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Alqadr Firdaus - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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PRARANCANGAN PABRIK HIGH IMPACT POLYSTYRENE DENGAN KAPASITAS PRODUKSI 60.000 TON / TAHUN PRARANCANGAN PABRIK HIGH IMPACT POLYSTYRENE DENGAN KAPASITAS PRODUKSI 60.000 TON / TAHUN
Fakultas Teknik, 2016Co-Authors: Alqadr FirdausAbstract:Prarancangan pabrik high impact polystyrene dengan kapasitas produksi 60.000 ton/tahun. Proses produksi high impact polystyrene menggunakan proses bulk polymerization continue dengan bahan baku yaitu styrene sebagai monomer, polybutadiene sebagai rubber, ethylbenzene sebagai co-solvent, benzoyl peroxide sebagai free radical initiator, t-dodecyl mercaptan sebagai chain transfer Agent, distyearyl pentaerythriol diphospite sebagai stabilizer, white mineral oil sebagai internal lubricant dan zinc stearate sebagai Mould Release Agent. Proses produksi berlangsung secara continue dengan waktu produksi 330 hari/tahun. Produk high impact polystyrene yang dihasilkan dalam bentuk pellet dengan kemurnian produk 92,47 %. Bentuk perusahaan yang direncanakan adalah Perseroan Terbatas (PT) dengan total tenaga kerja 171 orang. Lokasi pabrik direncanakan didirikan di Desa Cibeber, Kecamatan Cibeber, Kabupaten Cilegon, Banten dengan luas tanah mencapai 25.900 m2. Sumber air yang digunakan pada pabrik high impact polystyrene berasal dari Sungai Cibeber, Kecamatan Cibeber, Kabupaten Cilegon, Banten. Kebutuhan listrik diperoleh dari Perusahaan Listrik Negara (PLN) dan pemanfaatan Power Generator.Banda Ace
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PRARANCANGAN PABRIK HIGH IMPACT POLYSTYRENE DENGAN KAPASITAS PRODUKSI 60.000 TON / TAHUN
Fakultas Teknik, 2016Co-Authors: Alqadr FirdausAbstract:Prarancangan pabrik high impact polystyrene dengan kapasitas produksi 60.000 ton/tahun. Proses produksi high impact polystyrene menggunakan proses bulk polymerization continue dengan bahan baku yaitu styrene sebagai monomer, polybutadiene sebagai rubber, ethylbenzene sebagai co-solvent, benzoyl peroxide sebagai free radical initiator, t-dodecyl mercaptan sebagai chain transfer Agent, distyearyl pentaerythriol diphospite sebagai stabilizer, white mineral oil sebagai internal lubricant dan zinc stearate sebagai Mould Release Agent. Proses produksi berlangsung secara continue dengan waktu produksi 330 hari/tahun. Produk high impact polystyrene yang dihasilkan dalam bentuk pellet dengan kemurnian produk 92,47 %. Bentuk perusahaan yang direncanakan adalah Perseroan Terbatas (PT) dengan total tenaga kerja 171 orang. Lokasi pabrik direncanakan didirikan di Desa Cibeber, Kecamatan Cibeber, Kabupaten Cilegon, Banten dengan luas tanah mencapai 25.900 m2. Sumber air yang digunakan pada pabrik high impact polystyrene berasal dari Sungai Cibeber, Kecamatan Cibeber, Kabupaten Cilegon, Banten. Kebutuhan listrik diperoleh dari Perusahaan Listrik Negara (PLN) dan pemanfaatan Power Generator.Banda Ace
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PRARANCANGAN PABRIK HIGH IMPACT POLYSTYRENE DENGAN KAPASITAS PRODUKSI 60.000 TON/TAHUN
1Co-Authors: Alqadr FirdausAbstract:Prarancangan pabrik high impact polystyrene dengan kapasitas produksi 60.000 ton/tahun. Proses produksi high impact polystyrene menggunakan proses bulk polymerization continue dengan bahan baku yaitu styrene sebagai monomer, polybutadiene sebagai rubber, ethylbenzene sebagai co-solvent, benzoyl peroxide sebagai free radical initiator, t-dodecyl mercaptan sebagai chain transfer Agent, distyearyl pentaerythriol diphospite sebagai stabilizer, white mineral oil sebagai internal lubricant dan zinc stearate sebagai Mould Release Agent. Proses produksi berlangsung secara continue dengan waktu produksi 330 hari/tahun. Produk high impact polystyrene yang dihasilkan dalam bentuk pellet dengan kemurnian produk 92,47 %. Bentuk perusahaan yang direncanakan adalah Perseroan Terbatas (PT) dengan total tenaga kerja 171 orang. Lokasi pabrik direncanakan didirikan di Desa Cibeber, Kecamatan Cibeber, Kabupaten Cilegon, Banten dengan luas tanah mencapai 25.900 m2. Sumber air yang digunakan pada pabrik high impact polystyrene berasal dari Sungai Cibeber, Kecamatan Cibeber, Kabupaten Cilegon, Banten. Kebutuhan listrik diperoleh dari Perusahaan Listrik Negara (PLN) dan pemanfaatan Power Generator
J M Cooper - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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The absorption of Mould Release Agent by epoxy resin
Polymer Degradation and Stability, 2000Co-Authors: A J Shields, I.j. Kemp, Donald M. Hepburn, J M CooperAbstract:A wide range of polymeric materials, including epoxy resins, are Moulded to produce components for various uses. Silicon-based Release Agents are commonly used to ensure that the component can be Released from the Mould. This work demonstrates that the Release Agent is absorbed by resin during casting. The reaction of samples to various stress regimes, i.e. chemical, mechanical, radiative and electrical, are considered. The reaction of epoxy resin contaminated with the Release Agent to electrical discharge stressing is different to that of resin with no contaminant. The differences in reaction to the stress are considered and the possible effects for other conditions are presented.
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Effect of Mould Release Agent on epoxy resin surface degradation
IEE Proceedings - Science Measurement and Technology, 1999Co-Authors: Donald M. Hepburn, I.j. Kemp, A J Shields, J M CooperAbstract:Epoxy resin is Moulded to produce high voltage insulation components. To Release the component from the Mould, among other techniques, silicon-based Release Agents are used. The authors demonstrate that Release Agent is absorbed by resin during casting, and describe the change in reaction to electrical discharge stressing. Partial discharge stressing of epoxy resin contaminated with Release Agent causes surface crazing and silicon products, not evident prior to stressing, are detectable on the surface. Noncontaminated samples exhibit signs of erosion and chemical change, but show no evidence of cracking nor of silicon products. Chemical, mechanical and radiative stresses applied to contaminated resin failed to produce silicon material on the resin surface. It is proposed that partial discharge stressing of noncontaminated resin causes erosion of the sample surface, producing volatile products and chemical changes: there is no crazing of the surface layer, as the pure resin is homogeneous. Partial discharge stressing of contaminated epoxy resin results in erosion of the organic resinous material, but leaves nonvolatile silicon products on the resin surface. These mask the chemical changes occurring in the resin: the surface crazing is due to a differential stress reaction between the contaminated surface layer and the noncontaminated region below.
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Effect of Mould Release Agent on epoxy resin surface degradation
IEE Proceedings - Science Measurement and Technology, 1999Co-Authors: Donald M. Hepburn, I.j. Kemp, A J Shields, J M CooperAbstract:Epoxy resin is Moulded to produce high voltage insulation components. To Release the component from the Mould, among other techniques, silicon-based Release Agents are used. The authors demonstrate that Release Agent is absorbed by resin during casting, and describe the change in reaction to electrical discharge stressing. Partial discharge stressing of epoxy resin contaminated with Release Agent causes surface crazing and silicon products, not evident prior to stressing, are detectable on the surface. Noncontaminated samples exhibit signs of erosion and chemical change, but show no evidence of cracking nor of silicon products. Chemical, mechanical and radiative stresses applied to contaminated resin failed to produce silicon material on the resin surface. It is proposed that partial discharge stressing of noncontaminated resin causes erosion of the sample surface, producing volatile products and chemical changes: there is no crazing of the surface layer, as the pure resin is homogeneous. Partial discharge stressing of contaminated epoxy resin results in erosion of the organic resinous material, but leaves nonvolatile silicon products on the resin surface. These mask the chemical changes occurring in the resin: the surface crazing is due to a differential stress reaction between the contaminated surface layer and the noncontaminated region below.
J. L. Esteves - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Adhesive joints for vegetal natural fibres reinforced composites
2007Co-Authors: J. L. Esteves, Cristina RomãoAbstract:The increased interested for the utilisation of natural fibres, to produce new ecological composites materials, need the analysed and development of joining processes to assemble of different parts made with these materials. In this work we present the mechanical characterisation of adhesive single lap joints for the joining of sisal fibres reinforced composite materials with an epoxy matrix. We made experiences with different surface treatments of the fibres, with the objective of increasing the adhesion between the fibres and the matrix, and consequently to improve mechanical behaviour of the composite material and the adhesive joint. A brief description of the production and test setups of the composite materials and the adhesive joints is made. An analytical and numerical calculation of the behaviour of the adhesive joints is presented and compared with the experimental results. Introduction Today the search for new, recyclable and renewable materials is leading the researchers in new ways. Natural products applications are emerging and some research is starting in this matter. The work presented here analyse the utilization of adhesives single lap joints at joining processes to assemble of different parts made with natural vegetal sisal fibres reinforced composite materials. Some different sisal/epoxy composite plates are made utilising sisal fibres with different surface treatments, with the purpose of increasing the adhesion between the fibres and the matrix, and consequently to improve mechanical behaviour of the composite material [1,2 and 3] and the adhesives joints. The treatment used is called mercerization, and is described below. Before the treatment application the natural fibres were cleaned in order to remove contaminating Agents. Manufacturing a Sisal/Epoxi Composite Material To manufacture a 4mm thickness sisal/epoxy composite plates, with 25% volume content of aleatory fibre reinforcement, was used the compression Moulding technique [2]. For the matrix was used the epoxy resin Reapox WOOD RX8 from REA Industries (σr = 49,98 MPa, E = 2,91 GPa) A fibre surface treatment has been done to increase the fibre/matrix adhesion. This treatment (mercerization) is made in some steps. First, the fibres were immersed in a bath of Sodium Hydroxide solution (NaOH), prepared with distilled water. During this process the bath was stirred continuously using a mechanical agitator. Finished the immersion stage the solution presented a yellow colour, because of the substances removed from the fibres. Next, the fibres were washed several times with distilled water, until the water pH came to neutral. To dry the fibres we left them 5 days at ambient temperature, and then exposed six hours at 60o C in an oven. The main objective of the treatment is the fibre superficial cleaning by the remove of some Agents (grass, silica, etc.) that difficult the chemical reactions between the fibres and the matrix. Additionally, can remove the lignin and the hemicelluloses, responsible for some degradation mechanisms. This treatment improves the interface fibre/matrix adhesion by increasing the chemical compatibility (exposing the hydroxyl groups of the fibres) and the mechanical anchorage. Four different treatments of mercerization were made, with different volume percentage of Sodium Hydroxide (NaOH) of 4% and 8%, bath time immersion of 1hour and 2 hours, with a bath temperature of 20oC. To manufacture the composite plates, with the compression Moulding technique, the steel Mould used, have a cavity of 150x100x4 mm and was prepared with the application of the Mould Release Agent QZ13 from Ciba-Geigy. After the preparation of the resin, we introduce it in the Mould (Fig. 1). The sisal mat is then placed in the Mould (Fig. 2) and the Mould closed. At last, the Mould is placed in the hot plate press, and submitted to a cure stage of 1 hour at 60 oC. Fig. 1.Introducing the resin Fig. 2.Placing the mat Fig. 3.Final Plate Single Lap Joint Manufacturing To stud an adhesive joint solution to the assemble of different parts made with sisal/epoxy composites, several single lap joints are made with the different sisal/epoxy laminates manufactured, according to the ASTM 1002 standard, with a overlap length of 14mm and 0.1mm of adhesive thickness. The adhesive utilised was a two components epoxy Araldite AW106/HV953U from Ciba-Geigy with the following mechanical properties show in the Table 1. Table 1. Araldite AW106/HV953U Compression Stress [MPa] Tensile Stress [MPa] Shear Stress [MPa] Young Modulus [GPa] Poisson Coef. 45,3 22,3 14 17 1,2 0,33 Mechanical Characterization of Sisal/Epoxi Composite Materials For the mechanical characterisation of the sisal/epoxy composite plates it was used an INSTRON 4208 universal testing machine. The tests were made according to the ISO 527-4 standard, using a 100 kN load cell and a 2 mm/min traction speed. The Tables 2 and Fig. 4 and 5 shows the results of the mechanical characterisation for the REAPOX WOOD RX8 resin and for the composite plates made with 25% volume fraction of sisal fibre with and without surface treatment. Table 2. Mechanical characterisation of the different sisal/epoxy composite materials Sisal//Epoxy Composite 25% sisal fibre Tensile Strength σr [MPa] ST Desv Young Modulus E [GPa] ST Desv Deformation er [%] ST Desv Without treatment 45,05 6,90 4,87 0,59 1,07 0,15 4%(NaOH), 1 hour 49,85 2,40 6,51 0,29 0,97 0,08 4%(NaOH), 2 hour 62,81 4,88 6,64 0,79 1,19 0,15 8%(NaOH), 1 hour 59,47 6,88 6,09 0,61 1,25 0,14 8%(NaOH), 2 hour 49,51 3,42 6,17 0,43 1,09 0,13 Resin REAPOX WOOD RX8 49,98 2,91 6,50
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Mechanical characterisation of sisal fibres for reinforcing of composite materials with several different surface treatments
2004Co-Authors: Cristina Romão, Pedro Vieira, J. L. EstevesAbstract:The work described in this paper refers to the mechanical characterisation of sisal natural fibres composite materials. Were made experiences with different surface treatments with the purpose of increasing the adhesion between the fibres and the matrix, and consequently to improve mechanical behaviour of the composite material. A brief description of the production and test setups of the composite materials is made. 1. INTRODUTION Today the search for new, recyclable and renewable materials is leading the researchers in new ways. Natural products are emerging and some research is starting in this matter. The work presented here shows the utilisation of sisal fibres with different surface treatments with the purpose of increasing the adhesion between the fibres and the matrix, and consequently to improve mechanical behaviour of the composite material [1-2]. The treatment used is called mercerization, and is described below. Before the treatment application the natural fibres were cleaned in order to remove contaminating Agents. Some plates were made using sisal fibres as reinforcement and an epoxy resin as matrix. 2. SURFACE TREATMENT A fibre surface treatment has been done to increase the fibre/matrix adhesion. This treatment (mercerizing) is made in some steps. First, the fibres were immersed in a bath of Sodium Hydroxide solution (NaOH), prepared with distilled water. During this process the bath was stirred continuously using a mechanical agitator. Finished the immersion stage the solution presented a yellow colour, because of the substances removed from the fibres. Next, the fibres were washed several times with distilled water, until the water pH came to neutral. To dry the fibres we left them 5 days at ambient temperature, and then exposed six hours at 60o C in an oven. [3-7] The main objective of the treatment is the fibre superficial cleaning by the remove of some Agents (grass, silica, etc.) that difficult the chemical reactions between the fibres and the matrix. Additionally, can remove the lignin and the hemicelluloses, responsible for some degradation mechanisms. This treatment improves the interface fibre/matrix adhesion by increasing the chemical compatibility (exposing the hydroxyl groups of the fibres) and the mechanical anchorage. Four different treatments of mercerization were made, with different volume percentage of Sodium Hydroxide (NaOH) and bath time immersion: 4% (NaOH) in volume and 1 hour bath immersion 4% (NaOH) in volume and 2 hour bath immersion 8% (NaOH) in volume and 1 hour bath immersion 8% (NaOH) in volume and 2 hour bath immersion All treatments were made with a bath temperature of 20oC. 3. FIBRE PREPARATION The first step for the application of the sisal fibres was the superficial cleaning; because when they were acquired contained some contaminating Agents on the surface. After this cleaning process and before the surface treatments (when applied), the fibres were cutted to pieces of approximately 30 mm length, with the aim of prepare the fibres for the production of an aleatory mat. For the mat production the fibres (previously dried on an oven) were placed aleatory in a Mould, afterwards the Mould was closed and submitted to some pressing, resorting to a press. After 10 minutes the mat produced was removed. Fig. 1 shows the Mould employed and the mat of sisal fibres. Fig 1. The natural fibre mat 4. MANUFATURING A COMPOSITE PLATE To produce the sisal composites plates, was used the epoxy resin Reapox WOOD RX8 from REA Industries with the following characteristics: Tensile Strength (MPa) = 49,98; Modulus (GPa) = 2,91; Density (g/cm) = 1,13. To manufacture the composite plates, with aleatory sisal fibre reinforcement, was used the compression Moulding technique. The Mould used, made of steel (Fig. 1), have a cavity of 150x100x4 mm and was prepared with the application of the Mould Release Agent QZ13 from Ciba. For the production of 25% volume fraction of sisal fibre reinforced composite plates, we calculated the need of 20 grams of fibre for each plate. That amount of fibre before compression is in volume 4 times bigger than the final thickness of the plate. After the preparation of the resin, we introduce it in the Mould (Fig. 2). The mat is then placed in the Mould (Fig. 3) and the Mould closed. At last, the Mould is placed in the hot plate press, and submitted to a cure stage of 1 hour at 60 oC. Fig. 2. Introducing the resin Fig. 3. Placing the mat Void content and a non homogeneous distribution of the sisal fibres in the matrix are, apparently, the main problems that need optimisation in the production process used. For the plates produced, we estimate, by measuring the plate and weighing it, that the void content is around 10 %. Fig. 4. Plate after the opening of the Mould 5. MECHANICAL CHARACTERISATION AND RESULTS For the mechanical characterisation of composite materials it was used an INSTRON 4208 universal testing machine. The tests were made according to the ISO 527-4 standard, using a 100 kN load cell and a 2 mm/min traction speed. Fig. 5 shows the setup.
Donald M. Hepburn - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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The absorption of Mould Release Agent by epoxy resin
Polymer Degradation and Stability, 2000Co-Authors: A J Shields, I.j. Kemp, Donald M. Hepburn, J M CooperAbstract:A wide range of polymeric materials, including epoxy resins, are Moulded to produce components for various uses. Silicon-based Release Agents are commonly used to ensure that the component can be Released from the Mould. This work demonstrates that the Release Agent is absorbed by resin during casting. The reaction of samples to various stress regimes, i.e. chemical, mechanical, radiative and electrical, are considered. The reaction of epoxy resin contaminated with the Release Agent to electrical discharge stressing is different to that of resin with no contaminant. The differences in reaction to the stress are considered and the possible effects for other conditions are presented.
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Effect of Mould Release Agent on epoxy resin surface degradation
IEE Proceedings - Science Measurement and Technology, 1999Co-Authors: Donald M. Hepburn, I.j. Kemp, A J Shields, J M CooperAbstract:Epoxy resin is Moulded to produce high voltage insulation components. To Release the component from the Mould, among other techniques, silicon-based Release Agents are used. The authors demonstrate that Release Agent is absorbed by resin during casting, and describe the change in reaction to electrical discharge stressing. Partial discharge stressing of epoxy resin contaminated with Release Agent causes surface crazing and silicon products, not evident prior to stressing, are detectable on the surface. Noncontaminated samples exhibit signs of erosion and chemical change, but show no evidence of cracking nor of silicon products. Chemical, mechanical and radiative stresses applied to contaminated resin failed to produce silicon material on the resin surface. It is proposed that partial discharge stressing of noncontaminated resin causes erosion of the sample surface, producing volatile products and chemical changes: there is no crazing of the surface layer, as the pure resin is homogeneous. Partial discharge stressing of contaminated epoxy resin results in erosion of the organic resinous material, but leaves nonvolatile silicon products on the resin surface. These mask the chemical changes occurring in the resin: the surface crazing is due to a differential stress reaction between the contaminated surface layer and the noncontaminated region below.
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Effect of Mould Release Agent on epoxy resin surface degradation
IEE Proceedings - Science Measurement and Technology, 1999Co-Authors: Donald M. Hepburn, I.j. Kemp, A J Shields, J M CooperAbstract:Epoxy resin is Moulded to produce high voltage insulation components. To Release the component from the Mould, among other techniques, silicon-based Release Agents are used. The authors demonstrate that Release Agent is absorbed by resin during casting, and describe the change in reaction to electrical discharge stressing. Partial discharge stressing of epoxy resin contaminated with Release Agent causes surface crazing and silicon products, not evident prior to stressing, are detectable on the surface. Noncontaminated samples exhibit signs of erosion and chemical change, but show no evidence of cracking nor of silicon products. Chemical, mechanical and radiative stresses applied to contaminated resin failed to produce silicon material on the resin surface. It is proposed that partial discharge stressing of noncontaminated resin causes erosion of the sample surface, producing volatile products and chemical changes: there is no crazing of the surface layer, as the pure resin is homogeneous. Partial discharge stressing of contaminated epoxy resin results in erosion of the organic resinous material, but leaves nonvolatile silicon products on the resin surface. These mask the chemical changes occurring in the resin: the surface crazing is due to a differential stress reaction between the contaminated surface layer and the noncontaminated region below.
V.a. Gibson - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Surface treatments of carbon fibres studied by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy
Fibre Science and Technology, 2003Co-Authors: D. M. Brewis, J. Comyn, J.r. Fowler, D. Briggs, V.a. GibsonAbstract:Abstract X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) was used to determine the levels and nature of oxidation in carbon fibres before and after various pre-treatments. All the pretreatments caused large increases in the oxidation of the carbon fibres but there was no large change in the mechanical properties of composites formed with these fibres. XPS showed that the surface treatment for the composite removed most, but not all, of the Mould Release Agent used. Surface treatment of the fibres changed the mode of failure of composites bonded with an epoxide adhesive.