The Experts below are selected from a list of 72 Experts worldwide ranked by ideXlab platform
Udo Benzenhöfer - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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MDA, MDMA, and other “Mescaline-like” substances in the US military's search for a truth drug (1940s to 1960s)
Drug Testing and Analysis, 2018Co-Authors: Torsten Passie, Udo BenzenhöferAbstract:This article describes the broader context in which 3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine (MDA), 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) and other Mescaline-like compounds were explored as hallucinogens for military and intelligence purposes during the 1940s to the 1960s. Germans first tested Mescaline as a "truth drug" in a military context. Since the 1940s, the United States military tested hallucinogenic drugs as "truth drugs" for the purpose of interrogation and behavior manipulation. After tests carried out using Mescaline and other drugs in 1950, some derivatives of Mescaline were synthesized by the Army for the exploration of possible „speech-inducing“ effects. After insufficient animal testing, the substances were given to patients at the New York State Psychiatric Institute (NYSPI). 3,4-Methylenedioxy-N-ethylamphetamine (MDE), a compound almost identical to MDMA, was among the Mescaline derivatives delivered for testing at the NYSPI. During tests with other derivatives (3,4-dimethoxyphenethylamine (DMA), 3,4-methylenedioxyphenethylamine (MDPEA), MDA) in 1952-53, an unwitting patient died in these tests, which was kept secret from the public. Research was interrupted and toxicological animal testing procedures were initiated. The secret animal studies run in 1953/54 revealed that some of the "Mescaline derivatives" tested (e.g. MDA, MDE, DMA, 3,4,5-trimethoxyamphetamine (TMA), MDMA) were considered for further testing in humans. Since 1955, the military changed focus to LSD, but some interest in Mescaline-like compounds remained for their ability to change mood and habit without interefing with cognition and sensory perception. Based on the known documents, it remains unclear (but probable) wether any of the Mescaline derivatives tested were being used operationally.
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mda mdma and other Mescaline like substances in the us military s search for a truth drug 1940s to 1960s
Drug Testing and Analysis, 2018Co-Authors: Torsten Passie, Udo BenzenhöferAbstract:This article describes the context in which 3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine (MDA), 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) and other Mescaline-like compounds were explored as hallucinogens for military and intelligence purposes from the 1940s to the 1960s. Germans first tested Mescaline as a "truth drug" in a military context. In the 1940s, the United States military started testing hallucinogenic substances as truth drugs for interrogation and behavior manipulation. After tests carried out using Mescaline and other drugs in 1950, some derivatives of Mescaline were synthesized by the Army for the exploration of possible "speech-inducing" effects. After insufficient animal testing, the substances were given to patients at the New York State Psychiatric Institute (NYSPI). 3,4-Methylenedioxy-N-ethylamphetamine (MDE), a compound almost identical to MDMA, was among the compounds delivered for testing at the NYSPI. During tests with other derivatives (3,4-dimethoxyphenethylamine (DMA), 3,4-methylenedioxyphenethylamine (MDPEA), MDA) in 1952-53, an unwitting patient died in these tests, which was kept secret from the public. Research was interrupted and toxicological animal testing procedures were initiated. The secret animal studies run in 1953/1954 revealed that some of the "Mescaline derivatives" tested (e.g. MDA, MDE, DMA, 3,4,5-trimethoxyamphetamine (TMA), MDMA) were considered for further testing in humans. In 1955, the military changed focus to lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), but some interest in Mescaline-like compounds remained for their ability to change mood and habit without interfering with cognition and sensory perception. Based on the known documents, it remains unclear (but probable) whether any of the Mescaline derivatives tested were being used operationally.
S.m. Schreffler - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Peyote
Encyclopedia of Toxicology, 2014Co-Authors: C.m. Stork, S.m. SchrefflerAbstract:Peyote is a cactus containing the psychedelic alkaloid Mescaline. Mescaline produces mind-altering effects similar to those of lysergic acid diethylamide and psilocybin by stimulating serotonin and dopamine receptors in the central nervous system. Mescaline induces changes in catecholamine metabolism and adrenal medullary function that may cause profound sympathomimetic effects. Chronic exposure may result in flashbacks, reoccurrence of hallucinogenic effects, persistent psychosis, anxiety, and depression. Management focuses on supportive care.
Torsten Passie - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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MDA, MDMA, and other “Mescaline-like” substances in the US military's search for a truth drug (1940s to 1960s)
Drug Testing and Analysis, 2018Co-Authors: Torsten Passie, Udo BenzenhöferAbstract:This article describes the broader context in which 3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine (MDA), 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) and other Mescaline-like compounds were explored as hallucinogens for military and intelligence purposes during the 1940s to the 1960s. Germans first tested Mescaline as a "truth drug" in a military context. Since the 1940s, the United States military tested hallucinogenic drugs as "truth drugs" for the purpose of interrogation and behavior manipulation. After tests carried out using Mescaline and other drugs in 1950, some derivatives of Mescaline were synthesized by the Army for the exploration of possible „speech-inducing“ effects. After insufficient animal testing, the substances were given to patients at the New York State Psychiatric Institute (NYSPI). 3,4-Methylenedioxy-N-ethylamphetamine (MDE), a compound almost identical to MDMA, was among the Mescaline derivatives delivered for testing at the NYSPI. During tests with other derivatives (3,4-dimethoxyphenethylamine (DMA), 3,4-methylenedioxyphenethylamine (MDPEA), MDA) in 1952-53, an unwitting patient died in these tests, which was kept secret from the public. Research was interrupted and toxicological animal testing procedures were initiated. The secret animal studies run in 1953/54 revealed that some of the "Mescaline derivatives" tested (e.g. MDA, MDE, DMA, 3,4,5-trimethoxyamphetamine (TMA), MDMA) were considered for further testing in humans. Since 1955, the military changed focus to LSD, but some interest in Mescaline-like compounds remained for their ability to change mood and habit without interefing with cognition and sensory perception. Based on the known documents, it remains unclear (but probable) wether any of the Mescaline derivatives tested were being used operationally.
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mda mdma and other Mescaline like substances in the us military s search for a truth drug 1940s to 1960s
Drug Testing and Analysis, 2018Co-Authors: Torsten Passie, Udo BenzenhöferAbstract:This article describes the context in which 3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine (MDA), 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) and other Mescaline-like compounds were explored as hallucinogens for military and intelligence purposes from the 1940s to the 1960s. Germans first tested Mescaline as a "truth drug" in a military context. In the 1940s, the United States military started testing hallucinogenic substances as truth drugs for interrogation and behavior manipulation. After tests carried out using Mescaline and other drugs in 1950, some derivatives of Mescaline were synthesized by the Army for the exploration of possible "speech-inducing" effects. After insufficient animal testing, the substances were given to patients at the New York State Psychiatric Institute (NYSPI). 3,4-Methylenedioxy-N-ethylamphetamine (MDE), a compound almost identical to MDMA, was among the compounds delivered for testing at the NYSPI. During tests with other derivatives (3,4-dimethoxyphenethylamine (DMA), 3,4-methylenedioxyphenethylamine (MDPEA), MDA) in 1952-53, an unwitting patient died in these tests, which was kept secret from the public. Research was interrupted and toxicological animal testing procedures were initiated. The secret animal studies run in 1953/1954 revealed that some of the "Mescaline derivatives" tested (e.g. MDA, MDE, DMA, 3,4,5-trimethoxyamphetamine (TMA), MDMA) were considered for further testing in humans. In 1955, the military changed focus to lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), but some interest in Mescaline-like compounds remained for their ability to change mood and habit without interfering with cognition and sensory perception. Based on the known documents, it remains unclear (but probable) whether any of the Mescaline derivatives tested were being used operationally.
David E Nichols - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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c 4 5 6 trimethoxyindan 1 yl methanamine a Mescaline analogue designed using a homology model of the 5 ht2a receptor
Journal of Medicinal Chemistry, 2006Co-Authors: Thomas H Mclean, James J Chambers, Jason C Parrish, Michael R Braden, Danuta Maronalewicka, Deborah M Kurraschorbaugh, David E NicholsAbstract:A conformationally restricted analogue of Mescaline, C-(4,5,6-trimethoxyindan-1-yl)-methanamine, was designed using a 5-HT2A receptor homology model. The compound possessed 3-fold higher affinity and potency than and efficacy equal to that of Mescaline at the 5-HT2A receptor. The new analogue substituted fully for LSD in drug discrimination studies and was 5-fold more potent than Mescaline. Resolution of this analogue into its enantiomers corroborated the docking experiments, showing the R-(+) isomer to have higher affinity and potency and to have efficacy similar to that of Mescaline at the 5-HT2A receptor.
Sergei Belyakov - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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dpp iv inhibitor blocks Mescaline induced scratching and amphetamine induced hyperactivity in mice
Brain Research, 2005Co-Authors: Susan Lautar, Camilo Rojas, Barbara S Slusher, Krystyna M Wozniak, Ying Wu, Ajit G Thomas, Daniel Waldon, William A Li, Dana Ferraris, Sergei BelyakovAbstract:Abstract Dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DPP IV) is a ubiquitous membrane-bound enzyme that cleaves the two N-terminal amino acids from peptides with a proline or alanine residue in the second position from the amino end. Potential substrates for DPP IV include several neuropeptides, suggesting a role for DPP IV in neurological processes. We have developed a potent DPP IV inhibitor (IC50 = 30 nM), 1-(2-Amino-3-methyl-butyryl)-azetidine-2-carbonitrile (AMAC), which has shown efficacy in two established models of psychosis: Mescaline-induced scratching and amphetamine-induced hyperactivity. In the Mescaline-induced scratching model, AMAC treatment before Mescaline administration reduced the number of scratching paroxysms by 68% (P
