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Antonis N. Vgontzas - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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The relevance of the Hippocratic Oath to the ethical and Moral Values of contemporary medicine. Part II: interpretation of the Hippocratic Oath—today’s perspective
European Spine Journal, 2018Co-Authors: Helen Askitopoulou, Antonis N. VgontzasAbstract:This is the second part of a paper on the relevance and significance of the Hippocratic Oath to modern medical ethical and Moral Values with the aim at answering questions on controversial issues related to the Oath . Part I argued that the general attributes and ethical Values of the Oath are relevant to the modern world. Part II attempts to elucidate the interpretation of the specific injunctions of the Oath from today’s perspective in relation to ethical Values concerning the duties of physicians to patients and society. The objective is to prove that the Oath has established the general context of medical ethics of the physician–patient relationship, which reflects long-lasting Moral Values that still define the medical profession. The Oath has exemplified the fundamental modern ethical principles of beneficence, non-maleficence and confidentiality. Its foremost message focuses on patients’ best interests and not on the prohibition of surgery, euthanasia or abortion, as is generally believed. Furthermore, the Oath as a code of professional identity has had a powerful impact on modem judicial opinions regarding medical ethics. In a lot of ways, it is as relevant of the Values of contemporary medicine as it was for ancient medicine. Graphical abstract These slides can be retrieved under Electronic Supplementary Material.
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the relevance of the hippocratic oath to the ethical and Moral Values of contemporary medicine part i the hippocratic oath from antiquity to modern times
European Spine Journal, 2018Co-Authors: Helen Askitopoulou, Antonis N. VgontzasAbstract:The present paper discusses the relevance and significance of the Hippocratic Oath to contemporary medical ethical and Moral Values. It attempts to answer the questions about some controversial issues related to the Oath. The text is divided in two parts. Part I discusses the general attributes and ethical Values of the Oath, while Part II presents a detailed analysis of each passage of the Oath with regard to perennial ethical principles and Moral Values. Part I starts with the contribution of Hippocrates and his School of Cos to medicine. It continues by examining the Moral dilemmas concerning physicians and patients in the Classical Times and in the Modern World. It also investigates how the Hippocratic Oath stands nowadays, with regard to the remarkable and often revolutionary advancements in medical practice and the significant evolution in medical ethics. Further, it presents the debate and the criticism about the relevance of the general attributes and ethical Values of the Oath to those of modern societies. Finally, it discusses the endurance of the ethical Values of the Hippocratic Oath over the centuries until today with respect to the physicians’ commitment to the practice of patient-oriented medicine. Part I concludes with the Oath’s historic input in the Judgment delivered at the close of the Nuremberg “Doctors’ Trial”; this Judgement has become legally binding for the discipline in the Western World and was the basis of the Nuremberg Code. The ethical code of the Oath turned out to be a fundamental part of western law not only on medical ethics but also on patients’ rights regarding research.
Paolo Vanin - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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thou shalt not covet prohibitions temptation and Moral Values
Journal of Public Economics, 2013Co-Authors: Matteo Cervellati, Paolo VaninAbstract:Abstract This paper proposes a theory of the relationship between prohibitions and temptation. In the presence of self-control problems, Moral Values may increase individual material welfare (and utility) by serving as a self-commitment device. The model investigates the relationship between Morality and temptation, the individual gains from Morality, the interaction between external sanctions and Moral self-punishment and the spread and strength of individually optimal Moral Values. The empirical analysis, based on survey data for a large set of countries, documents a hump-shaped pattern of Morality in social class, which supports the theoretical predictions of the model.
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thou shalt not covet prohibitions temptation and Moral Values
Social Science Research Network, 2010Co-Authors: Matteo Cervellati, Paolo VaninAbstract:We propose a theory studying temptation in presence of both externally and internally sanctioned prohibitions. Moral Values that (internally) sanction prohibited actions and their desire may increase utility by reducing self-control costs, thereby serving as partial commitment devices. We apply the model to crime and study the conditions under which agents would optimally adhere to Moral Values of honesty. Incentives to be Moral are non- monotonic in the crime premium. Larger external punishments increase temptation and demand for Morality, so that external and internal sanctions are complements. The model helps rationalizing stylized facts that proved difficult to explain with available theories.
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thou shalt not covet prohibitions temptation and Moral Values
Research Papers in Economics, 2010Co-Authors: Matteo Cervellati, Paolo VaninAbstract:This paper proposes a theory of the relationship between prohibitions and temptation. In presence of self-control problems, Moral Values may increase individual material welfare (and utility) by serving as a self-commitment device. The model investigates the relationship between Morality and temptation, the individual gains from Morality, the interaction between external sanctions and Moral self-punishment and the spread and strength of individually optimal Moral Values. The empirical analysis, based on survey data for a large set of countries, documents a hump-shaped pattern of Morality in social class, which supports the theoretical predictions of the model.
Helen Askitopoulou - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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The relevance of the Hippocratic Oath to the ethical and Moral Values of contemporary medicine. Part II: interpretation of the Hippocratic Oath—today’s perspective
European Spine Journal, 2018Co-Authors: Helen Askitopoulou, Antonis N. VgontzasAbstract:This is the second part of a paper on the relevance and significance of the Hippocratic Oath to modern medical ethical and Moral Values with the aim at answering questions on controversial issues related to the Oath . Part I argued that the general attributes and ethical Values of the Oath are relevant to the modern world. Part II attempts to elucidate the interpretation of the specific injunctions of the Oath from today’s perspective in relation to ethical Values concerning the duties of physicians to patients and society. The objective is to prove that the Oath has established the general context of medical ethics of the physician–patient relationship, which reflects long-lasting Moral Values that still define the medical profession. The Oath has exemplified the fundamental modern ethical principles of beneficence, non-maleficence and confidentiality. Its foremost message focuses on patients’ best interests and not on the prohibition of surgery, euthanasia or abortion, as is generally believed. Furthermore, the Oath as a code of professional identity has had a powerful impact on modem judicial opinions regarding medical ethics. In a lot of ways, it is as relevant of the Values of contemporary medicine as it was for ancient medicine. Graphical abstract These slides can be retrieved under Electronic Supplementary Material.
-
the relevance of the hippocratic oath to the ethical and Moral Values of contemporary medicine part i the hippocratic oath from antiquity to modern times
European Spine Journal, 2018Co-Authors: Helen Askitopoulou, Antonis N. VgontzasAbstract:The present paper discusses the relevance and significance of the Hippocratic Oath to contemporary medical ethical and Moral Values. It attempts to answer the questions about some controversial issues related to the Oath. The text is divided in two parts. Part I discusses the general attributes and ethical Values of the Oath, while Part II presents a detailed analysis of each passage of the Oath with regard to perennial ethical principles and Moral Values. Part I starts with the contribution of Hippocrates and his School of Cos to medicine. It continues by examining the Moral dilemmas concerning physicians and patients in the Classical Times and in the Modern World. It also investigates how the Hippocratic Oath stands nowadays, with regard to the remarkable and often revolutionary advancements in medical practice and the significant evolution in medical ethics. Further, it presents the debate and the criticism about the relevance of the general attributes and ethical Values of the Oath to those of modern societies. Finally, it discusses the endurance of the ethical Values of the Hippocratic Oath over the centuries until today with respect to the physicians’ commitment to the practice of patient-oriented medicine. Part I concludes with the Oath’s historic input in the Judgment delivered at the close of the Nuremberg “Doctors’ Trial”; this Judgement has become legally binding for the discipline in the Western World and was the basis of the Nuremberg Code. The ethical code of the Oath turned out to be a fundamental part of western law not only on medical ethics but also on patients’ rights regarding research.
Matteo Cervellati - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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thou shalt not covet prohibitions temptation and Moral Values
Journal of Public Economics, 2013Co-Authors: Matteo Cervellati, Paolo VaninAbstract:Abstract This paper proposes a theory of the relationship between prohibitions and temptation. In the presence of self-control problems, Moral Values may increase individual material welfare (and utility) by serving as a self-commitment device. The model investigates the relationship between Morality and temptation, the individual gains from Morality, the interaction between external sanctions and Moral self-punishment and the spread and strength of individually optimal Moral Values. The empirical analysis, based on survey data for a large set of countries, documents a hump-shaped pattern of Morality in social class, which supports the theoretical predictions of the model.
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thou shalt not covet prohibitions temptation and Moral Values
Social Science Research Network, 2010Co-Authors: Matteo Cervellati, Paolo VaninAbstract:We propose a theory studying temptation in presence of both externally and internally sanctioned prohibitions. Moral Values that (internally) sanction prohibited actions and their desire may increase utility by reducing self-control costs, thereby serving as partial commitment devices. We apply the model to crime and study the conditions under which agents would optimally adhere to Moral Values of honesty. Incentives to be Moral are non- monotonic in the crime premium. Larger external punishments increase temptation and demand for Morality, so that external and internal sanctions are complements. The model helps rationalizing stylized facts that proved difficult to explain with available theories.
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thou shalt not covet prohibitions temptation and Moral Values
Research Papers in Economics, 2010Co-Authors: Matteo Cervellati, Paolo VaninAbstract:This paper proposes a theory of the relationship between prohibitions and temptation. In presence of self-control problems, Moral Values may increase individual material welfare (and utility) by serving as a self-commitment device. The model investigates the relationship between Morality and temptation, the individual gains from Morality, the interaction between external sanctions and Moral self-punishment and the spread and strength of individually optimal Moral Values. The empirical analysis, based on survey data for a large set of countries, documents a hump-shaped pattern of Morality in social class, which supports the theoretical predictions of the model.
Matthew Rushworth - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Neurocomputational mechanisms at play when weighing concerns for extrinsic rewards, Moral Values, and social image
PLoS Biology, 2019Co-Authors: Elise Météreau, Luigi Butera, Marie Claire Villeval, Jean-claude Dreher, Matthew RushworthAbstract:Humans not only value extrinsic monetary rewards but also their own Morality and their image in the eyes of others. Yet violating Moral norms is frequent, especially when people know that they are not under scrutiny. When Moral Values and monetary payoffs are at odds, how does the brain weigh the benefits and costs of Moral and monetary payoffs? Here, using a neurocomputational model of decision value (DV) and functional (f)MRI, we investigated whether different brain systems are engaged when deciding whether to earn money by contributing to a "bad cause" and when deciding whether to sacrifice money to contribute to a "good cause," both when such choices were made privately or in public. Although similar principles of DV computations were used to solve these dilemmas, they engaged 2 distinct valuation systems. When weighing monetary benefits and Moral costs, people were willing to trade their Moral Values in exchange for money, an effect accompanied by DV computation engaging the anterior insula and the lateral prefrontal cortex (PFC). In contrast, weighing monetary costs against compliance with one's Moral Values engaged the ventral putamen. Moreover, regardless of the type of dilemma, a brain network including the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC), anterior insula, and the right temporoparietal junction (TJP) was more engaged in public than in private settings. Together, these findings identify how the brain processes three sources of motivation: extrinsic rewards, Moral Values, and concerns for image.
