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Brian L Brooks - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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healthy children and adolescents obtain some low scores across a battery of Memory Tests
Journal of The International Neuropsychological Society, 2009Co-Authors: Brian L Brooks, Grant L Iverson, Elisabeth M S Sherman, James A HoldnackAbstract:Obtaining some low Memory scores across a battery of Tests is common. The purpose of this study was to examine the prevalence of low scores on the Children's Memory Scale (CMS). Participants were 1000 children and adolescents between 5 and 16 years of age from the CMS standardization sample. Consistent with research on other batteries, having some low Memory scores is common in healthy children and adolescents. The prevalence of low Memory scores also increases with lower intelligence. Clinicians should be cautious when interpreting isolated low Memory scores as sole evidence of Memory impairment. Knowing the prevalence of low scores as a supplement to clinical judgment should reduce the likelihood of misdiagnosing Memory problems.
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potential for misclassification of mild cognitive impairment a study of Memory scores on the wechsler Memory scale iii in healthy older adults
Journal of The International Neuropsychological Society, 2008Co-Authors: Brian L Brooks, Grant L Iverson, James A Holdnack, Howard FeldmanAbstract:The psychometric criterion of mild cognitive impairment (MCI) generally involves having an unusually low score on Memory testing (i.e., −1.5 SD s). However, healthy older adults can obtain low scores, particularly when multiple Memory measures are administered. In turn, there is a substantial risk of psychometrically misclassifying MCI in healthy older adults. This study examined the base rates of low Memory scores in older adults (55–87 years; n = 550) from the Wechsler Memory Scale–Third Edition (WMS-III; Wechsler, 1997b ) standardization sample. The WMS-III consists of four co-normed episodic Memory Tests (i.e., Logical Memory, Faces, Verbal Paired Associates, and Family Pictures) that yield eight age- and demographically-adjusted standard scores (Auditory Recognition and Working Memory Tests not included). When the eight age-adjusted scores were examined simultaneously, 26% of older adults had one or more scores at or below the 5th percentile (i.e., −1.5 SD s). On the eight demographically- adjusted scores, 39% had at least one score at or below the 5th percentile. There was an inverse relationship between intellectual abilities and prevalence of low Memory scores, particularly with the age-adjusted WMS-III scores. Understanding the base rates of low scores can reduce the overinterpretation of low Memory scores and minimize false-positive misclassification. Drs. Brooks, Iverson, and Feldman have no known, perceived, or actual conflict of interest with this research. Dr. Holdnack is the Senior Research Director with The Psychological Corporation. ( JINS , 2008, 14 , 463–478.)
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substantial risk of accidental mci in healthy older adults base rates of low Memory scores in neuropsychological assessment
Journal of The International Neuropsychological Society, 2007Co-Authors: Brian L Brooks, Grant L Iverson, Travis WhiteAbstract:When assessing older adults for mild cognitive impairment (MCI) or dementia, it is important to understand how often low Memory scores are obtained in healthy people in order to minimize false positive diagnoses. This study examines the base rates of low Memory scores in older adults across a battery of Memory Tests. Participants included older adults (55–79 years; N = 742) from the Neuropsychological Assessment Battery (NAB; Stern & White, 2003a) standardization sample. The NAB Memory Module consists of four co-normed Memory Tests (i.e., List Learning, Shape Learning, Story Learning, and Daily Living Memory) yielding 10 demographically corrected T-scores. When all 10 T-scores were examined simultaneously, 55.5% of older adults had one or more scores one standard deviation (SD) below the mean. At <1.5 SDs, 30.8% of healthy older adults obtained one or more low Memory scores. Obtaining low Memory scores occurs more often with lesser intellectual abilities. For example, 56.5% of older adults with low average intellectual abilities obtained one or more low Memory scores (<1.5 SDs) compared to 21.1% with high average intellectual abilities. Understanding the base rates of low scores can reduce over-interpretation of isolated low Memory scores and minimize false positive diagnoses of MCI. (JINS, 2007, 13, 490–500.)The data in Tables 3, 4, 5, 6, and 7 are original data produced by special permission of the Publisher, Psychological Assessment Resources, Inc., 16204 North Florida Avenue, Lutz, Florida 33549, from the standardization data presented in the Neuropsychological Assessment Battery Psychometric and Technical Manual by Travis White, Ph.D. and Robert A. Stern, Ph.D. Copyright 2001, 2003 by PAR, Inc. Further reproduction is prohibited without permission from PAR, Inc.
Roberto Cabeza - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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visual and semantic representations predict subsequent Memory in perceptual and conceptual Memory Tests
Cerebral Cortex, 2020Co-Authors: Simon W Davis, Benjamin R Geib, Erik A Wing, Weichun Wang, Mariam Hovhannisyan, Zachary A Monge, Roberto CabezaAbstract:It is generally assumed that the encoding of a single event generates multiple Memory representations, which contribute differently to subsequent episodic Memory. We used functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) and representational similarity analysis to examine how visual and semantic representations predicted subsequent Memory for single item encoding (e.g., seeing an orange). Three levels of visual representations corresponding to early, middle, and late visual processing stages were based on a deep neural network. Three levels of semantic representations were based on normative observed ("is round"), taxonomic ("is a fruit"), and encyclopedic features ("is sweet"). We identified brain regions where each representation type predicted later perceptual Memory, conceptual Memory, or both (general Memory). Participants encoded objects during fMRI, and then completed both a word-based conceptual and picture-based perceptual Memory test. Visual representations predicted subsequent perceptual Memory in visual cortices, but also facilitated conceptual and general Memory in more anterior regions. Semantic representations, in turn, predicted perceptual Memory in visual cortex, conceptual Memory in the perirhinal and inferior prefrontal cortex, and general Memory in the angular gyrus. These results suggest that the contribution of visual and semantic representations to subsequent Memory effects depends on a complex interaction between representation, test type, and storage location.
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visual and semantic representations predict subsequent Memory in perceptual and conceptual Memory Tests
bioRxiv, 2020Co-Authors: Simon W Davis, Benjamin R Geib, Erik A Wing, Weichun Wang, Mariam Hovhannisyan, Zachary A Monge, Roberto CabezaAbstract:It is generally assumed that the encoding of a single event generates multiple Memory representations, which contribute differently to subsequent episodic Memory. We used fMRI and representational similarity analysis (RSA) to examine how visual and semantic representations predicted subsequent Memory for single item encoding (e.g., seeing an orange). Three levels of visual representations corresponding to early, middle, and late visual processing stages were based on a deep neural network. Three levels of semantic representations were based on normative Observed ("is round"), Taxonomic ("is a fruit"), and Encyclopedic features ("is sweet"). We identified brain regions where each representation type predicted later Perceptual Memory, Conceptual Memory, or both (General Memory). Participants encoded objects during fMRI, and then completed both a word-based conceptual and picture-based perceptual Memory test. Visual representations predicted subsequent Perceptual Memory in visual cortices, but also facilitated Conceptual and General Memory in more anterior regions. Semantic representations, in turn, predicted Perceptual Memory in visual cortex, Conceptual Memory in the perirhinal and inferior prefrontal cortex, and General Memory in the angular gyrus. These results suggest that the contribution of visual and semantic representations to subsequent Memory effects depends on a complex interaction between representation, test type, and storage location.
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common prefrontal activations during working Memory episodic Memory and semantic Memory
Neuropsychologia, 2003Co-Authors: Lars Nyberg, Roberto Cabeza, Petter Marklund, Jonas Persson, Christian Forkstam, Karl Magnus Petersson, Martin IngvarAbstract:Regions of the prefrontal cortex (PFC) are typically activated in many different cognitive functions. In most studies, the focus has been on the role of specific PFC regions in specific cognitive domains, but more recently similarities in PFC activations across cognitive domains have been stressed. Such similarities may suggest that a region mediates a common function across a variety of cognitive tasks. In this study, we compared the activation patterns associated with Tests of working Memory, semantic Memory and episodic Memory. The results converged on a general involvement of four regions across Memory Tests. These were located in left frontopolar cortex, left mid-ventrolateral PFC, left mid-dorsolateral PFC and dorsal anterior cingulate cortex. These findings provide evidence that some PFC regions are engaged during many different Memory Tests. The findings are discussed in relation to theories about the functional contribution of the PFC regions and the architecture of Memory.
Henry L. Roediger - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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test enhanced learning taking Memory Tests improves long term retention
Psychological Science, 2006Co-Authors: Henry L. Roediger, Jeffrey D KarpickeAbstract:Taking a Memory test not only assesses what one knows, but also enhances later retention, a phenomenon known as the testing effect. We studied this effect with educationally relevant materials and investigated whether testing facilitates learning only because Tests offer an opportunity to restudy material. In two experiments, students studied prose passages and took one or three immediate free-recall Tests, without feedback, or restudied the material the same number of times as the students who received Tests. Students then took a final retention test 5 min, 2 days, or 1 week later. When the final test was given after 5 min, repeated studying improved recall relative to repeated testing. However, on the delayed Tests, prior testing produced substantially greater retention than studying, even though repeated studying increased students' confidence in their ability to remember the material. Testing is a powerful means of improving learning, not just assessing it.
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effects of hearing words imaging hearing words and reading on auditory implicit and explicit Memory Tests
Memory & Cognition, 2000Co-Authors: Maura Pilotti, David A Gallo, Henry L. RoedigerAbstract:In four experiments, we examined the degree to which imaging written words as spoken by a familiar talker differs from direct perception (hearing words spoken by that talker) and reading words (without imagery) on implicit and explicit Tests. Subjects first performed a surface encoding task on spoken, imagined as spoken, or visually presented words, and then were given either an implicit test (perceptual identification or stem completion) or an explicit test (recognition or cued recall) involving auditorily presented words. Auditory presentation at study produced larger priming effects than did imaging or reading. Imaging and reading yielded priming effects of similar magnitude, whereas imaging produced lower performance than reading on the explicit test of cued recall. Voice changes between study and test weakened priming on the implicit Tests, but did not affect performance on the explicit Tests. Imagined voice changes affected priming only in the implicit task of stem completion. These findings show that the sensitivity of a Memory test to perceptual information, either directly perceived or imagined, is an important dimension for dissociating incidental (implicit) and intentional (explicit) retrieval processes
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direct comparison of four implicit Memory Tests
Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning Memory and Cognition, 1993Co-Authors: Suparna Rajaram, Henry L. RoedigerAbstract:: Four verbal implicit Memory Tests, word identification, word stem completion, word fragment completion, and anagram solution, were directly compared in one experiment and were contrasted with free recall. On all implicit Tests, priming was greatest from prior visual presentation of words, less (but significant) from auditory presentation, and least from pictorial presentations. Typefont did not affect priming. In free recall, pictures were recalled better than words. The four implicit Tests all largely index perceptual (lexical) operations in recognizing words, or visual word form representations.
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direct comparison of two implicit Memory Tests word fragment and word stem completion
Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning Memory and Cognition, 1992Co-Authors: Henry L. Roediger, Mary Susan Weldon, Michael L Stadler, Gregory L RieglerAbstract:In 3 experiments, the implicit Memory Tests of word fragment and word stem completion showed comparable effects over several variables: Study of words produced more priming than did study of pictures, no levels-of-processing effect occurred for words, more priming was obtained from pictures when Ss imaged the pictures' names than when they rated them for pleasantness, and forgetting rates were generally similar for the Tests. A different pattern of results for the first 3 variables occurred under explicit test conditions with the same word fragments or word stems as cues. We conclude that the 2 implicit Tests are measuring a similar form of perceptual Memory. Furthermore, we argue that both Tests are truly implicit because they meet Schacter, Bowers, & Booker's (1989) retrieval intentionality criterion: Levels of processing of words have a powerful effect on explicit versions of the Tests but no effect on implicit versions. Language: en
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direct comparison of two implicit Memory Tests word fragment and word stem completion
Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning Memory and Cognition, 1992Co-Authors: Henry L. Roediger, Mary Susan Weldon, Michael L Stadler, Gregory L RieglerAbstract:In 3 experiments, the implicit Memory Tests of word fragment and word stem completion showed comparable effects over several variables: Study of words produced more priming than did study of pictures, no levels-of-processing effect occurred for words, more priming was obtained from pictures when Ss imaged the pictures' names than when they rated them for pleasantness, and forgetting rates were generally similar for the Tests. A different pattern of results for the first 3 variables occurred under explicit test conditions with the same word fragments or word stems as cues. We conclude that the 2 implicit Tests are measuring a similar form of perceptual Memory. Furthermore, we argue that both Tests are truly implicit because they meet Schacter, Bowers, & Booker's (1989) retrieval intentionality criterion: Levels of processing of words have a powerful effect on explicit versions of the Tests but no effect on implicit versions.
Daniel E Gustavson - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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extensive Memory testing improves prediction of progression to mci in late middle age
Alzheimer's & Dementia: Diagnosis Assessment & Disease Monitoring, 2020Co-Authors: Daniel E Gustavson, Mark Sandersoncimino, Jeremy A Elman, Carol E Franz, Matthew S Panizzon, Amy J Jak, Chandra A Reynolds, Michael C Neale, Michael J LyonsAbstract:Introduction Predicting risk for Alzheimer's disease when most people are likely still biomarker negative would aid earlier identification. We hypothesized that combining multiple Memory Tests and scores in middle-aged adults would provide useful, and non-invasive, prediction of 6-year progression to MCI. Methods We examined 849 men who were cognitively normal at baseline (mean age ± SD = 55.69 ± 2.45). Results California Verbal Learning Test learning trials was the best individual predictor of amnestic MCI (OR = 4.75). A latent factor incorporating seven measures across three Memory Tests provided much stronger prediction (OR = 9.88). This compared favorably with biomarker-based prediction in a study of much older adults. Discussion Neuropsychological Tests are sensitive and early indicators of MCI risk at an age when few individuals are likely to have yet become biomarker positive. The single best measures may appear time- and cost-effective, but 30 additional minutes of testing and use of multiple scores within Tests provide substantially improved prediction.
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extensive Memory testing improves prediction of progression to mci in late middle age
bioRxiv, 2019Co-Authors: Daniel E Gustavson, Mark Sandersoncimino, Jeremy A Elman, Carol E Franz, Matthew S Panizzon, Amy J Jak, Chandra A Reynolds, Michael C Neale, Michael J LyonsAbstract:Abstract INTRODUCTION Predicting risk for Alzheimer’s disease when most people are likely still biomarker negative would aid earlier identification. We hypothesized that combining multiple Memory Tests and scores in middle-aged adults would provide useful, and non-invasive, prediction of 6-year progression to MCI. METHODS We examined 849 men who were cognitively normal at baseline (mean age=55.69±2.45). RESULTS California Verbal Learning Test learning trials was the best individual predictor of amnestic MCI (OR=4.75). A latent factor incorporating 7 measures across 3 Memory Tests provided much stronger prediction (OR=9.88). This compared favorably with biomarker-based prediction in a study of much older adults. DISCUSSION Neuropsychological Tests are sensitive and early indicators of Alzheimer’s disease risk at an age when few individuals are likely to have yet become biomarker positive. Single best measures may appear time- and cost-effective, but 30 additional minutes of testing, and use of multiple scores within Tests, provides substantially improved prediction
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multiple Memory Tests in midlife improve prediction of mild cognitive impairment
bioRxiv, 2019Co-Authors: Daniel E Gustavson, Mark Sandersoncimino, Jeremy A Elman, Carol E Franz, Matthew S Panizzon, Amy J Jak, Chandra A Reynolds, Michael J Lyons, William S KremenAbstract:Abstract Objective Biomarkers predict risk for Alzheimer’s disease, but the ability to predict when most people are still biomarker negative would foster earlier identification of risk. We hypothesized that Memory testing—particularly combining multiple Memory measures—in cognitively normal middle-aged adults would provide good prediction of 6-year progression to mild cognitive impairment (MCI). Our use of multiple measures contrasts with frequent efforts to identify the single best measure for prediction, an underlying assumption of which is that adding a suboptimal measure will worsen prediction. Method We examined how Logical Memory, Visual Reproductions, and California Verbal Learning Test (CVLT) predict 6-year progression to MCI in 849 men who were cognitively normal at baseline (mean age=55.69±2.45). Results CVLT learning trials was the best individual predictor of amnestic MCI (OR=4.75). However, a latent factor score incorporating 7 measures across the 3 Memory Tests provided the strongest prediction (OR=9.88). This OR compared favorably to biomarker prediction in a study of substantially older adults. Interpretation Use of a single best measure may appear to be time- and cost-effective, but 30 additional minutes of Memory testing—even when it includes individually less predictive measures—provides a very worthwhile tradeoff for substantially improved prediction of progression to amnestic MCI. Early identification is important for potentially slowing Alzheimer’s disease progression, and these results indicate that neuropsychological Tests can be very early sensitive indicators of risk at an age when few individuals will have yet become biomarker positive.
Grant L Iverson - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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healthy children and adolescents obtain some low scores across a battery of Memory Tests
Journal of The International Neuropsychological Society, 2009Co-Authors: Brian L Brooks, Grant L Iverson, Elisabeth M S Sherman, James A HoldnackAbstract:Obtaining some low Memory scores across a battery of Tests is common. The purpose of this study was to examine the prevalence of low scores on the Children's Memory Scale (CMS). Participants were 1000 children and adolescents between 5 and 16 years of age from the CMS standardization sample. Consistent with research on other batteries, having some low Memory scores is common in healthy children and adolescents. The prevalence of low Memory scores also increases with lower intelligence. Clinicians should be cautious when interpreting isolated low Memory scores as sole evidence of Memory impairment. Knowing the prevalence of low scores as a supplement to clinical judgment should reduce the likelihood of misdiagnosing Memory problems.
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potential for misclassification of mild cognitive impairment a study of Memory scores on the wechsler Memory scale iii in healthy older adults
Journal of The International Neuropsychological Society, 2008Co-Authors: Brian L Brooks, Grant L Iverson, James A Holdnack, Howard FeldmanAbstract:The psychometric criterion of mild cognitive impairment (MCI) generally involves having an unusually low score on Memory testing (i.e., −1.5 SD s). However, healthy older adults can obtain low scores, particularly when multiple Memory measures are administered. In turn, there is a substantial risk of psychometrically misclassifying MCI in healthy older adults. This study examined the base rates of low Memory scores in older adults (55–87 years; n = 550) from the Wechsler Memory Scale–Third Edition (WMS-III; Wechsler, 1997b ) standardization sample. The WMS-III consists of four co-normed episodic Memory Tests (i.e., Logical Memory, Faces, Verbal Paired Associates, and Family Pictures) that yield eight age- and demographically-adjusted standard scores (Auditory Recognition and Working Memory Tests not included). When the eight age-adjusted scores were examined simultaneously, 26% of older adults had one or more scores at or below the 5th percentile (i.e., −1.5 SD s). On the eight demographically- adjusted scores, 39% had at least one score at or below the 5th percentile. There was an inverse relationship between intellectual abilities and prevalence of low Memory scores, particularly with the age-adjusted WMS-III scores. Understanding the base rates of low scores can reduce the overinterpretation of low Memory scores and minimize false-positive misclassification. Drs. Brooks, Iverson, and Feldman have no known, perceived, or actual conflict of interest with this research. Dr. Holdnack is the Senior Research Director with The Psychological Corporation. ( JINS , 2008, 14 , 463–478.)
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substantial risk of accidental mci in healthy older adults base rates of low Memory scores in neuropsychological assessment
Journal of The International Neuropsychological Society, 2007Co-Authors: Brian L Brooks, Grant L Iverson, Travis WhiteAbstract:When assessing older adults for mild cognitive impairment (MCI) or dementia, it is important to understand how often low Memory scores are obtained in healthy people in order to minimize false positive diagnoses. This study examines the base rates of low Memory scores in older adults across a battery of Memory Tests. Participants included older adults (55–79 years; N = 742) from the Neuropsychological Assessment Battery (NAB; Stern & White, 2003a) standardization sample. The NAB Memory Module consists of four co-normed Memory Tests (i.e., List Learning, Shape Learning, Story Learning, and Daily Living Memory) yielding 10 demographically corrected T-scores. When all 10 T-scores were examined simultaneously, 55.5% of older adults had one or more scores one standard deviation (SD) below the mean. At <1.5 SDs, 30.8% of healthy older adults obtained one or more low Memory scores. Obtaining low Memory scores occurs more often with lesser intellectual abilities. For example, 56.5% of older adults with low average intellectual abilities obtained one or more low Memory scores (<1.5 SDs) compared to 21.1% with high average intellectual abilities. Understanding the base rates of low scores can reduce over-interpretation of isolated low Memory scores and minimize false positive diagnoses of MCI. (JINS, 2007, 13, 490–500.)The data in Tables 3, 4, 5, 6, and 7 are original data produced by special permission of the Publisher, Psychological Assessment Resources, Inc., 16204 North Florida Avenue, Lutz, Florida 33549, from the standardization data presented in the Neuropsychological Assessment Battery Psychometric and Technical Manual by Travis White, Ph.D. and Robert A. Stern, Ph.D. Copyright 2001, 2003 by PAR, Inc. Further reproduction is prohibited without permission from PAR, Inc.
