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Rupert M. Bruckmaier - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Factors affecting Milk Ejection and removal during Milking and suckling of dairy cows
Veterinární Medicína, 2015Co-Authors: V. Tančin, Rupert M. BruckmaierAbstract:The release of oxytocin and Milk Ejection occurrence in response to teat stimulation are crucial for fast and complete Milk removal during Milking or suckling. The Milk Ejection reflex can be disturbed at central or peripheral level under different experimental and practical conditions. The central disturbance results in the lack or insufficient Ejection of the alveolar Milk into the cistern due to inhibited oxytocin release from pituitary into the blood circulation. The important role in the pathophysiological regulation of the inhibited release of oxytocin is played by an opioid system. Endogenous opioids have suppressive effects on oxytocin release under the normal conditions of Milk removal. However under the conditions of disturbed Milk Ejection their role in dairy cows was not confirmed. Other possible mechanisms involved in the central inhibition of oxytocin release are discussed. In dairy cows as compared with rats the mechanisms involved in the regulation of oxytocin release at the central level remain unclear. The central inhibition of oxytocin release has often been observed in dairy practice during Milking of primiparous cows after parturition, suckling by alien calf, calf removal before Milking, Milking of cows in the presence of own calf, relocation and Milking in an unknown Milking place. If sufficient released oxytocin cannot induce the transfer of Milk from alveoli to cistern, peripheral mechanisms are involved. Peripheral mechanisms are related to the increased levels of catecholamines and/or activation sympathetic nervous system at the udder level. In conclusion, the release of oxytocin and Milk Ejection efficiency can be very easily suppressed by many factors. The effect of Milking conditions on regulation of Milk Ejection has to be considered. Thus the physiological requirements of dairy cows have to be respected.
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Milk Ejection disorders in Swiss dairy cows: a field study
The Journal of dairy research, 2009Co-Authors: Claire J Belo, Sabrina Schlegel, Jürg Moll, Erich Möstl, Rupert M. BruckmaierAbstract:A questionnaire was sent to 2099 dairy farms to investigate the occurrence of poor Milkability. Based on that, the frequency of poor Milkability in Swiss dairy cows was 4% and the percentage of cows treated with oxytocin (OT) was 2%. In addition, 270 dairy farms that had reported cases of animals with poor Milkability were contacted for an interview to classify the disorders. Farmers suspected disturbed Milk Ejection in 52%, anatomical dysfunction of the teat and/or the udder in 16% and Milk Ejection disorder or impaired Milkability caused by discernable environmental factors in 32% of the cases. Forty-eight animals from 18 farms with suspected Milk Ejection disorders were selected for an experimental field study which included Milk flow recording and OT administration to induce Milk Ejection. After cessation of the spontaneous Milk flow, a low dose of OT (0.2, 0.5 or 1 i.u.) was injected i.v. to test the responsiveness of the udder to OT at a physiological level. When Milk flow ceased again, 10 i.u. OT was injected i.v. (supraphysiological) to ensure complete udder emptying and to determine the residual Milk. Milk Ejection disorder could be confirmed in 69% of the cases, i.e. if residual Milk was >20% of the total Milk. Because in 27% of the animals Milk Ejection disorder was not confirmed on the basis of elevated residual Milk, an anatomical disorder of the teat and/or the udder was suspected. Milk Ejection disorder could be confirmed in 69% of the cases whereas in 27% of the suspected cases an anatomical disorder of the teat and/or the udder was suspected. An increased cortisol production in cows with Milk Ejection disorder was not obvious because faecal concentrations of cortisol metabolites with a 5 beta-androstane-3 alpha,11 oxo-structure were not augmented in animals with disturbed Milk Ejection.
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Induction of Milk Ejection and Milk removal in different production systems.
Journal of animal science, 2007Co-Authors: Rupert M. Bruckmaier, Olga WellnitzAbstract:Milk Ejection is important during Milking or suckling to obtain the alveolar Milk fraction, which can represent more than 80% of the Milk stored in the udder of dairy cows. In response to tactile teat stimulation, either manually or by the Milking machine, Milk Ejection is induced by the release of oxytocin and resultant myoepithelial contraction. The time from the start of tactile stimulation until the occurrence of Milk Ejection spans 40 s to > 2 min and increases with a decreasing degree of udder filling. Therefore, cows need a longer prestimulation in the late stages of lactation or if the Milking is performed shortly after the previous Milking, whereas in full udders prestimulation is less important. Milk Ejection is disturbed under several conditions, such as during Milking in unfamiliar surroundings (i.e., a novel Milking environment) or for several weeks immediately after parturition in primiparous cows. Disturbed Milk Ejection is due to a reduction of or absence of oxytocin release from the pituitary. The severity of disturbed Milk Ejection and the coping capacity toward a novel Milking environment is related to cortisol release in response to ACTH (i.e., adrenal cortex activity). Therefore, susceptibility of individual cows to the inhibition of oxytocin release and Milk Ejection can be predicted by an ACTH challenge test. Comfortable surroundings, such as feeding in and lighting of the Milking parlor, can increase the secretion of oxytocin. Overcoming the lack of oxytocin release by injection of exogenous oxytocin for an extended time results in a reduction of the mammary response to endogenous oxytocin. In different production systems, it has to be verified that udder stimulation is sufficient to prevent disturbed Milk Ejection. Different brands of automatic Milking systems induce a sufficient prestimulation of the udder, even if a few minutes are needed for a successful onset of the teat clusters. Specific breeds used for less intense Milk production may need the presence of their calves for sufficient oxytocin release during Milking. In conclusion, in all Milk production systems, the maximal possible reduction of stress has to be targeted and proper udder prestimulation must be performed for an optimal Milking of the cow by the farmer.
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Normal and disturbed Milk Ejection in dairy cows
Domestic animal endocrinology, 2005Co-Authors: Rupert M. BruckmaierAbstract:More than 80% of the Milk stored in the udder, i.e. the alveolar fraction, only available after Milk Ejection is induced by the release of oxytocin and myoepithelial contraction. Milk Ejection is induced by tactile teat stimulation, either manually or by the Milking machine. The time from the start of a tactile stimulation until the occurrence of Milk Ejection spans from 40 s up to more than 2 min and increases with decreasing degree of udder filling. Therefore, cows need a longer pre-stimulation in late stages of lactation or if the Milking is performed shortly after the previous Milking whereas in full udders, pre-stimulation is less important. Milk Ejection can be disturbed under several conditions, for example, during Milking in unfamiliar surroundings or for several weeks after parturition in many primiparous cows. We found that a disturbed Milk Ejection is due to a reduced release or complete absence of oxytocin from the pituitary. During Milkings with disturbed Milk Ejection in unfamiliar surroundings, the concentrations of cortisol and beta-endorphin were elevated. While exogenous glucocorticoids could not induce the disturbance, morphine caused inhibition of oxytocin release during Milking. However, spontaneously occurring disturbance of Milk Ejection could not be abolished by the opioid-antagonist naloxone. On the other hand, severity of disturbed Milk Ejection and coping capacity towards novel Milking environment was inversely related to the cortisol release in response to ACTH, i.e. adrenal cortex activity. Therefore, the susceptibility of individual cows to the inhibition of oxytocin release and Milk Ejection could be predicted by an ACTH challenge test.
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Mammary cisternal size, cisternal Milk and Milk Ejection in Murrah buffaloes.
The Journal of dairy research, 2004Co-Authors: Chirathalattu S Thomas, Kerstin Svennersten-sjaunja, Madhukar R Bhosrekar, Rupert M. BruckmaierAbstract:The internal arrangement of the mammary gland cavity system, cisternal and alveolar Milk fractions and the characteristics of Milk Ejection were investigated in buffaloes. Twenty-four Murrah buffaloes in three different stages of lactation and of two age groups were used. Continuous ultrasound cross-sections during Milk Ejection induced by exogenous oxytocin were performed to record the latency period of Milk Ejection. Buffaloes had small cisterns and the cavity area in the teat and gland regions were not significantly different (P > 0.05). The animals had long teat canals (3.1 +/- 0.1 cm), longer in the hind than fore quarters. Cisternal Milk yield was low (0.17 +/- 0.01 kg) and cisternal fraction was only 4.9 +/- 0.1% of the total Milk. The cisternal area (cm2) was 69.6 +/- 4.6, 51.61 +/- 4.8 and 26.01 +/- 4.8 while the cisternal yield (kg) was 0.32 +/- 0.05, 0.18 +/- 0.05 and 0.05 +/- 0.05 in early, mid and late lactation, respectively. A close correlation (r = 0.87, P < 0.05) existed between the ultrasound cisternal area and cisternal Milk yield. The latency period of induced Milk Ejection was similar to that reported for cows (25 +/- 1 s) and was negatively correlated with Milk yield (r = -0.75, P < 0.05). Milk Ejection occurred shortly after elevated oxytocin concentrations were present. Delayed Milk Ejection reported earlier in this species must therefore be due to the absence of cisternal Milk and delayed oxytocin release. An increase in teat length and circumference at Milk Ejection was also evident in the ultrasound cross sections.
Donna T. Geddes - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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impact of expression mode and timing of sample collection relative to Milk Ejection on human Milk bacterial dna profiles
Journal of Applied Microbiology, 2021Co-Authors: Ali S Cheema, Ching Tat Lai, Donna T. Geddes, Michael Dymock, A Rae, Matthew S Payne, Lisa F StinsonAbstract:Aim To investigate the impact of expression mode: electric breast pump or hand expression, and timing of sample collection: pre‐ and post‐Milk Ejection on human Milk (HM) bacterial DNA profiles. Methods and results Three HM samples from the same breast were collected from 30 breastfeeding mothers: a pre‐Milk Ejection pump‐expressed sample (pre‐pump), a post‐Milk Ejection pump‐expressed sample (post‐pump) and a post‐Milk Ejection hand‐expressed sample (post‐hand). Full‐length 16S rRNA gene sequencing was used to assess Milk bacterial DNA profiles. Bacterial profiles did not differ significantly based on mode of expression nor timing of sample collection. No significant differences were detected in the relative abundance of any OTUs based on expression condition (pre‐pump/ post‐pump and post‐pump/post‐hand) with univariate linear mixed‐effects regression analyses (all P‐values > 0·01; α = 0·01). Similarly, no difference in richness was observed between sample types (number of observed OTUs: post‐pump/post‐hand P = 0·13; pre‐pump/post‐pump P = 0. 45). Conclusion Bacterial DNA profiles of HM did not differ according to either expression method or timing of sample collection. Significance and Impact of the Study Hand or pump expression can be utilized to collect samples for microbiome studies. This has implications for the design of future HM microbiome studies.
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Comparison of maternal Milk Ejection characteristics during pumping using infant-derived and 2-phase vacuum patterns.
International breastfeeding journal, 2019Co-Authors: Hazel Gardner, Jacqueline C. Kent, Ching Tat Lai, Donna T. GeddesAbstract:Milk Ejection characteristics remain consistent throughout 12 months of lactation in women who expressed breastMilk with an electric breast pump. In addition these characteristics appear to remain constant when women are breastfeeding or pumping suggesting that Milk Ejection is a robust physiological response. It is not known whether the stimulation of an infant at the breast in the early post partum period influences Milk Ejection patterns or whether this is a programmed event. However, as more data become available on the mechanisms involved in infant feeding, pumping patterns mimicking the infant more closely may provide enhanced results. The objective of this study was to compare Milk Ejection characteristics obtained when using a novel infant-derived pumping pattern with an established 2-phase pattern. A convenience sample of ten lactating mothers, 1 to 40 weeks of lactation with normal Milk production were recruited in 2015. Each participated in two pumping sessions in which either a 2-phase pattern or infant-derived pattern were randomly assigned. Milk volume and Milk Ejection characteristics were recorded and the percentage of available Milk removed (PAMR) was calculated. Statistical analysis used linear mixed effects modeling to determine any differences between breasts and pump patterns with the consideration of individual variability as a random effect. The number of Milk Ejections and Milk Ejection characteristics did not differ between patterns. Milk volumes removed were 53.6 ± 28.5 ml (PAMR 58.2 ± 28.4) for the 2-phase pattern and and 54.2 ± 26.3 ml (PAMR 52.2 ± 22.3) for the infant derived pattern. Peak Milk flow rates were positively associated with the available Milk (p = 0.0003) and PAMR (p = 0.0001), as was the volume of Milk removed during each Milk Ejection (p = 0.001 and p = 0.0001). An experimental pumping pattern designed to resemble infant sucking characteristics did not alter Milk Ejection characteristics or Milk removal parameters compared with an established 2-phase pattern. Theses findings provide further evidence that Milk Ejection is a robust physiological response.
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Detection of Milk Ejection Using Bioimpedance Spectroscopy in Lactating Women during Milk Expression Using an Electric Breast Pump
Journal of mammary gland biology and neoplasia, 2019Co-Authors: Hazel Gardner, Ching Tat Lai, Leigh C. Ward, Donna T. GeddesAbstract:Milk Ejection is essential for effective Milk removal during breastfeeding and pumping, and for continued Milk synthesis. Many women are unable to accurately sense Milk Ejection to determine whether their infant is receiving Milk or, when pumping, to switch the pump to a more effective expression pattern. To determine if changes in bioimpedance parameters are associated with Milk Ejection in the lactating breast during pumping. 30 lactating women participated in 2 pumping sessions within 2 weeks of each other. During pumping the breasts were monitored with bioimpedance spectroscopy (on either the pumped or the non- pumped breast), and Milk flow rate and volume were measured simultaneously. All mothers completed 24-h Milk productions. Linear mixed effects models were used to determine associations between Milk flow rate and bioimpedance changes. Changes in bioimpedance parameters were greater at the first Milk Ejection when measured on the pumped breast (median (IQR): R zero: −7 (−17, −4,) % (n = 30); R infinity: −8 (−20, −2) % (n = 29); membrane capacitance: −24 (−59, −7) % (n = 27). Changes in bioimpedance detected in the non-pumped breast were lower at the first Milk Ejection, R zero: −3 (−8, −2) % (n = 25); R infinity: −5 (−8, −2) % (n = 23); membrane capacitance: −9 (−17, 15) % (n = 24). Smaller less consistent decreases in the bioimpedance characteristics were detected at the second Milk Ejection in both breasts. Bioimpedance parameters showed a consistent decrease associated with the first Milk Ejection when electrodes were placed on the pumped breast. Smaller decreases were observed when the non-pumped breast was monitored for the first and second Milk Ejection. There was wide variation in the magnitude of changes observed, and hence further development of the methodology is needed to ensure reliability.
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Milk Ejection patterns remain consistent during the first and second lactations
American journal of human biology : the official journal of the Human Biology Council, 2017Co-Authors: Hazel Gardner, Jacqueline C. Kent, Danielle K. Prime, Ching Tat Lai, Peter E. Hartmann, Donna T. GeddesAbstract:Objective Milk Ejection is a critical physiological process for successful lactation in humans and without it little Milk can be removed. Individual Milk Ejection patterns have been shown to remain consistent between breasts at different lactation stages and using different vacuum patterns with an electric breast pump. Little is known about the Milk Ejection characteristics during the second lactation period in the same mother. The objective of this study was to examine Milk Ejection characteristics in the same woman over two lactations. Methods One mother took part in two pumping studies during consecutive lactations. One pumping study examined Milk Ejection characteristics during simultaneous breast expression during the first lactation. The second pumping study (second lactation) used two different pumping patterns. Three distinct Milk Ejections were measured during each pumping session. Results Measurements of Milk flow were used to compare the duration and time taken to reach the peak of each Milk Ejection for two pumping sessions from each of the lactations. There were no significant differences in Milk Ejection characteristics between breasts, using different pumping patterns, or between lactations in this mother (P > .05). Conclusion Milk Ejection appears to be a physiological response that is consistent across consecutive lactations within the same mother. This suggests that Milk Ejection characteristics are established during or prior to the first lactation. The infant appears to have little influence on the Milk Ejection characteristics of the mother.
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Milk Ejection patterns: an intra- individual comparison of breastfeeding and pumping
BMC pregnancy and childbirth, 2015Co-Authors: Hazel Gardner, Jacqueline C. Kent, Ching Tat Lai, Peter E. Hartmann, Leon R. Mitoulas, Mark D. Cregan, Donna T. GeddesAbstract:Milk Ejection is a transient episode critical to Milk removal and women typically have multiple Milk Ejections during breastfeeding and pumping. Recently it was found that Milk Ejection characteristics such as number of Milk Ejections and periodicity were consistent throughout 12 months of lactation in women who expressed their Milk with an electric breast pump. It is not known whether the stimulation of an infant at the breast influences Milk Ejection patterns or whether this is a programmed event. The aim of this study was to compare Milk Ejection patterns during breastfeeding and expressing Milk with an electric pump within mothers. Twelve lactating mothers with normal Milk production (502–1356 mL) had Milk Ejection recorded by measuring the diameter of a major Milk duct with ultrasound imaging throughout an entire breastfeed and a 15-min pumping session. Scans were analysed for timing, duration of duct dilation and maximum duct diameter. The initial Milk Ejection defined as the first increase in duct diameter was observed earlier during breastfeeding than during two phase pumping sessions but was not statistically significant (p = .057). There were no significant differences between the duration of the first or second Milk Ejection for mothers when breastfeeding or pumping at their maximum comfortable vacuum (p = .18; p = .99). The times taken to reach the peak duct diameter, or the first half of the Milk Ejection were also not found to be significantly different between breastfeeding and pumping. This study suggests that Milk Ejection patterns remain consistent within individual mothers regardless of whether the mother is breastfeeding or expressing Milk indicating a likelihood of the process either being programmed or innate to the individual.
Peter E. Hartmann - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Milk Ejection patterns remain consistent during the first and second lactations
American journal of human biology : the official journal of the Human Biology Council, 2017Co-Authors: Hazel Gardner, Jacqueline C. Kent, Danielle K. Prime, Ching Tat Lai, Peter E. Hartmann, Donna T. GeddesAbstract:Objective Milk Ejection is a critical physiological process for successful lactation in humans and without it little Milk can be removed. Individual Milk Ejection patterns have been shown to remain consistent between breasts at different lactation stages and using different vacuum patterns with an electric breast pump. Little is known about the Milk Ejection characteristics during the second lactation period in the same mother. The objective of this study was to examine Milk Ejection characteristics in the same woman over two lactations. Methods One mother took part in two pumping studies during consecutive lactations. One pumping study examined Milk Ejection characteristics during simultaneous breast expression during the first lactation. The second pumping study (second lactation) used two different pumping patterns. Three distinct Milk Ejections were measured during each pumping session. Results Measurements of Milk flow were used to compare the duration and time taken to reach the peak of each Milk Ejection for two pumping sessions from each of the lactations. There were no significant differences in Milk Ejection characteristics between breasts, using different pumping patterns, or between lactations in this mother (P > .05). Conclusion Milk Ejection appears to be a physiological response that is consistent across consecutive lactations within the same mother. This suggests that Milk Ejection characteristics are established during or prior to the first lactation. The infant appears to have little influence on the Milk Ejection characteristics of the mother.
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Milk Ejection patterns: an intra- individual comparison of breastfeeding and pumping
BMC pregnancy and childbirth, 2015Co-Authors: Hazel Gardner, Jacqueline C. Kent, Ching Tat Lai, Peter E. Hartmann, Leon R. Mitoulas, Mark D. Cregan, Donna T. GeddesAbstract:Milk Ejection is a transient episode critical to Milk removal and women typically have multiple Milk Ejections during breastfeeding and pumping. Recently it was found that Milk Ejection characteristics such as number of Milk Ejections and periodicity were consistent throughout 12 months of lactation in women who expressed their Milk with an electric breast pump. It is not known whether the stimulation of an infant at the breast influences Milk Ejection patterns or whether this is a programmed event. The aim of this study was to compare Milk Ejection patterns during breastfeeding and expressing Milk with an electric pump within mothers. Twelve lactating mothers with normal Milk production (502–1356 mL) had Milk Ejection recorded by measuring the diameter of a major Milk duct with ultrasound imaging throughout an entire breastfeed and a 15-min pumping session. Scans were analysed for timing, duration of duct dilation and maximum duct diameter. The initial Milk Ejection defined as the first increase in duct diameter was observed earlier during breastfeeding than during two phase pumping sessions but was not statistically significant (p = .057). There were no significant differences between the duration of the first or second Milk Ejection for mothers when breastfeeding or pumping at their maximum comfortable vacuum (p = .18; p = .99). The times taken to reach the peak duct diameter, or the first half of the Milk Ejection were also not found to be significantly different between breastfeeding and pumping. This study suggests that Milk Ejection patterns remain consistent within individual mothers regardless of whether the mother is breastfeeding or expressing Milk indicating a likelihood of the process either being programmed or innate to the individual.
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Milk flow rates can be used to identify and investigate Milk Ejection in women expressing breast Milk using an electric breast pump
Breastfeeding Medicine, 2006Co-Authors: Donna T. Ramsay, Jacqueline C. Kent, Leon R. Mitoulas, Mark D. Cregan, Michael Larsson, Dorota A Doherty, Peter E. HartmannAbstract:Currently there is no simple method available to assess Milk Ejection and breast Milk flow in lactating women in both the clinical and research setting. The authors hypothesize that changes in Milk flow rate are associated with Milk Ejection and therefore may provide a method suitable for the assessment of Milk Ejection and removal. Mothers (n = 23) expressed Milk from one breast for a 15-minute period using both weak and strong vacuums on two to four separate occasions using an experimental electric breast pump (Medela AG, Baar, Switzerland). Breast Milk flow rates were recorded at 5-second intervals by connecting a tube from the breast shield to a bottle placed on a balance that was connected to a computer. Milk Ejection was determined by an acute increase in Milk duct diameter in the contralateral breast using ultrasound (Acuson XP10, Siemens, Mountain View, CA), and the change in duct diameter was compared with Milk flow rates. Milk flow rates ranged from 0 to 4.6 g per 5-second period. Increases in f...
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the use of ultrasound to characterize Milk Ejection in women using an electric breast pump
Journal of Human Lactation, 2005Co-Authors: Donna T. Ramsay, Jacqueline C. Kent, Leon R. Mitoulas, Michael Larsson, Peter E. HartmannAbstract:This study aimed to use ultrasound imaging to investigate the Milk Ejection characteristics of women during a 10-minute expression using an electric breast pump capable of applying 2 markedly different vacuum patterns. The classic pattern (47 cycles/min) and 3-phase pattern (pre-Milk Ejection: 120 cycles/min, post-Milk Ejection: 20 cycles/min for 2 minutes post-Milk Ejection then 55-78 cycles/min for 8 minutes) were tested, and the Milk expressed was collected in 30-second intervals. Multiple Milk Ejections (96%) were detected (classic: 3.27+/-2.05; 3-phase: 3.72+/-1.19) and associated with increases in Milk flow. Almost half of the total volume of Milk expressed was removed during the first Milk Ejection (classic: 41.38+/-21.48%; 3-phase: 46.72+/-26.60%). There was no correlation between the number of Milk Ejections and both the total volume of Milk and percentage of available Milk for either pattern. In conclusion, Milk Ejection characteristics and efficiency of Milk expression did not change in response to different expression patterns.
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Ultrasound imaging of Milk Ejection in the breast of lactating women.
Pediatrics, 2004Co-Authors: Donna T. Ramsay, Jacqueline C. Kent, Robyn Owens, Peter E. HartmannAbstract:Objective. Currently, the methods for assessing Milk Ejection in women include serial sampling of plasma oxytocin and measurement of intraductal pressure, both of which are invasive and may induce stress. We hypothesized that Milk Ejection would cause an increase in Milk-duct diameter that could be observed noninvasively with ultrasound, and this could be used to investigate the physiology of Milk Ejection in women. Methods. One Milk duct was scanned in the unsuckled breast in 2 groups of mothers: group BB (n = 21) for the beginning of a breastfeed and group EB (n = 24) for the entire breastfeed. A duct also was monitored for a 5-minute period on 2 separate days in the absence of factors that may induce Milk Ejection in group EB to provide a baseline duct diameter. Milk intake at a breastfeed was measured by test weighing. Results. A significant increase in Milk-duct diameter was observed when Milk Ejection was sensed and/or the infant changed its swallowing pattern in both groups. Multiple increases and decreases (mean: 2.5 per breastfeed; standard deviation: 1.5; n = 62) in duct diameter occurred in group EB. Duct diameter remained relatively stable between breastfeeds (coefficient of variation: 1.4%–8.3%). Infant Milk intake was positively related to the number of Milk Ejections (r2 = .365; n = 57). Conclusions. Ultrasound is an objective, noninvasive technique for detecting Milk Ejection by observing an increase in Milk-duct diameter. However, this technique requires an experienced ultrasonographer, adequate imaging time, and surroundings conducive to breastfeeding. Multiple Milk Ejections were common during breastfeeding, although they were not sensed by mothers. The number of Milk Ejections influenced the amount of Milk the infant consumed.
Andrea C. Peripato - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Milk Ejection in mice LG/J x SM/J
Mammalian Genome, 2012Co-Authors: Carolina P. Góes, Bruno Sauce, Andrea C. PeripatoAbstract:In mammals, Milk provision is crucial to offspring survival and growth from birth to weaning. Milk deficiency early in life may cause death or changes in the progeny metabolism that later may lead to obesity and metabolic disorders. This study investigates Milk Ejection (ME) the first day after birth (D1) in F_2 females from the intercross of LG/J and SM/J inbred mice strains. The absence of Milk in F_3 pups’ stomach at D1 is directly associated with their survival ( p
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Milk Ejection in mice lg j x sm j
Mammalian Genome, 2012Co-Authors: Carolina P. Góes, Bruno Sauce, Andrea C. PeripatoAbstract:In mammals, Milk provision is crucial to offspring survival and growth from birth to weaning. Milk deficiency early in life may cause death or changes in the progeny metabolism that later may lead to obesity and metabolic disorders. This study investigates Milk Ejection (ME) the first day after birth (D1) in F2 females from the intercross of LG/J and SM/J inbred mice strains. The absence of Milk in F3 pups’ stomach at D1 is directly associated with their survival (p < 0.001) and growth pattern (p < 0.001) in the early stages of life. Furthermore, late growth pattern is also affected by this lack of nutrients at D1 because pups that survive this absence, mostly males, are heavier at weaning (p < 0.001) which, after necropsy, is shown to be due to significant higher total fat deposition (p < 0.01). We performed QTL analysis for ME at D1 in these F2 females. Maternal performance of ME revealed a complex genetic architecture which even though it contains only a single QTL (accounting for 8 % of the variation in ME), it is totally context-dependent on the genetic background. We discovered many regions involved in epistatic interactions that together with the single QTL explain 19 % of the genetic variation for this trait. Milk Ejection is an important component of maternal care, and understanding the mechanisms modulating its variation, along with other maternal features, may help to disentangle the complexity that is the mother/offspring relationship.
R M Bruckmaier - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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effects of oxytocin administration on oxytocin release and Milk Ejection
Journal of Dairy Science, 2004Co-Authors: J. Mačuhová, V. Tančin, R M BruckmaierAbstract:Abstract In experiment I, the effect of i.m. oxytocin (OT) injection (50 IU) on OT blood pattern was tested. Blood samples from 6 cows were collected for 2h after OT injection either with or without Milking. To test the effect of i.m. OT injection (50 IU) on Milk Ejection efficiency, intramammary pressure (IMP) was measured in 13 cows (experiment II). Milk Ejection was induced by manual teat stimulation. After IMP increased and reached a plateau, OT was injected. In experiment III, the effect of chronic OT treatment on mammary gland sensitivity and endogenous OT release was tested. For 19 d, cows were i.m. injected at each Milking with 50 IU OT (n = 13) or 5mL of NaCl 0.9% (n = 14) 1min before the start of udder preparation. To test mammary gland sensitivity, IMP recording was performed after a long (11h, 7 OT cows, and 7 NaCl cows) and a short (3h, 6 OT cows, and 7 NaCl cows) Milking interval at d −1 and d 18. To test the effect of withdrawal of chronic i.m. treatment on OT release, blood sample collection was performed during evening Milking at d 0 and d 19. Intramuscular oxytocin injection (experiment I) caused elevated OT blood levels observed at least for 2h and showed an even more pronounced effect when Milking was also performed. Intramuscular OT injection after teat stimulation (experiment II) caused additional Milk Ejection but only in 6 out of 13 cows. Withdrawal of chronic OT treatment (experiment III) did not reduce OT release during Milking. However, Ejection time was prolonged during OT infusion after a long Milking interval. Ejection pressure tended to be lower after a short Milking interval. It seems that the reduction of spontaneous Milk removal after chronic OT treatment was due to reduced contractibility of myoepithelial cells in the mammary gland at a physiological range of OT concentrations.
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inhibition of Milk Ejection in cows by oxytocin receptor blockade α adrenergic receptor stimulation and in unfamiliar surroundings
Journal of Dairy Research, 1997Co-Authors: R M Bruckmaier, Olga Wellnitz, Jürg W. BlumAbstract:Inhibition of Milk Ejection in cows by oxytocin receptor blockade (Atosiban) and alpha-adrenergic receptor stimulation (phenylephrine) prior to prestimulation was compared with inhibition of Milk Ejection in unfamiliar surroundings. In addition, Atosiban and phenylephrine were administered after a 1 min prestimulation or 1 min after the start of Milking. Oxytocin concentrations increased during Milking in all treatments. The spontaneously removed Milk fraction (before oxytocin was injected) was similar for Atosiban and phenylephrine treatments and in unfamiliar surroundings, but lower than in controls. Peak flow rates were similar in all treatments, but reduced as compared with controls when phenylephrine and Atosiban were administered before prestimulation. Peripheral (Atosiban, phenylephrine) and central (unfamiliar surroundings) inhibition of Milk Ejection reduced the amount of available Milk similarity. Drug treatments resulted in similar peak flow rates; however, teats were contracted after phenylephrine administration but not after Atosiban. The inhibition induced by Atosiban could be abolished by oxytocin injection, but not induced by phenylephrine, which was antagonized by alpha-adrenergic receptor blockade. These results indicate that inhibition of Milk Ejection through activation of alpha-adrenergic receptors is based on blockade of Milk flow into the cistern, but not through the teats.
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machine Milking of ostfriesian and lacaune dairy sheep udder anatomy Milk Ejection and Milking characteristics
Journal of Dairy Research, 1997Co-Authors: R M Bruckmaier, Georg Paul, Harald Mayer, Dieter SchamsAbstract:Mammary cistern anatomy derived from ultrasound measurement, Milk Ejection in response to exogenous oxytocin and oxytocin release and Milking characteristics with and without manual prestimulation in early (months 2–4) and late (months 5–8) lactation were investigated in Lacaune and Ostfriesian dairy ewes. Vertical ultrasound cisternal cross sections of the cisternal cavities did not differ in the two breeds, whereas the cisternal area fraction located lower than the exit into the teat channel was larger in Ostfriesian than in Lacaune sheep. The cisternal area enlarged within 1 min in response to i.v. oxytocin injection, indicating Milk Ejection. During Milking, oxytocin concentrations in Lacaune generally increased dramatically within 0·5 min from the start of prestimulation or Milking, whereas only slight or no oxytocin release was detected during Milking without prestimulation in Ostfriesian ewes. Prestimulation induced oxytocin release in Ostfriesian sheep within 1–2 min after the start of Milking, indicating delayed response to stimulation. Two peaked Milk flow curves were observed when oxytocin release and Milk Ejection occurred only after removal of cisternal Milk. This type of Milk flow was more frequent in Ostfriesian than in Lacaune ewes and was reduced in both breeds by prestimulation, while the frequency of one peaked Milk flow curves increased. During the course of lactation, Milk yield, main Milk fraction and Milk flow rates decreased, while stripping yield was almost unchanged. Although Milk yield was similar in both breeds, Milk flow was lower and stripping yield was higher in Ostfriesian than in Lacaune ewes. We conclude that Milk Ejection in ewes occurred in response to elevated oxytocin concentrations. In Ostfriesian ewes reduced and delayed oxytocin response to teat stimulation resulted in Milk Ejection only during stripping. Therefore, and probably because a larger volume of the cistern was located below the teat exit in the Ostfriesian breed, stripping yield was higher in Ostfriesian than in Lacaune sheep.