant difference in intrusive memories of the trauma film on either measure. There was also no statistically significant difference in recognition Memory scores between conditions. Limitations The study used an experimental trauma paradigm and findings may not be generalizable to a clinical population. Conclusions Compared to control, playing Tetris before viewing a trauma film did not lead to a statistically significant reduction in the frequency of later intrusive memories of the film. It is unlikely that proactive interference, at least with this task, effectively influences intrusive Memory Development. WM tasks administered during or after trauma stimuli, rather than proactively, may be a better focus for intrusive Memory amelioration.
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trauma films information processing and intrusive Memory Development
Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 2004Co-Authors: Emily A Holmes, Chris R Brewin, Richard G HennessyAbstract:Three experiments indexed the effect of various concurrent tasks, while watching a traumatic film, on intrusive Memory Development. Hypotheses were based on the dual-representation theory of posttraumatic stress disorder (C. R. Brewin, T. Dalgleish, & S. Joseph, 1996). Nonclinical participants viewed a trauma film under various encoding conditions and recorded any spontaneous intrusive memories of the film over the following week in a diary. Changes in state dissociation, heart rate, and mood were also measured. As predicted, performing a visuospatial pattern tapping task at encoding significantly reduced the frequency of later intrusions, whereas a verbal distraction task increased them. Intrusive memories were largely unrelated to recall and recognition measures. Increases in dissociation and decreases in heart rate during the film were also associated with later intrusions.
Gail S Goodman - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Memory for traumatic experiences in early childhood
Developmental Review, 2004Co-Authors: Ingrid M Cordon, Margaretellen Pipe, Liat Sayfan, Annika Melinder, Gail S GoodmanAbstract:Abstract Traumatic experiences in early childhood raise important questions about Memory Development in general and about the durability and accessibility of memories for traumatic events in particular. We discuss Memory for early childhood traumatic events, from a Developmental perspective, focusing on those factors that may equally influence memories for both traumatic and non-traumatic events and those factors that may uniquely affect memories of traumatic events and possibly Memory Development generally. To obtain a more complete understanding of trauma-related Memory, we draw on both the scientific and clinical literatures. These literatures indicate commonalities across memories for traumatic and non-traumatic events as well as potentially unique influences on trauma Memory.
Ella L James - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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intrusive memories of trauma a target for research bridging cognitive science and its clinical application
Clinical Psychology Review, 2019Co-Authors: Lalitha Iyadurai, Emily A Holmes, Renee M Visser, Alex Lauzhu, Kate Porcheret, Antje Horsch, Ella L JamesAbstract:Intrusive memories of a traumatic event can be distressing and disruptive, and comprise a core clinical feature of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Intrusive memories involve mental imagery-based impressions that intrude into mind involuntarily, and are emotional. Here we consider how recent advances in cognitive science have fueled our understanding of the Development and possible treatment of intrusive memories of trauma. We conducted a systematic literature search in PubMed, selecting articles published from 2008 to 2018 that used the terms "trauma" AND ("intrusive memories" OR "involuntary memories") in their abstract or title. First, we discuss studies that investigated internal (neural, hormonal, psychophysiological, and cognitive) processes that contribute to intrusive Memory Development. Second, we discuss studies that targeted these processes using behavioural/pharmacological interventions to reduce intrusive memories. Third, we consider possible clinical implications of this work and highlight some emerging research avenues for treatment and prevention, supplemented by new data to examine some unanswered questions. In conclusion, we raise the possibility that intrusive memories comprise an alternative, possibly more focused, target in translational research endeavours, rather than only targeting overall symptoms of disorders such as PTSD. If so, relatively simple approaches could help to address the need for easy-to-deliver, widely-scalable trauma interventions.
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playing the computer game tetris prior to viewing traumatic film material and subsequent intrusive memories examining proactive interference
Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 2016Co-Authors: Ella L James, Antje Horsch, Alex Lauzhu, Hannah Tickle, Emily A HolmesAbstract:Abstract Background and objectives Visuospatial working Memory (WM) tasks performed concurrently or after an experimental trauma (traumatic film viewing) have been shown to reduce subsequent intrusive memories (concurrent or retroactive interference, respectively). This effect is thought to arise because, during the time window of Memory consolidation, the film Memory is labile and vulnerable to interference by the WM task. However, it is not known whether tasks before an experimental trauma (i.e. proactive interference) would also be effective. Therefore, we tested if a visuospatial WM task given before a traumatic film reduced intrusions. Findings are relevant to the Development of preventative strategies to reduce intrusive memories of trauma for groups who are routinely exposed to trauma (e.g. emergency services personnel) and for whom tasks prior to trauma exposure might be beneficial. Methods Participants were randomly assigned to 1 of 2 conditions. In the Tetris condition (n = 28), participants engaged in the computer game for 11 min immediately before viewing a 12-min traumatic film, whereas those in the Control condition (n = 28) had no task during this period. Intrusive Memory frequency was assessed using an intrusion diary over 1-week and an Intrusion Provocation Task at 1-week follow-up. Recognition Memory for the film was also assessed at 1-week. Results Compared to the Control condition, participants in the Tetris condition did not report statistically significant difference in intrusive memories of the trauma film on either measure. There was also no statistically significant difference in recognition Memory scores between conditions. Limitations The study used an experimental trauma paradigm and findings may not be generalizable to a clinical population. Conclusions Compared to control, playing Tetris before viewing a trauma film did not lead to a statistically significant reduction in the frequency of later intrusive memories of the film. It is unlikely that proactive interference, at least with this task, effectively influences intrusive Memory Development. WM tasks administered during or after trauma stimuli, rather than proactively, may be a better focus for intrusive Memory amelioration.
Linda Pentland - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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the nine box maze test a measure of spatial Memory Development in children
Brain and Cognition, 2003Co-Authors: Linda Pentland, Vicki Anderson, Stephen J WoodAbstract:Abstract This study investigates the Development of visuo-spatial Memory in school-aged children, as measured by the Nine Box Maze Test Child Version (NBMT-CV). This task, originally developed for adults by Abrahams, Pickering, Polkey, and Morris (1997) , utilises an allocentric framework to assess the complexities of spatial Memory. Sixty children participated in this study (aged 5–12 years), which also involved administration of traditional ‘non-verbal’ Memory tests. Results indicate that visuo-spatial Memory develops across childhood and that the NBMT-CV taps distinct skills compared to other ‘non-verbal’ Memory tasks. The theoretical, assessment and Developmental issues raised by these findings are discussed.