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Karin Frank - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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The viability of Metapopulations: Individual dispersal behaviour matters
Landscape Ecology, 2006Co-Authors: Simone K. Heinz, Christian Wissel, Karin FrankAbstract:Metapopulation models are frequently used for analysing species-landscape interactions and their effect on structure and dynamic of populations in fragmented landscapes. They especially support a better understanding of the viability of Metapopulations. In such models, the processes determining metapopulation viability are often modelled in a simple way. Animals' dispersal between habitat fragments is mostly taken into account by using a simple dispersal function that assumes the underlying process of dispersal to be random movement. Species-specific dispersal behaviour such as a systematic search for habitat patches is likely to influence the viability of a metapopulation. Using a model for metapopulation viability analysis, we investigate whether such specific dispersal behaviour affects the predictions of ranking orders among alternative landscape configurations rated regarding their ability to carry viable Metapopulations. To incorporate dispersal behaviour in the model, we use a submodel for the colonisation rates which allows different movement patterns to be considered (uncorrelated random walk, correlated random walk with various degrees of correlation, and loops). For each movement pattern, the landscape order is determined by comparing the resulting mean metapopulation lifetime T-m of different landscape configurations. Results show that landscape orders can change considerably between different movement patterns. We analyse whether and under what circumstances dispersal behaviour influences the ranking orders of landscapes. We find that the 'competition between patches for migrants' - i.e. the fact that dispersers immigrating into one patch are not longer available as colonisers for other patches - is an important factor driving the change in landscape ranks. The implications of our results for metapopulation modelling, planning and conservation are discussed.
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ecologically differentiated rules of thumb for habitat network design lessons from a formula
Biodiversity and Conservation, 2004Co-Authors: Karin FrankAbstract:The present paper addresses the following typical question of metapopulation management: “What habitat distribution is optimal for metapopulation persistence if a habitat network with a given number and configuration of patches is considered?”. By utilizing a generic metapopulation model and performing a special model analysis, rules of thumb for optimum habitat distribution and a general ‘Principle of Optimality’ are derived. The whole study is based on the application of a formula for the mean lifetime of Metapopulations derived in a previous study. Finally, some general conclusions are drawn concerning the potential of using PVA techniques for deriving tools for decision support for conservation management.
Ilkka Hanski - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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ecology genetics and evolution of Metapopulations
Journal of The Torrey Botanical Society, 2004Co-Authors: Jennifer H Mattei, Ilkka Hanski, Oscar E. GaggiottiAbstract:Table of contents Contributors Preface Introduction Chapter 1 Metapopulation biology: Past, present, and future Chapter 2 Metapopulation dynamics: Perspectives from landscape ecology Chapter 3 Continuous-space models for population dynamics Metapopulation ecology Chapter 4 Metapopulation dynamics in highly fragmented landscapes Chapter 5 Application of stochastic patch occupancy models to real Metapopulations Chapter 6 From Metapopulations to metacommunities Metapopulation genetics Chapter 7 Selection and drift in Metapopulations Chapter 8 Metapopulations and coalescent theory Chapter 9 Metapopulation quantitative genetics: The quantitative genetics of population differentiation Evolutionary dynamics in Metapopulations Chapter 10 Life history evolution in Metapopulations Chapter 11 Selection in Metapopulations: The co-evolution of phenotype and context Chapter 12 Speciation in Metapopulations Integration and applications Chapter 13 Causes, mechanisms and consequences of dispersal Chapter 14 Mechanisms of population extinction Chapter 15 Multilocus genotype methods for the study of metapopulation processes Chapter 16 Ecological and evolutionary consequences of source-sink population dynamics Chapter 17 Metapopulation dynamics of infectious diseases Chapter 18 Towards a metapopulation concept for plants Chapter 19 Long-term study of a plant-pathogen metapopulation Chapter 20 Metapopulation dynamics in changing environments: Butterfly responses to habitat and climate change Chapter 21 Inferring pattern and process in small mammal Metapopulations: Insights from ecological and genetic data Chapter 22 Metapopulation dynamics and reserve network design Chapter 23 Viability analysis for endangered Metapopulations: A diffusion approximation approach Bibliography Index
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1 – Metapopulation Biology: Past, Present, and Future
Ecology Genetics and Evolution of Metapopulations, 2004Co-Authors: Ilkka Hanski, Oscar E. GaggiottiAbstract:Publisher Summary The term metapopulation stems from the general notion of the hierarchical structure of nature. Just like the term population is needed to describe an assemblage of interacting individuals, it seems apt to have a term for an assemblage of spatially delimited local populations that are coupled by some degree of migration—the metapopulation. It is conceptually attractive and helpful for the study of population biology to explicitly consider the sequence of entities from individuals to local populations to Metapopulations. A metapopulation approach refers to research or management that adopts the view that local populations, which the Metapopulations consist of, are discrete (or relatively discrete) entities in space, and that these local populations interact via migration and gene flow. Metapopulation biology represents a way of explicitly putting population biology into a spatial context. The basic tenet of spatial ecology, which includes metapopulation ecology as well as other approximations, is that the spatial positions of individuals and populations matter in the sense of influencing the growth rate and dynamics of populations and Metapopulations and their competitive, predator–prey, and other interactions.
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Spatially realistic theory of metapopulation ecology
Die Naturwissenschaften, 2001Co-Authors: Ilkka HanskiAbstract:Much of spatial ecology since the late 1960s has been dominated by two theories, the dynamic theory of island biogeography and the classical metapopulation theory. The latter theory largely replaced the former one in the 1980s, especially in conservation applications. It is only recently that ecologists have fully realized that a relatively simple general theory can be readily constructed that makes some of the simplifying assumptions of the two earlier theories unnecessary. The spatially realistic metapopulation theory thereby provides a more unified framework for spatial ecology than the island theory or the classical metapopulation theory. This article describes the application of the spatially realistic metapopulation theory to real Metapopulations living in highly fragmented landscapes. I discuss the principal messages for population ecology and conservation biology, and I also place this theory into a broader context of other approaches to spatial ecology.
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The metapopulation capacity of a fragmented landscape
Nature, 2000Co-Authors: Ilkka Hanski, Otso OvaskainenAbstract:Ecologists and conservation biologists have used many measures of landscape structure to predict the population dynamic consequences of habitat loss and fragmentation, but these measures are not well justified by population dynamic theory. Here we introduce a new measure for highly fragmented landscapes, termed the metapopulation capacity, which is rigorously derived from metapopulation theory and can easily be applied to real networks of habitat fragments with known areas and connectivities. Technically, metapopulation capacity is the leading eigenvalue of an appropriate 'landscape' matrix. A species is predicted to persist in a landscape if the metapopulation capacity of that landscape is greater than a threshold value determined by the properties of the species. Therefore, metapopulation capacity can conveniently be used to rank different landscapes in terms of their capacity to support viable Metapopulations. We present an empirical example on multiple networks occupied by an endangered species of butterfly. Using this theory, we may also calculate how the metapopulation capacity is changed by removing habitat fragments from or adding new ones into specific spatial locations, or by changing their areas. The metapopulation capacity should find many applications in metapopulation ecology, landscape ecology and conservation biology.
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metapopulation biology ecology genetics and evolution
Ecology, 1997Co-Authors: Chris Ray, Ilkka Hanski, Martha F Hoopes, Michael E. GilpinAbstract:Conceptual Foundation: Introduction. Empirical Evidence for Metapopulation Dynamics. Metapopulation Dynamics and Landscape Ecology. Theory of Metapopulation Dynamics. Metapopulation Dynamics: Form Concepts and Observations to Predictive Models. Structures Metapopulation Models. Two-Species Metapopulation Models. From Metapopulation Dynamics to Community Structure: Some Consequences of Spatial Heterogeneity. Genetic Effective Size of a Metapopulation. The Evolution of Metapopulations. Metapopulation Processes: Extinction Models for Local Populations. Studying Transfer Processes in Metapopulations: Immigration, Migration, And Colonization. Migration Within Metapopulations: The Impact Upon Local Population Dynamics. Evolution of Migration Rate and Other Traits: The Metapopulation Effect. Spatial Processes in Host-Parasite Genetics. Case Studies: Butterfly Metapopulations. Tritrophic Metapopulation Dynamics: A Case Study of Ragworth, The Cinnabar Moth, And the Parasitoid Cotesia Popularis. Spatially Correlated Dynamics in a Pika Metapopulation. A Case Study of Genetic Structure in a Plant Metapopulation. Subject Index.
Dries Bonte - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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The importance and adaptive value of life history evolution for metapopulation dynamics
2017Co-Authors: Dries Bonte, Quinten BafortAbstract:The performance of populations is affected by environmental change and the resulting evolutionary dynamics. The spatial configuration and size of patches is known to directly influence metapopulation dynamics (spatial forcing). These metapopulation dynamics are also affecting and affected by life history evolution. Given the relevance of metapopulation persistence for biological conservation, and the potential rescuing role of evolution, a firm understanding of the relevance of these eco-evolutionary processes is essential. We here follow a systems modelling approach to disentangle the role of metapopulation structure relative to evolution for metapopulation performance. We developed an individual based systems model that is strongly based and parameterized by results from experimental Metapopulations with spider mites. This model enables us to perform virtual translocation and invasion experiments that would have been impossible to conduct in our experimental systems. We show that (1) metapopulation demography is more affected by spatial forcing than by observed life history evolution, but that life history evolution contributes up to 20 percent of the variation in demographic measures related to spatiotemporal variance in population sizes, (2) metapopulation performance is not enhanced by evolution, and (3) evolution is optimising individual performance in Metapopulations when considering the importance of so far overlooked stress resistance evolution. We thus provide evidence that metapopulation-level selection maximises individual performance and more importantly, that - at least in our system - evolutionary changes impact metapopulation dynamics, especially factors related to local and metapopulation sizes.
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Life-history evolution in response to changes in metapopulation structure in an arthropod herbivore
Functional Ecology, 2016Co-Authors: Annelies De Roissart, Nicky Wybouw, D Renault, Thomas Van Leeuwen, Dries BonteAbstract:The persistence and dynamics of populations largely depend on the way they are configured and integrated into space and the ensuing eco-evolutionary dynamics. * We manipulated spatial and temporal variation in patch size in replicated experimental Metapopulations of the herbivore mite Tetranychus urticae and followed evolutionary dynamics over approximately 30 generations. * A significant divergence in life-history traits, physiological endpoints and gene expression was recorded in the spatially and spatiotemporally variable metapopulation, but also a remarkable convergence relative to the stable reference metapopulation in traits related to size and fecundity and in its transcriptional regulation. * The observed evolutionary dynamics are tightly linked to demographic changes, more specifically frequent episodes of resource shortage that increased the reproductive performance of mites on tomato, a challenging host plant. This points towards a general, adaptive stress response in stable spatial variable and spatiotemporal variable Metapopulations that pre-adapts a herbivore arthropod to novel environmental stressors
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Spatial and spatiotemporal variation in metapopulation structure affects population dynamics in a passively dispersing arthropod
Journal of Animal Ecology, 2015Co-Authors: Annelies De Roissart, Shaopeng Wang, Dries BonteAbstract:The spatial and temporal variation in the availability of suitable habitat within Metapopulations determines colonization–extinction events, regulates local population sizes and eventually affects local population and metapopulation stability. Insights into the impact of such a spatiotemporal variation on the local population and metapopulation dynamics are principally derived from classical metapopulation By manipulating spatial structure in artificial Metapopulations of the spider mite Tetranychus urticae, we test to which degree spatial (mainland–island Metapopulations) and spatiotemporal variation (classical Metapopulations) in habitat availability affects the dynamics of the Metapopulations relative to systems where habitat is constantly available in time and space (patchy Metapopulations). Our experiment demonstrates that (i) spatial variation in habitat availability decreases variance in metapopulation size and decreases density‐dependent dispersal at the metapopulation level, while (ii) spatiotemporal variation in habitat availability increases patch extinction rates, decreases local population and metapopulation sizes and decreases density dependence in population growth rates. We found dispersal to be negatively density dependent and overall low in the spatial variable mainland–island metapopulation. This demographic variation subsequently impacts local and regional population dynamics and determines patterns of metapopulation stability. Both local and metapopulation‐level variabilities are minimized in mainland–island Metapopulations relative to classical and patchy ones.
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evolution in spatial and spatiotemporal variable Metapopulations changes a herbivore s host plant range
bioRxiv, 2015Co-Authors: Annelies De Roissart, Nicky Wybouw, D Renault, Thomas Van Leeuwen, Dries BonteAbstract:The persistence and dynamics of populations largely depends on the way they are configured and integrated into space and the ensuing eco-evolutionary dynamics. We manipulated spatial and temporal variation in patch size in replicated experimental Metapopulations of the herbivore mite Tetranychus urticae. Evolution over approximately 30 generations in the spatially and spatiotemporally variable Metapopulations induced a significant divergence in life history traits, physiological endpoints and gene expression, but also a remarkable convergence relative to the stable reference patchy metapopulation in traits related to size and fecundity and in its transcriptional regulation. The observed evolutionary dynamics are tightly linked to demographic changes, more specifically frequent episodes of resource shortage, and increased the reproductive performance of mites on tomato, a challenging host plant. This points towards a general, adaptive stress response in stable spatial variable and spatiotemporal variable Metapopulations that pre-adapts a herbivore arthropod to novel environmental stressors.
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Evolution of body condition-dependent dispersal in Metapopulations
Journal of evolutionary biology, 2009Co-Authors: Dries Bonte, E. De La PeñaAbstract:Body condition-dependent dispersal strategies are common in nature. Although it is obvious that environmental constraints may induce a positive relationship between body condition and dispersal, it is not clear whether positive body conditional dispersal strategies may evolve as a strategy in Metapopulations. We have developed an individual-based simulation model to investigate how body condition-dispersal reaction norms evolve in Metapopulations that are characterized by different levels of environmental stochasticity and dispersal mortality. In the model, body condition is related to fecundity and determined either by environmental conditions during juvenile development (adult dispersal) or by those experienced by the mother (natal dispersal). Evolutionarily stable reaction norms strongly depend on metapopulation conditions: positive body condition dependency of dispersal evolved in metapopulation conditions with low levels of dispersal mortality and high levels of environmental stochasticity. Negative body condition-dependent dispersal evolved in Metapopulations with high dispersal mortality and low environmental stochasticity. The latter strategy is responsible for higher dispersal rates under kin competition when dispersal decisions are based on body condition reached at the adult life stage. The evolution of both positive and negative body condition-dependent dispersal strategies is consequently likely in Metapopulations and depends on the prevalent environmental conditions.
Hugh P. Possingham - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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using complex network metrics to predict the persistence of Metapopulations with asymmetric connectivity patterns
Ecological Modelling, 2008Co-Authors: Michael Bode, Kevin Burrage, Hugh P. PossinghamAbstract:Almost all metapopulation modelling assumes that connectivity between patches is only a function of distance, and is therefore symmetric. However, connectivity will not depend only on the distance between the patches, as some paths are easy to traverse, while others are difficult. When colonising organisms interact with the heterogeneous landscape between patches, connectivity patterns will invariably be asymmetric. There have been few attempts to theoretically assess the effects of asymmetric connectivity patterns on the dynamics of Metapopulations. In this paper, we use the framework of complex networks to investigate whether metapopulation dynamics can be determined by directly analysing the asymmetric connectivity patterns that link the patches. Our analyses focus on “patch occupancy” metapopulation models, which only consider whether a patch is occupied or not. We propose three easily calculated network metrics: the “asymmetry” and “average path strength” of the connectivity pattern, and the “centrality” of each patch. Together, these metrics can be used to predict the length of time a metapopulation is expected to persist, and the relative contribution of each patch to a metapopulation’s viability. Our results clearly demonstrate the negative effect that asymmetry has on metapopulation persistence. Complex network analyses represent a useful new tool for understanding the dynamics of species existing in fragmented landscapes, particularly those existing in large Metapopulations.
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Does colonization asymmetry matter in Metapopulations
Proceedings. Biological sciences, 2006Co-Authors: Séverine Vuilleumier, Hugh P. PossinghamAbstract:Despite the considerable evidence showing that dispersal between habitat patches is often asymmetric, most of the metapopulation models assume symmetric dispersal. In this paper, we develop a Monte Carlo simulation model to quantify the effect of asymmetric dispersal on metapopulation persistence. Our results suggest that metapopulation extinctions are more likely when dispersal is asymmetric. Metapopulation viability in systems with symmetric dispersal mirrors results from a mean field approximation, where the system persists if the expected per patch colonization probability exceeds the expected per patch local extinction rate. For asymmetric cases, the mean field approximation underestimates the number of patches necessary for maintaining population persistence. If we use a model assuming symmetric dispersal when dispersal is actually asymmetric, the estimation of metapopulation persistence is wrong in more than 50% of the cases. Metapopulation viability depends on patch connectivity in symmetric systems, whereas in the asymmetric case the number of patches is more important. These results have important implications for managing spatially structured populations, when asymmetric dispersal may occur. Future metapopulation models should account for asymmetric dispersal, while empirical work is needed to quantify the patterns and the consequences of asymmetric dispersal in natural Metapopulations.
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The role of habitat disturbance and recovery in metapopulation persistence
Ecology, 2006Co-Authors: Chris Wilcox, Benjamin J Cairns, Hugh P. PossinghamAbstract:Classical metapopulation theory assumes a static landscape. However, empirical evidence indicates many Metapopulations are driven by habitat succession and disturbance. We develop a stochastic metapopulation model, incorporating habitat disturbance and recovery, coupled with patch colonization and extinction, to investigate the effect of habitat dynamics on persistence. We discover that habitat dynamics play a fundamental role in metapopulation dynamics. The mean number of suitable habitat patches is not adequate for characterizing the dynamics of the metapopulation. For a fixed mean number of suitable patches, we discover that the details of how disturbance affects patches and how patches recover influences metapopulation dynamics in a fundamental way. Moreover, metapopulation persistence is dependent not only on the average lifetime of a patch, but also on the variance in patch lifetime and the synchrony in patch dynamics that results from disturbance. Finally, there is an interaction between the habitat and metapopulation dynamics, for instance declining Metapopulations react differently to habitat dynamics than expanding Metapopulations. We close, emphasizing the importance of using performance measures appropriate to stochastic systems when evaluating their behavior, such as the probability distribution of the state of the metapopulation, conditional on it being extant (i.e., the quasistationary distribution).
Annelies De Roissart - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Life-history evolution in response to changes in metapopulation structure in an arthropod herbivore
Functional Ecology, 2016Co-Authors: Annelies De Roissart, Nicky Wybouw, D Renault, Thomas Van Leeuwen, Dries BonteAbstract:The persistence and dynamics of populations largely depend on the way they are configured and integrated into space and the ensuing eco-evolutionary dynamics. * We manipulated spatial and temporal variation in patch size in replicated experimental Metapopulations of the herbivore mite Tetranychus urticae and followed evolutionary dynamics over approximately 30 generations. * A significant divergence in life-history traits, physiological endpoints and gene expression was recorded in the spatially and spatiotemporally variable metapopulation, but also a remarkable convergence relative to the stable reference metapopulation in traits related to size and fecundity and in its transcriptional regulation. * The observed evolutionary dynamics are tightly linked to demographic changes, more specifically frequent episodes of resource shortage that increased the reproductive performance of mites on tomato, a challenging host plant. This points towards a general, adaptive stress response in stable spatial variable and spatiotemporal variable Metapopulations that pre-adapts a herbivore arthropod to novel environmental stressors
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Spatial and spatiotemporal variation in metapopulation structure affects population dynamics in a passively dispersing arthropod
Journal of Animal Ecology, 2015Co-Authors: Annelies De Roissart, Shaopeng Wang, Dries BonteAbstract:The spatial and temporal variation in the availability of suitable habitat within Metapopulations determines colonization–extinction events, regulates local population sizes and eventually affects local population and metapopulation stability. Insights into the impact of such a spatiotemporal variation on the local population and metapopulation dynamics are principally derived from classical metapopulation By manipulating spatial structure in artificial Metapopulations of the spider mite Tetranychus urticae, we test to which degree spatial (mainland–island Metapopulations) and spatiotemporal variation (classical Metapopulations) in habitat availability affects the dynamics of the Metapopulations relative to systems where habitat is constantly available in time and space (patchy Metapopulations). Our experiment demonstrates that (i) spatial variation in habitat availability decreases variance in metapopulation size and decreases density‐dependent dispersal at the metapopulation level, while (ii) spatiotemporal variation in habitat availability increases patch extinction rates, decreases local population and metapopulation sizes and decreases density dependence in population growth rates. We found dispersal to be negatively density dependent and overall low in the spatial variable mainland–island metapopulation. This demographic variation subsequently impacts local and regional population dynamics and determines patterns of metapopulation stability. Both local and metapopulation‐level variabilities are minimized in mainland–island Metapopulations relative to classical and patchy ones.
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evolution in spatial and spatiotemporal variable Metapopulations changes a herbivore s host plant range
bioRxiv, 2015Co-Authors: Annelies De Roissart, Nicky Wybouw, D Renault, Thomas Van Leeuwen, Dries BonteAbstract:The persistence and dynamics of populations largely depends on the way they are configured and integrated into space and the ensuing eco-evolutionary dynamics. We manipulated spatial and temporal variation in patch size in replicated experimental Metapopulations of the herbivore mite Tetranychus urticae. Evolution over approximately 30 generations in the spatially and spatiotemporally variable Metapopulations induced a significant divergence in life history traits, physiological endpoints and gene expression, but also a remarkable convergence relative to the stable reference patchy metapopulation in traits related to size and fecundity and in its transcriptional regulation. The observed evolutionary dynamics are tightly linked to demographic changes, more specifically frequent episodes of resource shortage, and increased the reproductive performance of mites on tomato, a challenging host plant. This points towards a general, adaptive stress response in stable spatial variable and spatiotemporal variable Metapopulations that pre-adapts a herbivore arthropod to novel environmental stressors.