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Darshan Singh - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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the use of kratom Mitragyna speciosa korth among people who co use heroin and methamphetamine in malaysia
Journal of Addiction Medicine, 2021Co-Authors: Darshan Singh, Walter C. Prozialeck, Balasingam Vicknasingam, Suresh Narayanan, Jack E. Henningfield, Ornella Corazza, Kirsten E Smith, Oliver GrundmannAbstract:Objectives Kratom (Mitragyna speciosa Korth.), an indigenous medicinal plant, has been widely used as a traditional remedy in Southeast Asia. However, its combined consumption with other substances has received scarce attention. This study investigates the use of kratom among adults with a history of using heroin and methamphetamine in Malaysia. Methods A total of 332 patients who were mandated to undergo drug rehabilitation participated in this cross-sectional study. The study data were collected through face-to-face interviews using a semi-structured questionnaire. Results The majority were males (95%, n = 314/332) and Malays (98%, n = 325/332) with a mean age of 32.3 years (SD = 9.16). Over two thirds of the respondents used kratom to alleviate heroin withdrawal symptoms and to reduce methamphetamine intake; 59% used it as a substitute for heroin and methamphetamine. A similar proportion used kratom to reduce heroin intake (58%), while only 15% used it for its euphoric effects. Multivariate analysis showed that previous attendees of government rehabilitation programs had lower odds of using kratom as a heroin substitute. Conclusions The potential of kratom to alleviate heroin withdrawal symptoms, and to reduce methamphetamine and heroin intake, among people who co-use heroin and methamphetamine warrants further research.
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exploring the chemistry of alkaloids from malaysian Mitragyna speciosa kratom and the role of oxindoles on human opioid receptors
Journal of Natural Products, 2021Co-Authors: Nelson Jeng Yeou Chear, Darshan Singh, Abhisheak Sharma, Francisco León, Siva Rama Raju Kanumuri, Grant Zwolinski, Khalil A Abboud, Luis F Restrepo, Avi PatelAbstract:Ten indole and oxindole alkaloids (1-10) were isolated from the freshly collected leaves of Malaysian Mitragyna speciosa (Kratom). The chemical structures of these compounds were established on the basis of extensive 1D and 2D NMR and HRMS data analysis. The spectroscopic data of mitragynine oxindole B (4) are reported herein for the first time. The spatial configuration of mitragynine oxindole B (4) was confirmed by single-crystal X-ray diffraction. Simultaneous quantification of the isolated alkaloids in the M. speciosa leaf specimens collected from different locations in the northern region of Peninsular Malaysia was also performed using UPLC-MS/MS. The oxindole alkaloids (1-4) and the indole alkaloid (10) were assessed for binding affinity at opioid receptors. Corynoxine (1) showed high binding affinity to μ-opioid receptors with a Ki value of 16.4 nM. Further, corynoxine (1) was 1.8-fold more potent than morphine in rats subjected to a nociceptive hot plate assay. These findings have important implications for evaluating the combined effects of the minor oxindole alkaloids in the overall therapeutic activity of M. speciosa.
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kratom Mitragyna speciosa korth an overlooked medicinal plant in malaysia
Journal of Substance Use, 2021Co-Authors: Gregory Domnic, Suresh Narayanan, Nethia Mohanakumaran, Darshan SinghAbstract:Background:Kratom (Mitragyna speciosa Korth.) is a medicinal plant, widely used in Southeast Asia chiefly for its unique medicinal properties in treating chronic pain, opioid dependence and withdra...
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current and future potential impact of covid 19 on kratom Mitragyna speciosa korth supply and use
Frontiers in Psychiatry, 2020Co-Authors: Darshan Singh, Jack E. Henningfield, Ornella Corazza, Christopher R. Mccurdy, Eduardo Cinosi, Lance R Mcmahon, Paula N Brown, Albert Garciaromeu, Walter C. ProzialeckAbstract:Kratom (Mitragyna speciosa Korth., Rubiaceae) is native to and has traditional use in Southeast Asia. The number of kratom users outside of Southeast Asia has increased significantly in recent decades with use spreading to the Unites States (US) and Europe. Because of its reputed opioid-like psychoactive effects at higher doses, kratom has been regulated in several countries and is subject to an import ban by the US Food and Drug Administration. Nonetheless, in the US it is estimated that 10-15 million people consume kratom primarily for the self-treatment of pain, psychiatric disorders, to mitigate withdrawal from or dependence on opioids, and to self-treat opioid use disorder or other substance use disorders (SUDs). Due to the global COVID-19 pandemic, a shortage in the supply of kratom products may place unexpected burdens on kratom users, potentially influencing some who use kratom for SUD self-treatment to regress to harmful drug use, hence increasing the likelihood of adverse outcomes, including overdose. Inadequate treatment, treatment barriers, and increases in the sales of adulterated kratom products on the internet or in convenience stores could exacerbate circumstances further. Although there are currently no verified indications of kratom scarcity, researchers and clinicians should be aware of and remain vigilant to this unanticipated possibility.
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can kratom Mitragyna speciosa alleviate covid 19 pain a case study
Frontiers in Psychiatry, 2020Co-Authors: Antonio Metastasio, Darshan Singh, Walter C. Prozialeck, Oliver Grundmann, Ornella Corazza, Elisabeth Prevete, Charles A Veltri, Giuseppe BersaniAbstract:Among the symptoms of COVID-19 fever, general malaise, pain and aches, myalgia, fatigue, and headache can affect the quality of life of patients, even after the end of the acute phase of the infection and can be long lasting. The current treatment of these symptoms, also because COVID-19 patients have been asked not to use non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), in particular ibuprofen are often unsatisfactory. Among the above mentioned symptoms malaise and fatigue seem the most difficult to treat. In this case report we describe the use of kratom (Mitragyna speciosa) by a patient with confirmed COVID-19 infection. What we observed was a fast and sustained relieve of the above mentioned symptoms.
Sharif Mahsufi Mansor - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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long term cognitive effects of kratom Mitragyna speciosa korth use
Journal of Psychoactive Drugs, 2019Co-Authors: Darshan Singh, Balasingam Vicknasingam, Suresh Narayanan, Christian P. Müller, Murat Yucel, Zurina Hassan, Sharif Mahsufi MansorAbstract:Kratom or Mitragyna speciosa (Korth.) is a medicinal plant of Southeast Asia. As a result of its opioid-like effects, it remains unknown whether consumption of kratom tea is associated with impaired cognitive function. We assessed the cognitive function of 70 regular kratom users and 25 control participants using the Cambridge Neuropsychological Test Automated Battery. Participants performed six neuropsychological tasks that assessed motor, learning and memory, attention and executive function. Relative to control participants, higher consumption (>3 glasses daily or mitragynine doses between 72.5 mg and 74.9 mg) of kratom tea was selectively associated with impaired performance on the Paired Associates Learning task, reflecting deficits in visual episodic memory and new learning. Overall, the performance of kratom users compared to control participants, and the performance of high (>3 glasses per day) as well as low (≤3 glasses per day) kratom using groups, were comparable on all neuropsychological domains. Higher intake of kratom juice (>3 glasses daily) did not appear to impair motor, memory, attention or executive function of regular kratom users.
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assessment of gonadotropins and testosterone hormone levels in regular Mitragyna speciosa korth users
Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 2018Co-Authors: Darshan Singh, Nelson Jeng Yeou Chear, Oliver Grundmann, Vikneswaran Murugaiyah, Shahrul Hamid, Vicknasingam B Kasinather, Michelle Su Ann Chan, Sharif Mahsufi MansorAbstract:Abstract Ethnopharmacological relevance Mitragyna speciosa (Korth.) also known as kratom, is a native medicinal plant of Southeast Asia with opioid-like effects. Kratom tea/juice have been traditionally used as a folk remedy and for controlling opiate withdrawal in Malaysia. Long-term opioid use is associated with depletion in testosterone levels. Aim of the study Since kratom is reported to deform sperm morphology and reduce sperm motility, we aimed to clinically investigate the testosterone levels following long-term kratom tea/juice use in regular kratom users. Methods A total of 19 regular kratom users were recruited for this cross-sectional study. A full-blood test was conducted including determination of testosterone level, follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH) profile, as well as hematological and biochemical parameters of participants. Results We found long-term kratom tea/juice consumption with a daily mitragynine dose of 76.23–94.15 mg did not impair testosterone levels, or gonadotrophins, hematological and biochemical parameters in regular kratom users. Conclusion Regular kratom tea/juice consumption over prolonged periods (>2 years) was not associated with testosterone impairing effects in humans.
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metabolomics data of Mitragyna speciosa leaf using lc esi tof ms
Data in Brief, 2018Co-Authors: Rubashiny Veeramohan, Sharif Mahsufi Mansor, Kamalrul Azlan Azizan, Wan Mohd Aizat, Hoe-han Goh, Nur Sabrina Mohd Yusof, Syarul Nataqain BaharumAbstract:Abstract Mitragyna speciosa is a psychoactive plant known as “ketum” in Malaysia and “kratom” in Thailand. This plant is distinctly known to produce two important alkaloids, namely mitragynine (MG) and 7-hydroxymitragynine (7-OH-MG) that can bind to opioid receptors [1]. MG was reported to exhibit antidepressant properties in animal studies [2]. These compounds were also proposed to have the potential to replace opioid analgesics with much lower risks of side effects [3]. To date, there are only over 40 metabolites identified in M. speciosa [4,5]. To obtain a more complete profile of secondary metabolites in ketum, we performed metabolomics study using mature leaves of the green M. speciosa variety. The leaf samples were extracted using methanol prior to liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-time of flight-mass spectrometry (LC-ESI-TOF-MS) analysis. This data can be useful to for the identification of unknown metabolites that are associated with alkaloid biosynthesis pathway in M. speciosa.
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Metabolomics data of Mitragyna speciosa leaf using LC-ESI-TOF-MS
Elsevier, 2018Co-Authors: Rubashiny Veeramohan, Sharif Mahsufi Mansor, Kamalrul Azlan Azizan, Wan Mohd Aizat, Hoe-han Goh, Nur Sabrina Mohd Yusof, Syarul Nataqain BaharumAbstract:Mitragyna speciosa is a psychoactive plant known as “ketum” in Malaysia and “kratom” in Thailand. This plant is distinctly known to produce two important alkaloids, namely mitragynine (MG) and 7-hydroxymitragynine (7-OH-MG) that can bind to opioid receptors [1]. MG was reported to exhibit antidepressant properties in animal studies [2]. These compounds were also proposed to have the potential to replace opioid analgesics with much lower risks of side effects [3]. To date, there are only over 40 metabolites identified in M. speciosa [4,5]. To obtain a more complete profile of secondary metabolites in ketum, we performed metabolomics study using mature leaves of the green M. speciosa variety. The leaf samples were extracted using methanol prior to liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-time of flight-mass spectrometry (LC-ESI-TOF-MS) analysis. This data can be useful to for the identification of unknown metabolites that are associated with alkaloid biosynthesis pathway in M. speciosa. Keywords: Alkaloids, LC–MS, Metabolomics, Methanolic extraction, Mitragyna specios
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subchronic toxicity study of standardized methanolic extract of Mitragyna speciosa korth in sprague dawley rats
Frontiers in Neuroscience, 2015Co-Authors: Mohd Ulul Ilmie, Sharif Mahsufi Mansor, Hasnan Jaafar, Jafri Malin AbdullahAbstract:Mitragyna speciosa Korth, or better known as ketum, has long been used by traditional folk around Southeast Asia to prevent fatigue from working under hot tropical weather and as a replacement of opium, which can then cause addiction. To date, no findings have been reported of the toxic effect of ketum subchronically (28 days). Hence, the aim of this study was to investigate the toxicity of subchronic effect of standardised methanolic extract of ketum (SMEMS) in Sprague-Dawley rats. Rats were orally administered with 100, 200, and 500 mg/kg of SMEMS for 28 days. Body weights were recorded daily. They were terminated at day 28 to obtain data for haematology, biochemistry, and histopathology of the brain, liver, kidney, lung, heart, sciatic nerve, and spinal cord. The SMEMS affected body weight compared to control group. Biochemistry findings showed that liver and kidney were affected with the abnormal values in AST, creatinine, globulin, glucose, total protein, and urea. However, SMEMS produced toxic effect more to liver, kidney, and lung than other organs as observed histopathologically. The results suggested subchronic exposure of ketum is toxic to the physiology of the animals.
Ornella Corazza - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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the use of kratom Mitragyna speciosa korth among people who co use heroin and methamphetamine in malaysia
Journal of Addiction Medicine, 2021Co-Authors: Darshan Singh, Walter C. Prozialeck, Balasingam Vicknasingam, Suresh Narayanan, Jack E. Henningfield, Ornella Corazza, Kirsten E Smith, Oliver GrundmannAbstract:Objectives Kratom (Mitragyna speciosa Korth.), an indigenous medicinal plant, has been widely used as a traditional remedy in Southeast Asia. However, its combined consumption with other substances has received scarce attention. This study investigates the use of kratom among adults with a history of using heroin and methamphetamine in Malaysia. Methods A total of 332 patients who were mandated to undergo drug rehabilitation participated in this cross-sectional study. The study data were collected through face-to-face interviews using a semi-structured questionnaire. Results The majority were males (95%, n = 314/332) and Malays (98%, n = 325/332) with a mean age of 32.3 years (SD = 9.16). Over two thirds of the respondents used kratom to alleviate heroin withdrawal symptoms and to reduce methamphetamine intake; 59% used it as a substitute for heroin and methamphetamine. A similar proportion used kratom to reduce heroin intake (58%), while only 15% used it for its euphoric effects. Multivariate analysis showed that previous attendees of government rehabilitation programs had lower odds of using kratom as a heroin substitute. Conclusions The potential of kratom to alleviate heroin withdrawal symptoms, and to reduce methamphetamine and heroin intake, among people who co-use heroin and methamphetamine warrants further research.
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current and future potential impact of covid 19 on kratom Mitragyna speciosa korth supply and use
Frontiers in Psychiatry, 2020Co-Authors: Darshan Singh, Jack E. Henningfield, Ornella Corazza, Christopher R. Mccurdy, Eduardo Cinosi, Lance R Mcmahon, Paula N Brown, Albert Garciaromeu, Walter C. ProzialeckAbstract:Kratom (Mitragyna speciosa Korth., Rubiaceae) is native to and has traditional use in Southeast Asia. The number of kratom users outside of Southeast Asia has increased significantly in recent decades with use spreading to the Unites States (US) and Europe. Because of its reputed opioid-like psychoactive effects at higher doses, kratom has been regulated in several countries and is subject to an import ban by the US Food and Drug Administration. Nonetheless, in the US it is estimated that 10-15 million people consume kratom primarily for the self-treatment of pain, psychiatric disorders, to mitigate withdrawal from or dependence on opioids, and to self-treat opioid use disorder or other substance use disorders (SUDs). Due to the global COVID-19 pandemic, a shortage in the supply of kratom products may place unexpected burdens on kratom users, potentially influencing some who use kratom for SUD self-treatment to regress to harmful drug use, hence increasing the likelihood of adverse outcomes, including overdose. Inadequate treatment, treatment barriers, and increases in the sales of adulterated kratom products on the internet or in convenience stores could exacerbate circumstances further. Although there are currently no verified indications of kratom scarcity, researchers and clinicians should be aware of and remain vigilant to this unanticipated possibility.
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can kratom Mitragyna speciosa alleviate covid 19 pain a case study
Frontiers in Psychiatry, 2020Co-Authors: Antonio Metastasio, Darshan Singh, Walter C. Prozialeck, Oliver Grundmann, Ornella Corazza, Elisabeth Prevete, Charles A Veltri, Giuseppe BersaniAbstract:Among the symptoms of COVID-19 fever, general malaise, pain and aches, myalgia, fatigue, and headache can affect the quality of life of patients, even after the end of the acute phase of the infection and can be long lasting. The current treatment of these symptoms, also because COVID-19 patients have been asked not to use non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), in particular ibuprofen are often unsatisfactory. Among the above mentioned symptoms malaise and fatigue seem the most difficult to treat. In this case report we describe the use of kratom (Mitragyna speciosa) by a patient with confirmed COVID-19 infection. What we observed was a fast and sustained relieve of the above mentioned symptoms.
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Public Perceptions toward Kratom (Mitragyna speciosa) Use in Malaysia
Journal of psychoactive drugs, 2020Co-Authors: Darshan Singh, Walter C. Prozialeck, Oliver Grundmann, Suresh Narayanan, Marc T. Swogger, Shariffah Syed Jamaludin Suraya, Azlin Saref, Ornella Corazza, O Griffin, Vicknasingam BalasingamAbstract:Kratom (Mitragyna speciosa), an indigenous medicinal plant of Southeast Asia, is believed to be harmful. We compared the perceptions toward kratom use among kratom users and non-users in Malaysia. ...
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Changing trends in the use of kratom (Mitragyna speciosa) in Southeast Asia.
Human psychopharmacology, 2017Co-Authors: Darshan Singh, Balasingam Vicknasingam, Suresh Narayanan, Ornella Corazza, Rita Santacroce, Andres Roman-urrestarazuAbstract:This is the pre-peer reviewed version of the following article: Darshan Singh, Suresh Narayanan, Balasingam Vicknasingam, Ornella Corazza, Rita Santacroce, and Andres Roman-Urrestarazu, ‘Changing trends in the use of kratom (Mitragyna speciosa) in Southeast Asia, Human Psychopharmacology: Clinical & Experimental, Vol. 32 (3), e2582, May 2017, which has been published in final form at https://doi.org/10.1002/hup.2582. This article may be used for non-commercial purposes in accordance with Wiley Terms and Conditions for Self-Archiving. Under embargo. Embargo end date: 24 May 2018. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Christopher R. Mccurdy - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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kratom Mitragyna speciosa korth a description on the ethnobotany alkaloid chemistry and neuropharmacology
2021Co-Authors: Surash Ramanathan, Nelson Jeng Yeou Chear, Francisco León, Vikneswaran Murugaiyah, Siti R Yusof, Lance R Mcmahon, Christopher R. MccurdyAbstract:Abstract Mitragyna speciosa (kratom), a Southeast Asian plant belonging to the Mitragyna genus, has a long history of traditional uses. There are several therapeutic properties attributed to kratom such as energy booster, pain reliever, mood enhancer, remedy for various ailments, and management of opiate addiction. In recent years, kratom leaves and derivatized botanical products (e.g., extracts, solutions) are being sold as dietary supplements and marketed worldwide via the internet for the management of pain, anxiety, and depression. Indole and oxindole alkaloids are the major chemical constituents that are most likely implicated in the pharmacological effects of kratom products. In Western countries, other than in Southeast Asia, several issues have been alarming, such as adulteration, substitution, and spiking the plant material with neuropharmacological and illicit substances. This chapter provides a summary of the ethnobotany and alkaloid chemistry of kratom including plant biosynthesis and chemical synthesis of alkaloid molecules. Recent developments in the alkaloid detection methods for kratom profiling and authentication of kratom products are also discussed in this chapter. Additionally, this chapter discusses a compilation of the available information from the literature related to the CNS exposure and interaction of major kratom alkaloids.
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Assessing the therapeutic potential and toxicity of Mitragyna speciosa in opioid use disorder.
Expert opinion on drug metabolism & toxicology, 2020Co-Authors: Abhisheak Sharma, Christopher R. MccurdyAbstract:Mitragyna speciosa Korth. is an evergreen plant native to Southeast Asia. It is commonly known as kratom in the western world and krathom, ketum, or biak-biak in Southeast Asian countries. Kratom i...
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current and future potential impact of covid 19 on kratom Mitragyna speciosa korth supply and use
Frontiers in Psychiatry, 2020Co-Authors: Darshan Singh, Jack E. Henningfield, Ornella Corazza, Christopher R. Mccurdy, Eduardo Cinosi, Lance R Mcmahon, Paula N Brown, Albert Garciaromeu, Walter C. ProzialeckAbstract:Kratom (Mitragyna speciosa Korth., Rubiaceae) is native to and has traditional use in Southeast Asia. The number of kratom users outside of Southeast Asia has increased significantly in recent decades with use spreading to the Unites States (US) and Europe. Because of its reputed opioid-like psychoactive effects at higher doses, kratom has been regulated in several countries and is subject to an import ban by the US Food and Drug Administration. Nonetheless, in the US it is estimated that 10-15 million people consume kratom primarily for the self-treatment of pain, psychiatric disorders, to mitigate withdrawal from or dependence on opioids, and to self-treat opioid use disorder or other substance use disorders (SUDs). Due to the global COVID-19 pandemic, a shortage in the supply of kratom products may place unexpected burdens on kratom users, potentially influencing some who use kratom for SUD self-treatment to regress to harmful drug use, hence increasing the likelihood of adverse outcomes, including overdose. Inadequate treatment, treatment barriers, and increases in the sales of adulterated kratom products on the internet or in convenience stores could exacerbate circumstances further. Although there are currently no verified indications of kratom scarcity, researchers and clinicians should be aware of and remain vigilant to this unanticipated possibility.
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patterns and reasons for kratom Mitragyna speciosa use among current and former opioid poly drug users
Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 2020Co-Authors: Darshan Singh, Nelson Jeng Yeou Chear, Suresh Narayanan, Abhisheak Sharma, Christopher R. Mccurdy, Francisco León, Bonnie A Avery, Vicknasingam BalasingamAbstract:Abstract Ethnopharmacological relevance Kratom (Mitragyna speciosa) is a native medicinal plant of Southeast Asia widely reported to be used to reduce opioid dependence and mitigate withdrawal symptoms. There is also evidence to suggest that opioid poly-drug users were using kratom to abstain from opioids. Aim of the study To determine the patterns and reasons for kratom use among current and former opioid poly-drug users in Malaysia. Materials and methods A total of 204 opioid poly-drug users (142 current users vs. 62 former users) with current kratom use history were enrolled into this cross-sectional study. A validated UPLC-MS/MS method was used to evaluate the alkaloid content of a kratom street sample. Results Results from Chi-square analysis showed that there were no significant differences in demographic characteristics between current and former opioid poly-drug users except with respect to marital status. Current users had higher odds of being single (OR: 2.2: 95%CI: 1.21–4.11; p Conclusions Both current and former opioid poly-drug users regularly used kratom (three glasses or about 900 mL daily or the equivalent of 170.19 mg of mitragynine) to overcome opioid poly-drug use problems.
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Kratom (Mitragyna speciosa): worldwide issues.
Current opinion in psychiatry, 2020Co-Authors: Surash Ramanathan, Christopher R. MccurdyAbstract:PURPOSE OF REVIEW To inform readers about the increasingly popular Western dietary supplement, kratom (Mitragyna speciosa) and how the products are available in the Western world compared with traditional Southeast Asian use. Kratom has been traditionally used for increasing stamina of outdoor laborers (farmers), mood enhancement, pain, and opium addiction. Interestingly, kratom has been reported to have a paradoxical effect in that stimulant feelings, and sedative feelings can be obtained depending on the amount utilized. There are several biologically active alkaloids present in kratom. RECENT FINDINGS Recent studies have been focused on the interactions of mitragynine, the most abundant alkaloid, and opioid-like effects. This has been driven by the harm that kratom products have produced in the Western world, in stark contrast to the lack of harm in Southeast Asian traditional use over centuries. Many users in the Western world ingest kratom for mood enhancement and/or to ween themselves from prescription or illicit opioids. Highly concentrated products and recreational use and misuse have resulted in individuals pushing doses to levels that have not been imagined or ever studied in animal, let alone humans. SUMMARY Kratom, as a preparation and how it is utilized is different around the world.
Jafri Malin Abdullah - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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subchronic toxicity study of standardized methanolic extract of Mitragyna speciosa korth in sprague dawley rats
Frontiers in Neuroscience, 2015Co-Authors: Mohd Ulul Ilmie, Sharif Mahsufi Mansor, Hasnan Jaafar, Jafri Malin AbdullahAbstract:Mitragyna speciosa Korth, or better known as ketum, has long been used by traditional folk around Southeast Asia to prevent fatigue from working under hot tropical weather and as a replacement of opium, which can then cause addiction. To date, no findings have been reported of the toxic effect of ketum subchronically (28 days). Hence, the aim of this study was to investigate the toxicity of subchronic effect of standardised methanolic extract of ketum (SMEMS) in Sprague-Dawley rats. Rats were orally administered with 100, 200, and 500 mg/kg of SMEMS for 28 days. Body weights were recorded daily. They were terminated at day 28 to obtain data for haematology, biochemistry, and histopathology of the brain, liver, kidney, lung, heart, sciatic nerve, and spinal cord. The SMEMS affected body weight compared to control group. Biochemistry findings showed that liver and kidney were affected with the abnormal values in AST, creatinine, globulin, glucose, total protein, and urea. However, SMEMS produced toxic effect more to liver, kidney, and lung than other organs as observed histopathologically. The results suggested subchronic exposure of ketum is toxic to the physiology of the animals.
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Mitragyna speciosa korth standardized methanol extract induced short term potentiation of ca1 subfield in rat hippocampal slices
Journal of Medicinal Plants Research, 2012Co-Authors: Mohd Harizal Senik, Sharif Mahsufi Mansor, John Tharakan, G Rammes, Jafri Malin AbdullahAbstract:Mitragyna speciosa Korth or ketum or kratom has long been used by local people in Thailand and Malaysia to treat various types of diseases and to boost energy. There is lack of information available on the effect of M. speciosa Korth in learning and memory function, therefore this study was conducted to understand its effect using a cellular model (hippocampus). The objective of this study was to delineate the effect of M. speciosa Korth standardized methanol extract (MS), we used extracellular recording in rat hippocampal slices in vitro. Acute hippocampal slices were prepared from 4 weeks-old male Sprague dawley rats. Field excitatory post-synaptic potentials (fEPSP) were investigated after the application of test materials in concentrations of 0.0001, 0.001, 0.005, 0.01, 0.05 and 0.1% dissolved in 0.1% DMSO. The 50% inhibitory concentration (IC50) of test material was then calculated. Superfusion of MS (all concentrations) produced irreversible fEPSP amplitude reduction with an IC 50 of 0.008%. The same concentration of MS (0.008%) prevented the induction of long-term potentiation (LTP) and induced only short-term potentiation (STP) in CA1 neurons. In the CA1 region of the hippocampus, reduced concentration-dependently glutamatergic transmission and blocked LTP at the IC50.
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effect of acute administration of Mitragyna speciosa korth standardized methanol extract in animal model of learning and memory
Journal of Medicinal Plants Research, 2012Co-Authors: Mohd Harizal Senik, Sharif Mahsufi Mansor, K John J Tharakan, Jafri Malin AbdullahAbstract:Mitragyna speciosa Korth. or ketum is classified under medicinal plants, used by locals in Thailand and Malaysia to treat various types of diseases. Due to lack of information present on the effect of M. speciosa in learning and memory function, therefore this study is conducted to understand its effect on cognitive functions (learning and long-term memory). The aim of this study is to evaluate cognitive functions of rats after acute exposure of M. speciosa standardized methanol extract using avoidance tasks. Sprague-Dawley rats were treated with three different concentrations of M. speciosa standardized methanol extract (100, 500 and 1000 mg/kg). Morphine was given to positive control group and carboxyl-methyl-cellulose (CMC) and piracetam were given to negative control group. Learning and memory were evaluated using one-way passive avoidance test and two-way active avoidance test. This study showed significant improvement in learning acquisition in the M. speciosa standardized methanol extract treated group compared to controls, however no benefit was observed on memory consolidation, in both passive and active avoidance tests. In conclusion, acute administration of M. speciosa standardized methanol extract facilitated learning, but there was no benefit on long-term memory consolidation.
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acute toxicity study of the standardized methanolic extract of Mitragyna speciosa korth in rodent
Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 2010Co-Authors: S N Harizal, J Hasnan, Sharif Mahsufi Mansor, John Tharakan, Jafri Malin AbdullahAbstract:Abstract Ethnopharmacological relevance: Mitragyna speciosa Korth (ketum) is widely used in Malaysia as a medicinal agent for treating diarrhea, worm infestations and also acts as an analgesic and antipyretic. Aim The aim of the study is to determine the acute toxicity of Mitragyna speciosa Korth standardized methanol extract in vivo in 4-weeks-old Sprague–Dawley rats. Methodology Rats were orally administrated single dose of 100, 500 and 1000 mg/kg Mitragyna speciosa Korth standardized methanol extract and the control group received 430 mg/kg of morphine orally. There were 10 rats in each group. All animals were sacrificed after 14 days of treatment. Eight parameters were tested: cage side observation, body weight measurement, food and water consumption, blood pressure, absolute and relative organ weight, hematology, biochemical analysis and histopathology, to look for evidence of toxicity. Result No mortality was noted after 14 days of treatment. In general, behavior, food and water consumption, hematological studies and organ weights showed no significant changes. The standardized methanol extraction of Mitragyna speciosa Korth increased rat blood pressure (systolic: 147.4 ± 1.01, 131.64 ± 4.94 and 137.8 ± 4.46) after an hour of 100, 500 and 1000 mg/kg doses, respectively. Biochemical studies showed significant elevation of ALT, AST, albumin, triglycerides, cholesterol and albumin ( p > 0.05), at all levels of doses. But, nephrotoxicity evidenced by elevated creatinine was seen only at a dose of 1000 mg/kg. Histological examination showed congestion of sinusoids, hemorrhage hepatocytes, fatty change, centrilobular necrosis and increased number of Kuppfer cells in the liver of all Mitragyna speciosa Korth standardized methanol extract treated groups. Conclusion Oral administration of standardized methanolic extraction of Mitragyna speciosa Korth resulted in increasing rat blood pressure after an hour of drug administration. The highest dose of extract also induced acute severe hepatotoxicity and mild nephrotoxicity. However, Mitragyna speciosa Korth shows no effects on body weight, food and water consumption, absolute and relative organ weight and also hematology parameters.