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Luke Beesley - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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cadmium lead and zinc mobility and plant uptake in a Mine Soil amended with sugarcane straw biochar
Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 2015Co-Authors: A. P. Puga, C. A. Abreu, L. C A Melo, Jorge Pazferreiro, Luke BeesleyAbstract:Accumulation of heavy metals in unconsolidated Soils can prove toxic to proximal environments, if measures are not taken to stabilize Soils. One way to minimize the toxicity of metals in Soils is the use of materials capable of immobilizing these contaminants by sorption. Biochar (BC) can retain large amounts of heavy metals due to, among other characteristics, its large surface area. In the current experiment, sugarcane-straw-derived biochar, produced at 700 °C, was applied to a heavy-metal-contaminated Mine Soil at 1.5, 3.0, and 5.0 % (w/w). Jack bean and Mucuna aterrima were grown in pots containing a Mine contaminated Soil and Soil mixed with BC. Pore water was sampled to assess the effects of biochar on zinc solubility, while Soils were analyzed by DTPA extraction to confirm available metal concentrations. The application of BC decreased the available concentrations of Cd, Pb, and Zn in the Mine contaminated Soil leading to a consistent reduction in the concentration of Zn in the pore water. Amendment with BC reduced plant uptake of Cd, Pb, and Zn with the jack bean uptaking higher amounts of Cd and Pb than M. aterrima. This study indicates that biochar application during Mine Soil remediation could reduce plant concentrations of heavy metals. Coupled with this, symptoms of heavy metal toxicity were absent only in plants growing in pots amended with biochar. The reduction in metal bioavailability and other modifications to the substrate induced by the application of biochar may be beneficial to the establishment of a green cover on top of Mine Soil to aid remediation and reduce risks.
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Biochar application to a contaminated Soil reduces the availability and plant uptake of zinc, lead and cadmium
Journal of Environmental Management, 2015Co-Authors: A. P. Puga, C. A. Abreu, L. C A Melo, Luke BeesleyAbstract:Heavy metals in Soil are naturally occurring but may be enhanced by anthropogenic activities such as mining. Bio-accumulation of heavy metals in the food chain, following their uptake to plants can increase the ecotoxicological risks associated with remediation of contaminated Soils using plants. In the current experiment sugar cane straw-derived biochar (BC), produced at 700°C, was applied to a heavy metal contaminated Mine Soil at 1.5%, 3.0% and 5.0% (w/w). Jack bean (Canavalia ensiformis) and Mucuna aterrima were grown in pots containing Soil and biochar mixtures, and control pots without biochar. Pore water was sampled from each pot to confirm the effects of biochar on metal solubility, whilst Soils were analyzed by DTPA extraction to confirm available metal concentrations. Leaves were sampled for SEM analysis to detect possible morphological and anatomical changes. The application of BC decreased the available concentrations of Cd, Pb and Zn in 56, 50 and 54% respectively, in the Mine contaminated Soil leading to a consistent reduction in the concentration of Zn in the pore water (1st collect: 99 to 39μgL-1, 2nd: 97 to 57μgL-1 and 3rd: 71 to 12μgL-1). The application of BC reduced the uptake of Cd, Pb and Zn by plants with the jack bean translocating high proportions of metals (especially Cd) to shoots. Metals were also taken up by Mucuna aterrima but translocation to shoot was more limited than for jack bean. There were no differences in the internal structures of leaves observed by scanning electron microscopy. This study indicates that biochar application during Mine Soil remediation reduce plant concentrations of potential toxic metals.
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assessing the influence of compost and biochar amendments on the mobility and toxicity of metals and arsenic in a naturally contaminated Mine Soil
Environmental Pollution, 2014Co-Authors: Luke Beesley, Onyeka S Inneh, Gareth J Norton, Eduardo Morenojimenez, Tania Pardo, Rafael Clemente, Julian J C DawsonAbstract:Amending contaminated Soils with organic wastes can influence trace element mobility and toxicity. Soluble concentrations of metals and arsenic were measured in pore water and aqueous Soil extracts following the amendment of a heavily contaminated Mine Soil with compost and biochar (10% v:v) in a pot experiment. Speciation modelling and toxicity assays (Vibrio fischeri luMinescence inhibition and Lolium perenne germination) were performed to discriminate mechanisms controlling metal mobility and assess toxicity risk thereafter. Biochar reduced free metal concentrations furthest but dissolved organic carbon primarily controlled metal mobility after compost amendment. Individually, both
John M. Galbraith - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Influence of Mine Soil Properties on White Oak Seedling Growth: A Proposed Mine Soil Classification Model
Southern Journal of Applied Forestry, 2007Co-Authors: Julia M. Showalter, James A. Burger, Carl E. Zipper, John M. Galbraith, Patricia F. DonovanAbstract:Abstract Appalachian landowners are becoming increasingly interested in restoring native hardwood forest on reclaimed Mined land. Trees are usually planted in topSoil substitutes consisting of blasted rock strata, and reforestation attempts using native hardwoods are often unsuccessful due to adverse Soil properties. The purpose of this study was to deterMine which Mine Soil properties most influence white oak (Quercus alba L.) seedling growth, and to test whether these properties are reflected adequately in a proposed Mine Soil classification model developed for application in field assessments of Mine Soil suitability for reforestation. Seventy-two 3-year-old white oaks were randomly selected across a reclaimed site in southwestern Virginia that varied greatly in spoil/site properties. Tree height was measured and Soil samples adjacent to each tree were analyzed for physical, chemical, and biological properties. Our proposed Mined land classification model used rock type, compaction, and slope aspect as mapping criteria. Tree height, ranging from 15.2 to 125.0 cm, was regressed against Mine Soil and site properties. Mapping units were not well correlated with differences in tree height. Microbial biomass, pH, exchangeable potassium, extractable inorganic nitrogen, texture, aspect, and extractable phosphorous accounted for 52% of the variability in tree growth. The regression model shows that white oaks were most successful on northeast-facing aspects, in slightly acidic, sandy loam, fertile Mine Soils that are conducive to microbial activity. Nutrient availability, although found to be highly influential on tree growth, was not adequately represented in the classification model. We recommend that pH be included as a classification criterion, because it was correlated with all nutrient variables in the regression model.
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INFLUENCE OF PHYSICAL, CHEMICAL, AND BIOLOGICAL Mine Soil PROPERTIES ON WHITE OAK SEEDLING GROWTH 1
Journal of the American Society of Mining and Reclamation, 2005Co-Authors: Julia M. Showalter, James A. Burger, Carl E. Zipper, John M. GalbraithAbstract:Landowners in the Appalachian region are becoming increasingly interested in restoring the native hardwood forest on Mined land after reclamation. Trees are usually planted in topSoil substitutes consisting of blasted rock strata from the geologic profile. Reforestation attempts using native hardwoods have often been unsuccessful due to the highly variable nature of the physical, chemical, and biological properties of Mine spoils. The purpose of this study was to deterMine which Mine Soil properties most influence white oak seedling growth, and to test whether or not these properties are adequately reflected in a preliminary Mine Soil classification model. Seventy-two 3-yr-old white oak trees were randomly selected across a reclaimed site in southwestern Virginia that varied greatly in spoil type and site properties. Tree height was measured and Soil samples were taken to a 40 cm depth at the base of each tree and analyzed for physical, chemical, and biological properties hypothesized to influence tree growth. Tree height and biomass, which ranged from 15 to 125 cm, and 0.24 to 190.03 g, respectively, were regressed against Mine Soil and site properties. Potassium, size of microbial populations, extractable nitrogen, pH, Soil texture, aspect, and phosphorous accounted for over 52% of the variability in tree growth. This study indicates that white oaks are most successful growing on east-facing aspects, in slightly-acidic, sandy loam textured, fertile Mine Soils that are conducive to Soil microbial activity. These results suggest that sandstone rock types with suitable chemical properties should be selected for topSoil substitutes when native hardwood restoration is the desired post-mining land use.
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Mapping and Classification of Southwest Virginia Mine Soils
Soil Science Society of America Journal, 2005Co-Authors: Kathryn C Haering, W. Lee Daniels, John M. GalbraithAbstract:Mine Soils on central Appalachian coal-Mined lands are currently classified by the Soil Taxonomy as Typic Udorthents, which does not distinguish these unique anhropogenic Soils from other weakly developed natural Soils. Our overall objectives were (i) to critically evaluate currently available USDA-NRCS Mine Soil series for classifying a range of Mine Soil pedons in southwest Virginia, and (ii) to compare two different approaches for detailed Order 1 Soil mapping of these highly altered landscapes. Using established series concepts, we mapped and classified 450 ha of Mine Soils in an area that had been recently reclaimed, and we used these same series concepts to reclassify Mine Soils in an older adjacent and overlapping 250-ha Mine area that had been mapped using nontaxonomic Mine Soil classification criteria in 1980. Established Mine Soil series provided adequate information on particle-size and reaction class, but did not adequately describe drainage class, rock type, or parent materials. Classification differences occurred on well-drained Soils primarily at the family level and below. There are no established series that describe Mine Soils with impeded drainage, densic layers, and shallow or moderately deep depth classes, all of which commonly occurred in this study area, and are important criteria for separating Soil series. Cambic horizons were also described, and generate classification issues at the order level. Because reaction dass, drainage class, densic contacts, and Soil depth directly affect Soil management, we feel that it is important to recognize these features by establishing new Mine Soil series or phases of established series. Detailed Order 1 map scales (≤=1:12 000) are required to adequately resolve and delineate strongly contrasting Mine Soil landscapes, particularly on older (pre-1977) Mined lands.
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appalachian Mine Soil morphology and properties
Soil Science Society of America Journal, 2004Co-Authors: Kathryn C Haering, Lee W Daniels, John M. GalbraithAbstract:Surface coal mining and reclamation methods in the Appalachians have changed dramatically since the passage of the Surface Mining Control and Reclamation Act (SMCRA) of 1977 and subsequent improvements in mining and reclamation technology. In this study, 30 pre-SMCRA Mine Soil profiles (4-20 yr old) were exaMined and sampled in 1980 and compared with 20 Mine Soil profiles (8-13 yr old) described in the same area in 2002 after it had been completely reMined by modern deep cut methods. Mine Soils in both sampling years had high rock fragment content (42-81%), relatively well-developed A horizons, and generally exhibited A-C or A-AC-C horizonation. Although six Bw horizons were described in 1980, only two met all requirements for cambic horizons. The 1980 Mine Soils developed in overburden dominated by oxidized, preweathered material due to relatively shallow mining cuts. The 1980 Mine Soils had lower rock fragment content, finer textures, lower pH, and tended to be more heterogeneous in horizonation, morphology, and texture than Soils observed in 2002, which had formed primarily in unweathered overburden from deeper cuts. Half the pedons sampled in both years had densic materials within 70 cm of the surface. Four poorly to very poorly drained Soil profiles were described in each sampling year containing distinct hydric Soil indicators in surface horizons. While older pre-SMCRA Mine Soils do have many properties in common with newer Mine Soils, their properties are highly influenced by the fact that they generally have formed in more weathered overburden from higher in the geologic column. Overall, Appalachian Mine Soils are much more complex in subSoil morphology than commonly assumed, and differential compaction greatly complicates their internal drainage and limits their overall productivity potential.
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Mine Soil CLASSIFICATION AND MAPPING ISSUES ON PRE- AND POST-SMCRA APPALACHIAN COAL MineD LANDS 1
Journal of the American Society of Mining and Reclamation, 2004Co-Authors: W. Lee Daniels, John M. Galbraith, Kathryn C Haering, Jeff ThomasAbstract:Soils formed on lands Mined for coal in the Central Appalachians are currently classified by Soil Taxonomy primarily as Typic Udorthents, which does not distinguish these unique anthropogenic Soils from other weakly developed natural Soils. In this study, we evaluated the effectiveness of currently utilized Mine Soil series for describing and classifying a range of Mine Soil pedons in southwest Virginia. Using established series concepts, we mapped and classified approximately 450 ha of Mine Soils in an area that had been reclaimed in accordance with the U.S. Surface Mining, Control, and Reclamation Act (SMCRA) of 1977. We also used current series concepts to reclassify Mine Soils in an adjacent and overlapping 250 ha that had been Mined prior to SMCRA, and had been mapped using older (non Soil Taxonomy) Mine Soil classification criteria in 1980. Established Mine Soil series concepts provided adequate information on particle-size and reaction class, but did not adequately describe drainage class, rock type or parent materials. Classification differences occurred on well-drained Soils primarily at the family level and below. There were no established series to describe Mine Soils with impeded drainage, densic layers, and shallow or moderately deep depth classes, all of which commonly occurred in this study area, and are important criteria for separating Soil series. Cambic horizons were also described, and generate classification issues at the order level. Using current taxonomic/mapping procedures, none of these dissimilar Soils would be considered limiting inclusions to the dominant Soil in the map unit. Since reaction class, drainage class, densic contacts, and Soil depth directly affect Soil management, we feel that it is important to recognize these features by establishing new Mine Soil series or phases of established series. Older, pre-SMCRA Mined lands are much more complex in short-range landform variability than more modern reclaimed landscapes. This pattern of Soil landscape variability and associated differences in land use capability is effectively captured by large scale mapping such as that employed by this study.
Rafael Clemente - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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efficiency of Soil organic and inorganic amendments on the remediation of a contaminated Mine Soil i effects on trace elements and nutrients solubility and leaching risk
Chemosphere, 2014Co-Authors: Tania Pardo, M P Bernal, Rafael ClementeAbstract:A mesocosm experiment, in columns, was conducted in a growth chamber to assess the viability of two organic materials (pig slurry and compost; in combination with hydrated lime) for the remediation of a highly acidic and trace elements (TEs) contaminated Mine Soil and the reduction of its associated leaching risks. Their influence on the evolution throughout the Soil depth of the physicochemical properties (including TEs mobility) of the Soil and Soil solution (in situ periodic collection) and on Lolium perenne growth and foliar TEs accumulation was evaluated. Soluble and extractable concentrations of the different TEs were considerably high, although the organic amendments (with lime) and lime addition successfully decreased TEs mobility in the top Soil layer, as a consequence of a rise in pH and changes in the redox conditions. Compost and pig slurry increased the soluble organic-C and dissolved N, K and P of the Soil, producing a certain downwards displacement of N and K. The organic amendments allowed the growth of L. perenne in the Soil, thus indicating improvement of Soil conditions, but elevated TEs availability in the Soil led to toxicity symptoms and abnormally high TEs concentrations in the plants. An evaluation of the functioning and ecotoxicological risks of the remediated Soils is reported in part II: this allows verification of the viability of the amendments for remediation strategies.
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efficiency of Soil organic and inorganic amendments on the remediation of a contaminated Mine Soil ii biological and ecotoxicological evaluation
Chemosphere, 2014Co-Authors: Tania Pardo, Rafael Clemente, Paula Alvarenga, M P BernalAbstract:Abstract The feasibility of two organic materials (pig slurry and compost) in combination with hydrated lime for the remediation of a highly acidic trace elements (TEs) contaminated Mine Soil was assessed in a mesocosm experiment. The effects of the amendments on Soil biochemical and ecotoxicological properties were evaluated and related with the main physicochemical characteristics of Soil and Soil solution. The original Soil showed impaired basic ecological functions due to the high availability of TEs, its acidic pH and high salinity. The three amendments slightly reduced the direct and indirect Soil toxicity to plants, invertebrates and microorganisms as a consequence of the TEs’ mobility decrease in topSoil, reducing therefore the Soil associated risks. The organic amendments, especially compost, thanks to the supply of essential nutrients, were able to improve Soil health, as they stimulated plant growth and significantly increased enzyme activities related with the key nutrients in Soil. Therefore, the use of compost or pig slurry, in combination with hydrated lime, decreased Soil ecotoxicity and seems to be a suitable management strategy for the remediation of highly acidic TEs contaminated Soils.
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assessing the influence of compost and biochar amendments on the mobility and toxicity of metals and arsenic in a naturally contaminated Mine Soil
Environmental Pollution, 2014Co-Authors: Luke Beesley, Onyeka S Inneh, Gareth J Norton, Eduardo Morenojimenez, Tania Pardo, Rafael Clemente, Julian J C DawsonAbstract:Amending contaminated Soils with organic wastes can influence trace element mobility and toxicity. Soluble concentrations of metals and arsenic were measured in pore water and aqueous Soil extracts following the amendment of a heavily contaminated Mine Soil with compost and biochar (10% v:v) in a pot experiment. Speciation modelling and toxicity assays (Vibrio fischeri luMinescence inhibition and Lolium perenne germination) were performed to discriminate mechanisms controlling metal mobility and assess toxicity risk thereafter. Biochar reduced free metal concentrations furthest but dissolved organic carbon primarily controlled metal mobility after compost amendment. Individually, both
R E Masto - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Soil quality index for evaluation of reclaimed coal Mine spoil
Science of The Total Environment, 2016Co-Authors: Sangeeta Mukhopadhyay, R E Masto, Asheesh Kumar Yadav, Joshy George, S P ShuklaAbstract:Success in the remediation of Mine spoil depends largely on the selection of appropriate tree species. The impacts of remediation on Mine Soil quality cannot be sufficiently assessed by individual Soil properties. However, combination of Soil properties into an integrated Soil quality index provides a more holistic status of reclamation potentials of tree species. Remediation potentials of four tree species (Acacia auriculiformis, Cassia siamea, Dalbergia sissoo, and Leucaena leucocephala) were studied on reclaimed coal Mine overburden dumps of Jharia coalfield, Dhanbad, India. Soil samples were collected under the canopies of the tree species. Comparative studies on the properties of Soils in the reclaimed and the reference sites showed improvements in Soil quality parameters of the reclaimed site: coarse fraction (− 20.4%), bulk density (− 12.8%), water holding capacity (+ 0.92%), pH (+ 25.4%), EC (+ 2.9%), cation exchange capacity (+ 46.6%), organic carbon (+ 91.5%), N (+ 60.6%), P (+ 113%), K (+ 19.9%), Ca (+ 49.6%), Mg (+ 12.2%), Na (+ 19.6%), S (+ 46.7%), total polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (− 71.4%), dehydrogenase activity (+ 197%), and microbial biomass carbon (+ 115%). Principal component analysis (PCA) was used to identify key Mine Soil quality indicators to develop a Soil quality index (SQI). Selected indicators include: coarse fraction, pH, EC, Soil organic carbon, P, Ca, S, and dehydrogenase activity. The indicator values were converted into a unitless score (0–1.00) and integrated into SQI. The calculated SQI was significantly (P < 0.001) correlated with tree biomass and canopy cover. Reclaimed site has 52–93% higher SQI compared to the reference site. Higher SQI values were obtained for sites reclaimed with D. sissoo (+ 93.1%) and C.siamea (+ 86.4%).
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development of Mine Soil quality index msqi for evaluation of reclamation success a chronosequence study
Ecological Engineering, 2014Co-Authors: Sangeeta Mukhopadhyay, Subodh Kumar Maiti, R E MastoAbstract:Abstract Assessment of Mine Soil quality is the key parameter for evaluation of reclamation success. To investigate the effect of vegetation on Mine Soil development and reclamation, chronosequence sites were selected in a large opencast coal project in North Karanpura Area, Central Coalfield Limited (CCL), India. The physico-chemical and biological characteristics of chronosequence sites were compared with reference forest site. Principal component analysis (PCA) was employed to derive a Mine Soil quality index (MSQI) which was used for assessing the progress of reclamation. Soil organic carbon, Soil CO 2 flux, dehydrogenase activity, coarse Soil fraction, moisture content and base saturation are the most critical properties controlling health of reclaimed coal Mine Soil. The observed values of the above Soil indicator parameters were converted into a unitless score (0–1.00) and the scores were integrated into MSQI. The MSQI values were validated by regression analysis with the plant growth parameters (aerial height, diameter at breast height and canopy cover). The contribution of each Soil indicator parameter on calculated MSQI was analysed, which gives an insight into the cause for the measured MSQI. The calculated MSQI varied from 0.220 in 2 years old reclaimed dump to 0.670 in 17 years old reclaimed dump. More the MSQI value better is the reclamation status of the Mine Soil. Mine Soil with MSQI > 0.500 may be considered as ecologically sustainable or reclamation is satisfactory. Age of reclamation has been found to have a significant effect on the nutritional and microbial properties of the Mine Soils. Progressive build up of adequate nutrient pool in 17 year site may be sufficient for ecosystem maintenance in this region.
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use of reclaimed Mine Soil index rmsi for screening of tree species for reclamation of coal Mine degraded land
Ecological Engineering, 2013Co-Authors: Sangeeta Mukhopadhyay, Subodh Kumar Maiti, R E MastoAbstract:In India forest tree species are commonly used for reclamation of coal Mine degraded land, thus selection of appropriate species is essential. Degree of amelioration of rhizosphere Mine Soil quality by different tree species provides an important guideline for screening of suitable species. Rhizosphere Soil samples collected from six common tree species growing in the reclaimed coal Mine overburden dumps of Jharia coalfield, Dhanbad, India, were analysed for physico-chemical and biological properties. Principal component analysis (PCA) was employed to derive a Reclaimed Mine Soil Index (RMSI) which was used for ranking of suitability of the species. By using PCA it was found that Soil CO2 flux, dehydrogenase activity, organic carbon, Soil coarse fraction and moisture content are the most critical properties controlling health of reclaimed coal Mine Soil. The observed values of the above properties were converted into a unitless score (0–1.00) and the scores were integrated into RMSI. The RMSI values were validated by regression analysis with the plant growth parameters (aerial height, diameter at breast height and canopy cover) for each species. Among the different species growing on the overburden dump, the canopy cover and height was more for Cassia siamea whereas, the diameter was higher for Dalbergia sissoo. Tree species having higher RMSI values could be recommended for reclamation of degraded lands, and could be grouped as: high RMSI (>0.500) – Cassia siamea and Dalbergia sissoo, moderate RMSI: (0.300–0.499) – Leucanea leucocephala, Acacia auriculiformis and Gmelina arborea; and low RMSI (<0.300) – Terminalia arjuna. Based on RMSI it is suggested that C. siamea and D. sissoo are most suitable. Thus tree species growing on reclaimed areas had diverse effects on their respective rhizosphere Soil properties, which could directly or indirectly deterMine the growth and survival of the tree species.
Jinquan Chen - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Cr(VI) removal performance from aqueous solution by Pseudomonas sp. strain DC-B3 isolated from Mine Soil: characterization of both Cr(VI) bioreduction and total Cr biosorption processes
Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 2019Co-Authors: Junjun Chang, Shengjiong Deng, Yun Liang, Jinquan ChenAbstract:Microbial methods are promising and environmentally friendly methods for remediating heavy metal contamination. In this study, a Cr(VI)-resistant bacterial strain, DC-B3, which was identified as Pseudomonas sp. by 16S rDNA gene sequencing, was isolated from heavy metal-contaminated Mine Soil, and its performance in Cr(VI) removal from wastewater in terms of Cr(VI) reduction and total Cr adsorption was assessed. This strain exhibited a high capability to reduce Cr(VI) to less toxic Cr(III) without the addition of an external electron donor at low pH (2.0). The Cr(VI) reduction capacity and rate both increased linearly with increasing Cr(VI) concentration, with a reduction capacity of 32.0 mg Cr(VI)·g^−1 achieved at an initial concentration of 135.0 mg L^−1 over 75 h. In addition, 41.0% of the total Cr was removed from the solution by biosorption, and equilibrium was reached within approximately 5 h. The total Cr sorption process was well described by the pseudo-second-order kinetic and Langmuir isotherm models. Desorption assays indicated that NaOH was the most efficient agent for total Cr desorption, and Cr(VI) and generated Cr(III) were both loaded on the DC-B3 biomass. The bacterial cells after Cr treatment were characterized by scanning electron microscopy-energy dispersive X-ray spectrometer and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy analyses. Strain DC-B3 showed high potential for possible application in the remediation of Cr(VI) contamination in Mine areas.