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James H Stock - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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federal coal program reform the clean power plan and the interaction of upstream and downstream climate policies
Social Science Research Network, 2016Co-Authors: Todd Gerarden, Spencer W Reeder, James H StockAbstract:Coal mined on federally managed lands accounts for approximately 40% of U.S. coal consumption and 13% of total U.S. energy-related CO2 emissions. The U.S. Department of the Interior is undertaking a programmatic review of federal coal leasing, including the climate effects of burning federal coal. This paper studies the interaction between a specific upstream policy, incorporating a carbon adder into federal coal royalties, and downstream emissions regulation under the Clean Power Plan (CPP). After providing some comparative statics, we present quantitative results from a detailed dynamic model of the power sector, the Integrated Planning Model (IPM). The IPM analysis indicates that, in the absence of the CPP, a royalty adder equal to the social cost of carbon could reduce emissions by roughly 3/4 of the emissions reduction that the CPP is projected to achieve. If instead the CPP is binding, the royalty adder would: reduce the price of tradeable emissions allowances, produce some additional emissions reductions by reducing leakage, and reduce wholesale power prices under a mass-based CPP but increase them under a rate-based CPP. A federal royalty adder increases mining of non-federal coal, but this substitution is limited by a shift to electricity generation by gas and renewables.Institutional subscribers to the NBER working paper series, and residents of developing countries may download this paper without additional charge at www.nber.org.
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federal coal program reform the clean power plan and the interaction of upstream and downstream climate policies
National Bureau of Economic Research, 2016Co-Authors: Todd Gerarden, Spencer W Reeder, James H StockAbstract:Coal mined on federally managed lands accounts for approximately 40% of U.S. coal consumption and 13% of total U.S. energy-related CO2 emissions. The U.S. Department of the Interior is undertaking a programmatic review of federal coal leasing, including the climate effects of burning federal coal. This paper studies the interaction between a specific upstream policy, incorporating a carbon adder into federal coal royalties, and downstream emissions regulation under the Clean Power Plan (CPP). After providing some comparative statics, we present quantitative results from a detailed dynamic model of the power sector, the Integrated Planning Model (IPM). The IPM analysis indicates that, in the absence of the CPP, a royalty adder equal to the social cost of carbon could reduce emissions by roughly 3/4 of the emissions reduction that the CPP is projected to achieve. If instead the CPP is binding, the royalty adder would: reduce the price of tradeable emissions allowances, produce some additional emissions reductions by reducing leakage, and reduce wholesale power prices under a mass-based CPP but increase them under a rate-based CPP. A federal royalty adder increases mining of non-federal coal, but this substitution is limited by a shift to electricity generation by gas and renewables.
G W Rogers - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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heritability of clinical mastitis incidence and relationships with sire transmitting abilities for somatic cell score Udder type traits productive life and protein yield
Journal of Dairy Science, 2000Co-Authors: D L Nash, G L Hargrove, J B Cooper, G W Rogers, Jeffrey F Keown, Leslie B HansenAbstract:The objective of this study was to determine the relationships among daughter clinical mastitis during first and second lactations and sire transmitting abilities for somatic cell score, Udder type traits, productive life, and protein yield. Data on clinical mastitis during first lactation were available for 1795 daughters (in six Pennsylvania herds, one Minnesota herd, and one Nebraska herd) of 283 Holstein sires. Data on clinical mastitis during second lactation were available for 1055 of these daughters. A total of 479 cows had 864 clinical episodes during first lactation, and 230 cows had 384 clinical episodes during second lactation. Clinical mastitis incidence and the total number of clinical episodes during each lactation were regressed on herd-season of calving (a classification variable), age at first calving, lactation length, and sire transmitting abilities taken one at a time. Linear effects, nonlinear effects, and odds ratios were estimated for sire transmitting abilities. Separate analyses were conducted on dependent variables that considered clinical mastitis from: all organisms, coagulase-negative staphylococci, coliform species, streptococci other than Streptococcus agalactiae, and the most common environmental organisms (coliform species and streptococci other than Streptococcus agalactiae). Heritability of clinical mastitis ranged from 0.01 to 0.42. Daughters of sires that transmit the lowest somatic cell score had the lowest incidence of clinical mastitis and the fewest clinical episodes during first and second lactations. Daughters of sires that transmit longer productive life, shallower Udders, deeper Udder cleft, and strongly attached fore Udders had either fewer clinical episodes or lower clinical mastitis incidence during first and second lactations. The incidence of clinical mastitis and the number of clinical episodes per lactation may be reduced by selection for lower somatic cell score, longer productive life, shallower Udders, deeper Udder cleft, or strongly attached fore Udders.
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genetic correlations among somatic cell scores productive life and type traits from the united states and Udder health measures from denmark and sweden
Journal of Dairy Science, 1998Co-Authors: G W Rogers, Georgios Banos, Sander U Nielsen, J PhilipssonAbstract:Sire genetic evaluations for protein yield, somatic cell score (SCS), productive life, and Udder type traits from the US were correlated with sire evaluations for Udder health from Denmark and Sweden and then the correlations were adjusted for accuracies to approximate genetic correlations. Traits from Denmark and Sweden included somatic cell count (SCC) and clinical mastitis from single-trait analyses. In addition, evaluations for clinical mastitis from Denmark and Sweden were regressed on US traits to test for quadratic relationships. Information from 85 bulls with US and Danish evaluations (77 with US type) and from 80 bulls with US and Swedish evaluations (79 with US type) was used to calculate correlations. Genetic correlations of US protein yield with Danish and Swedish SCC and clinical mastitis were all unfavorable (–0.09 to –0.32). Genetic correlations of US productive life with Danish and Swedish SCC and clinical mastitis were all favorable (0.06 to 0.59). Genetic correlations between US SCS and Danish SCC and between US SCS and Swedish SCC were –0.87 and –0.99, respectively (favorable). Genetic correlations between US SCS and Danish clinical mastitis and between US SCS and Swedish clinical mastitis were –0.66 and –0.49, respectively (favorable). The US type traits that had the largest correlations with clinical mastitis from Denmark and Sweden, respectively, were Udder composite (0.26, 0.47), Udder depth (0.45, 0.52), and fore Udder attachment (0.31, 0.34). In general, quadratic regressions indicated little nonlinearity between clinical mastitis and the US traits. Specifically, the US bulls with the lowest predicted transmitting abilities for SCS had the most favorable rates of daughter clinical mastitis in Denmark and Sweden. Selection for increased productive life, lower SCS, and more shallow Udders should improve mastitis resistance.
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correlations among somatic cell scores of milk within and across lactations and linear type traits of jerseys
Journal of Dairy Science, 1995Co-Authors: G W Rogers, G L Hargrove, J B CooperAbstract:Abstract Genetic and phenotypic correlations were estimated for means of log 2 SCC (somatic cell scores) from the first 305 d, the first 75 d, the first 150 d, 76 to 305 d, and 151 to 305 d of lactation for first and second lactations using REML. Somatic cell scores from the Dairy Records Processing Center in Raleigh, North Carolina for 31,180 Jersey cows sired by 411 bulls were used for analyses. Correlations between sire evaluations for somatic cell scores from this study and linear type traits from the American Jersey Cattle Club were also calculated. The model used for analyses of the somatic cell score means included herd-year of calving, age at first calving, sire, and residual. Heritability estimates for the means ranged from .05 to .15 (.12 for 305-d mean for first lactation). Genetic correlations among the somatic cell score means within first and within second lactation were≥.79. The genetic correlation between the 305-d mean from first and second lactation was .90. The smallest genetic correlation across lactations was .68. Somatic cell scores measured at various times were under similar genetic control. Phenotypic correlations were usually much smaller than genetic correlations. Correlations were small between sire evaluations for somatic cell scores measured in first lactation and linear type traits; the largest correlations were between somatic cell scores and dairy form and between somatic cell scores and teat length. Most correlations between sire evaluations for somatic cell scores measured in second lactation and linear type traits were similar to the correlations between somatic cell scores in first lactation and linear type traits. However, in second lactation the negative correlations were larger between somatic cell scores and fore Udder attachment and Udder depth. Lower scores for dairy form (less angularity), shorter teats, tighter fore Udders, and higher Udders were associated with lower somatic cell scores, especially somatic cell scores measured in second lactation.
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correlations among linear type traits and somatic cell counts
Journal of Dairy Science, 1991Co-Authors: G W Rogers, G L Hargrove, T J Lawlor, J L EbersoleAbstract:Abstract Genetic and phenotypic correlations between linear type traits and SCC were estimated from lactation average SCC from Pennsylvania DHIA and Holstein linear type evaluations from Sire Power, Inc. and Holstein Association using REML. Correlations were estimated between linear type traits and SCC measured in first lactation and between linear type traits measured in first lactation and SCC measured in second or third lactation. Data sets ranged in size from 4294 daughters of 216 sires to 58,235 daughters of 301 sires. Phenotypic and genetic correlations between the linear traits that reflect body and locomotive characteristics and SCC were generally small and unimportant. Phenotypic correlations between Udder traits and SCC were variable, but cows with higher Udder depth scores (higher Udders) had lower SCC. Genetic correlations between Udder traits and SCC were also variable. Genetic correlations between SCC and Udder depth, SCC and fore Udder attachment, and SCC and teat placement were negative (favorable). Genetic correlations between teat length and SCC tended to be positive. Genetic correlations were largest in magnitude between Udder depth and SCC and ranged from –.21 to –.64 (weighted mean = –.35). Selection for higher Udders and closer teat placement will likely improve resistance to mastitis in dairy cattle.
Leslie B Hansen - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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heritability of clinical mastitis incidence and relationships with sire transmitting abilities for somatic cell score Udder type traits productive life and protein yield
Journal of Dairy Science, 2000Co-Authors: D L Nash, G L Hargrove, J B Cooper, G W Rogers, Jeffrey F Keown, Leslie B HansenAbstract:The objective of this study was to determine the relationships among daughter clinical mastitis during first and second lactations and sire transmitting abilities for somatic cell score, Udder type traits, productive life, and protein yield. Data on clinical mastitis during first lactation were available for 1795 daughters (in six Pennsylvania herds, one Minnesota herd, and one Nebraska herd) of 283 Holstein sires. Data on clinical mastitis during second lactation were available for 1055 of these daughters. A total of 479 cows had 864 clinical episodes during first lactation, and 230 cows had 384 clinical episodes during second lactation. Clinical mastitis incidence and the total number of clinical episodes during each lactation were regressed on herd-season of calving (a classification variable), age at first calving, lactation length, and sire transmitting abilities taken one at a time. Linear effects, nonlinear effects, and odds ratios were estimated for sire transmitting abilities. Separate analyses were conducted on dependent variables that considered clinical mastitis from: all organisms, coagulase-negative staphylococci, coliform species, streptococci other than Streptococcus agalactiae, and the most common environmental organisms (coliform species and streptococci other than Streptococcus agalactiae). Heritability of clinical mastitis ranged from 0.01 to 0.42. Daughters of sires that transmit the lowest somatic cell score had the lowest incidence of clinical mastitis and the fewest clinical episodes during first and second lactations. Daughters of sires that transmit longer productive life, shallower Udders, deeper Udder cleft, and strongly attached fore Udders had either fewer clinical episodes or lower clinical mastitis incidence during first and second lactations. The incidence of clinical mastitis and the number of clinical episodes per lactation may be reduced by selection for lower somatic cell score, longer productive life, shallower Udders, deeper Udder cleft, or strongly attached fore Udders.
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relationship of somatic cell score and linear type trait evaluations of holstein sires
Journal of Dairy Science, 1993Co-Authors: Michael M Schutz, P J Boettcher, Paul M. Vanraden, Leslie B HansenAbstract:Abstract Genetic evaluations of Holstein bulls for mean somatic cell score were compared with their standardized transmitting abilities for linear type traits. Based on first lactation daughter information from five dairy records processing centers, PTA for somatic cell scores for 712 sires ranged from –.50 to .56. Standardized transmitting abilities for 14 type traits were provided for these bulls by the Holstein Association. Mean transmitting abilities for Udder traits were negative for the 100 bulls with highest PTA and positive for the 100 bulls with lowest PTA for somatic cell score. For all bulls, correlations of PTA for somatic cell score with Udder trait evaluations were negative (–.31 for fore Udder attachment, –.28 for Udder depth, –.21 for front teat placement, –.17 for rear Udder width, –.16 for Udder cleft, and –.13 for rear Udder height). The best five-trait model to predict PTA for somatic cell score consisted of transmitting abilities for fore Udder attachment, thurl width, strength, dairy form, and body depth (R 2 = .142). If PTA for milk yield was included with evaluations for type traits, it replaced dairy form in the model. Inclusion of quadratic terms did not contribute greatly to prediction of PTA for somatic cell score. Selection for higher, more firmly attached Udders should contribute to reducing somatic cell scores.
J B Cooper - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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heritability of clinical mastitis incidence and relationships with sire transmitting abilities for somatic cell score Udder type traits productive life and protein yield
Journal of Dairy Science, 2000Co-Authors: D L Nash, G L Hargrove, J B Cooper, G W Rogers, Jeffrey F Keown, Leslie B HansenAbstract:The objective of this study was to determine the relationships among daughter clinical mastitis during first and second lactations and sire transmitting abilities for somatic cell score, Udder type traits, productive life, and protein yield. Data on clinical mastitis during first lactation were available for 1795 daughters (in six Pennsylvania herds, one Minnesota herd, and one Nebraska herd) of 283 Holstein sires. Data on clinical mastitis during second lactation were available for 1055 of these daughters. A total of 479 cows had 864 clinical episodes during first lactation, and 230 cows had 384 clinical episodes during second lactation. Clinical mastitis incidence and the total number of clinical episodes during each lactation were regressed on herd-season of calving (a classification variable), age at first calving, lactation length, and sire transmitting abilities taken one at a time. Linear effects, nonlinear effects, and odds ratios were estimated for sire transmitting abilities. Separate analyses were conducted on dependent variables that considered clinical mastitis from: all organisms, coagulase-negative staphylococci, coliform species, streptococci other than Streptococcus agalactiae, and the most common environmental organisms (coliform species and streptococci other than Streptococcus agalactiae). Heritability of clinical mastitis ranged from 0.01 to 0.42. Daughters of sires that transmit the lowest somatic cell score had the lowest incidence of clinical mastitis and the fewest clinical episodes during first and second lactations. Daughters of sires that transmit longer productive life, shallower Udders, deeper Udder cleft, and strongly attached fore Udders had either fewer clinical episodes or lower clinical mastitis incidence during first and second lactations. The incidence of clinical mastitis and the number of clinical episodes per lactation may be reduced by selection for lower somatic cell score, longer productive life, shallower Udders, deeper Udder cleft, or strongly attached fore Udders.
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correlations among somatic cell scores of milk within and across lactations and linear type traits of jerseys
Journal of Dairy Science, 1995Co-Authors: G W Rogers, G L Hargrove, J B CooperAbstract:Abstract Genetic and phenotypic correlations were estimated for means of log 2 SCC (somatic cell scores) from the first 305 d, the first 75 d, the first 150 d, 76 to 305 d, and 151 to 305 d of lactation for first and second lactations using REML. Somatic cell scores from the Dairy Records Processing Center in Raleigh, North Carolina for 31,180 Jersey cows sired by 411 bulls were used for analyses. Correlations between sire evaluations for somatic cell scores from this study and linear type traits from the American Jersey Cattle Club were also calculated. The model used for analyses of the somatic cell score means included herd-year of calving, age at first calving, sire, and residual. Heritability estimates for the means ranged from .05 to .15 (.12 for 305-d mean for first lactation). Genetic correlations among the somatic cell score means within first and within second lactation were≥.79. The genetic correlation between the 305-d mean from first and second lactation was .90. The smallest genetic correlation across lactations was .68. Somatic cell scores measured at various times were under similar genetic control. Phenotypic correlations were usually much smaller than genetic correlations. Correlations were small between sire evaluations for somatic cell scores measured in first lactation and linear type traits; the largest correlations were between somatic cell scores and dairy form and between somatic cell scores and teat length. Most correlations between sire evaluations for somatic cell scores measured in second lactation and linear type traits were similar to the correlations between somatic cell scores in first lactation and linear type traits. However, in second lactation the negative correlations were larger between somatic cell scores and fore Udder attachment and Udder depth. Lower scores for dairy form (less angularity), shorter teats, tighter fore Udders, and higher Udders were associated with lower somatic cell scores, especially somatic cell scores measured in second lactation.
G L Hargrove - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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heritability of clinical mastitis incidence and relationships with sire transmitting abilities for somatic cell score Udder type traits productive life and protein yield
Journal of Dairy Science, 2000Co-Authors: D L Nash, G L Hargrove, J B Cooper, G W Rogers, Jeffrey F Keown, Leslie B HansenAbstract:The objective of this study was to determine the relationships among daughter clinical mastitis during first and second lactations and sire transmitting abilities for somatic cell score, Udder type traits, productive life, and protein yield. Data on clinical mastitis during first lactation were available for 1795 daughters (in six Pennsylvania herds, one Minnesota herd, and one Nebraska herd) of 283 Holstein sires. Data on clinical mastitis during second lactation were available for 1055 of these daughters. A total of 479 cows had 864 clinical episodes during first lactation, and 230 cows had 384 clinical episodes during second lactation. Clinical mastitis incidence and the total number of clinical episodes during each lactation were regressed on herd-season of calving (a classification variable), age at first calving, lactation length, and sire transmitting abilities taken one at a time. Linear effects, nonlinear effects, and odds ratios were estimated for sire transmitting abilities. Separate analyses were conducted on dependent variables that considered clinical mastitis from: all organisms, coagulase-negative staphylococci, coliform species, streptococci other than Streptococcus agalactiae, and the most common environmental organisms (coliform species and streptococci other than Streptococcus agalactiae). Heritability of clinical mastitis ranged from 0.01 to 0.42. Daughters of sires that transmit the lowest somatic cell score had the lowest incidence of clinical mastitis and the fewest clinical episodes during first and second lactations. Daughters of sires that transmit longer productive life, shallower Udders, deeper Udder cleft, and strongly attached fore Udders had either fewer clinical episodes or lower clinical mastitis incidence during first and second lactations. The incidence of clinical mastitis and the number of clinical episodes per lactation may be reduced by selection for lower somatic cell score, longer productive life, shallower Udders, deeper Udder cleft, or strongly attached fore Udders.
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correlations among somatic cell scores of milk within and across lactations and linear type traits of jerseys
Journal of Dairy Science, 1995Co-Authors: G W Rogers, G L Hargrove, J B CooperAbstract:Abstract Genetic and phenotypic correlations were estimated for means of log 2 SCC (somatic cell scores) from the first 305 d, the first 75 d, the first 150 d, 76 to 305 d, and 151 to 305 d of lactation for first and second lactations using REML. Somatic cell scores from the Dairy Records Processing Center in Raleigh, North Carolina for 31,180 Jersey cows sired by 411 bulls were used for analyses. Correlations between sire evaluations for somatic cell scores from this study and linear type traits from the American Jersey Cattle Club were also calculated. The model used for analyses of the somatic cell score means included herd-year of calving, age at first calving, sire, and residual. Heritability estimates for the means ranged from .05 to .15 (.12 for 305-d mean for first lactation). Genetic correlations among the somatic cell score means within first and within second lactation were≥.79. The genetic correlation between the 305-d mean from first and second lactation was .90. The smallest genetic correlation across lactations was .68. Somatic cell scores measured at various times were under similar genetic control. Phenotypic correlations were usually much smaller than genetic correlations. Correlations were small between sire evaluations for somatic cell scores measured in first lactation and linear type traits; the largest correlations were between somatic cell scores and dairy form and between somatic cell scores and teat length. Most correlations between sire evaluations for somatic cell scores measured in second lactation and linear type traits were similar to the correlations between somatic cell scores in first lactation and linear type traits. However, in second lactation the negative correlations were larger between somatic cell scores and fore Udder attachment and Udder depth. Lower scores for dairy form (less angularity), shorter teats, tighter fore Udders, and higher Udders were associated with lower somatic cell scores, especially somatic cell scores measured in second lactation.
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correlations among linear type traits and somatic cell counts
Journal of Dairy Science, 1991Co-Authors: G W Rogers, G L Hargrove, T J Lawlor, J L EbersoleAbstract:Abstract Genetic and phenotypic correlations between linear type traits and SCC were estimated from lactation average SCC from Pennsylvania DHIA and Holstein linear type evaluations from Sire Power, Inc. and Holstein Association using REML. Correlations were estimated between linear type traits and SCC measured in first lactation and between linear type traits measured in first lactation and SCC measured in second or third lactation. Data sets ranged in size from 4294 daughters of 216 sires to 58,235 daughters of 301 sires. Phenotypic and genetic correlations between the linear traits that reflect body and locomotive characteristics and SCC were generally small and unimportant. Phenotypic correlations between Udder traits and SCC were variable, but cows with higher Udder depth scores (higher Udders) had lower SCC. Genetic correlations between Udder traits and SCC were also variable. Genetic correlations between SCC and Udder depth, SCC and fore Udder attachment, and SCC and teat placement were negative (favorable). Genetic correlations between teat length and SCC tended to be positive. Genetic correlations were largest in magnitude between Udder depth and SCC and ranged from –.21 to –.64 (weighted mean = –.35). Selection for higher Udders and closer teat placement will likely improve resistance to mastitis in dairy cattle.
