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Harald W. Krenn - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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fluid feeding Mouthparts
2019Co-Authors: Harald W. KrennAbstract:The Mouthparts of most specialized fluid-feeding insects consist of more or less elongated components forming a proboscis. Functional types of Mouthparts evolved as adaptations to particular food sources. Characteristic feeding techniques are used which are based on a combination of capillarity and a pressure gradient created by sucking pumps. Biting-sucking mandibles occur in some predaceous insect larvae and are used for extraoral digestion. Lapping Mouthparts evolved in nectar-feeding insects; such proboscises are characterized by a loose food canal and setose, pro- and retractable structures at the tip which take up fluids mainly by capillarity. In contrast, piercing-sucking proboscises have pointed components to penetrate the host’s epidermis. The elongated components are firmly interlocked to form a tight food canal and a salivary duct. Piercing-sucking proboscises ingest fluid along a pressure gradient and occur in plant sap-sucking insects, blood feeders, and predaceous species. Sponging proboscises are rather short and retractable. Their soft and cushion-shaped apical components take up liquids from open fluid sources. Siphoning proboscises are particularly long and primarily adapted for nectar drinking. Such sucking Mouthparts ingest fluid into the food canal predominantly by a pressure gradient.
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form and function of insect Mouthparts
2019Co-Authors: Harald W. KrennAbstract:Insect Mouthparts are modified appendages of head segments that are adapted to exploit different food sources. This chapter describes the general mouthpart morphology of Hexapoda, introduces basic feeding types in insects, and illustrates mouthpart function. Insect Mouthparts include three appendages, the paired mandibles, the paired maxillae, and the unpaired labium as well as additional head structures, the labrum, and the hypopharynx. The noninsect lineages of Hexapoda possess entognathous Mouthparts, which are concealed inside the head, while ectognathous Mouthparts of Insecta articulate externally on the head capsule. Especially in winged insects, characteristic adaptations of Mouthparts evolved in context with various food sources resulting in feeding specialization and enhanced functional performance. Insect Mouthparts can be categorized in three principal functional types: (1) mandibulate biting and chewing Mouthparts, (2) haustellate Mouthparts forming variously composed proboscises, and (3) filter-feeding Mouthparts of aquatic immature stages. The diversity of functional types and remarkable modifications are presented in various examples; characteristic patterns of mouthpart evolution are discussed. The composition of Mouthparts in the various hexapod orders is summarized in a table. Additional functions, like defense, brood care, and male-male competition, modified the Mouthparts in some insects. Rudimentary Mouthparts are found in some nonfeeding adults of various insect taxa.
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Mouthpart dimorphism in male and female wasps of Vespula vulgaris and Vespula germanica (Vespidae, Hymenoptera)
Deutsche Entomologische Zeitschrift, 2018Co-Authors: Bianca Baranek, Kenneth Kuba, Julia A.-s. Bauder, Harald W. KrennAbstract:Social wasps perform a variety of tasks with their Mouthparts. Female workers use them to feed on carbohydrate-rich fluids, to build nests by collecting wood fibers and forming paper, to hunt and manipulate insect prey for feeding larvae as well as for brood care. Since male wasps neither feed on insects nor participate in nest building, sex-specific differences in mouthpart morphology are expected. Despite these different applications, general mouthpart morphology of male and female wasps from the genus Vespula was similar. However, males possessed significantly shorter mandibles with fewer teeth than females. Furthermore, the adductor muscles of the mandibles were distinctly smaller in males than in females. Male wasps showed a higher number of sensilla on the mandibles and the labial palpi. Mouthpart dimorphism and functional morphology of fluid uptake are discussed.
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Drinking with a very long proboscis: Functional morphology of orchid bee Mouthparts (Euglossini, Apidae, Hymenoptera)
Arthropod Structure & Development, 2018Co-Authors: Jellena V. Düster, Florian Karolyi, John Plant, Maria Gruber, Harald W. KrennAbstract:Abstract Neotropical orchid bees (Euglossini) possess the longest proboscides among bees. In this study, we compared the feeding behavior and functional morphology of Mouthparts in two similarly large-sized species of Euglossa that differ greatly in proboscis length. Feeding observations and experiments conducted under semi-natural conditions were combined with micro-morphological examination using LM, SEM and micro CT techniques. The morphometric comparison showed that only the components of the Mouthparts that form the food tube differ in length, while the proximal components, which are responsible for proboscis movements, are similar in size. This study represents the first documentation of lapping behaviour in Euglossini. We demonstrate that Euglossa bees use a lapping-sucking mode of feeding to take up small amounts of fluid, and a purely suctorial technique for larger fluid quantities. The mouthpart movements are largely similar to that in other long-tongued bees, except that the postmentum in Euglossa can be extended, greatly enhancing the protraction of the glossa. This results in a maximal functional length that is about 50% longer than the length of the food canal composing parts of the proboscis. The nectar uptake and the sensory equipment of the proboscis are discussed in context to flower probing.
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Mouthparts and nectar feeding of the flower visiting cricket Glomeremus orchidophilus (Gryllacrididae).
Arthropod structure & development, 2016Co-Authors: Harald W. Krenn, Jacques Fournel, J. A.-s. Bauder, Sylvain HugelAbstract:Glomeremus orchidophilus (Gryllacrididae) is a flower visiting cricket on the tropical island La Reunion. This species is the only Orthoptera shown to be a pollinator of a plant. We studied its nectar feeding behavior and mouthpart morphology in detail. Since G. orchidophilus possesses biting-and-chewing Mouthparts, our objective was to find behavioral and/or structural specializations for nectar-feeding. The comparative analysis of feeding behavior revealed that fluid is taken up without movements of the Mouthparts in Glomeremus. A comparative morphological examination of two Glomeremus species, together with several representatives of other Gryllacrididae and other Ensifera taxa revealed subtle adaptations to fluid feeding in Glomeremus. All representatives of Gryllacrididae were found to possess a distinct patch of microtrichia at the tip of their galeae. However, in Glomeremus a channel is formed between the distal components of the maxillae and the mandibles on each side of the body. Micro-CT and SEM examination revealed a longitudinal groove that extends over the galea beginning at the patch of microtrichia in the studied Glomeremus species. We hypothesize that the microtrichia take up fluid by capillarity and the action of the cibarium and pharyngeal pumps transports fluid along the channels between the maxillae and mandibles into the preoral cavity. These mouthpart features allow nectar uptake from flowers that is unique in Orthoptera.
Zhaojun Han - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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chemoreception of Mouthparts sensilla morphology and discovery of chemosensory genes in proboscis and labial palps of adult helicoverpa armigera lepidoptera noctuidae
Frontiers in Physiology, 2018Co-Authors: Mengbo Guo, Qiuyan Chen, Yang Liu, Guirong Wang, Zhaojun HanAbstract:Siphoning Mouthparts, consisting of proboscis and labial palps, are the exclusive feeding organs and important chemosensory organs in most adult Lepidoptera. In this study, the general morphology of the mouthpart organs and precision architecture of the proboscis was described in adult Helicoverpa armigera. Three major sensilla types with nine subtypes including three novel subtypes were identified. The novel sensilla styloconica subtype 2 was the only one having a multiporous structure, which may play olfactory roles. For further understanding of the chemosensory functions of mouthpart organs, we conducted transcriptome analysis on labial palps and proboscises. A total of 84 chemosensory genes belonging to six different families including 4 odorant receptors (ORs), 6 ionotropic receptors (IRs), 7 gustatory receptors (GRs), 39 odorant binding proteins (OBPs), 26 chemosensory proteins (CSPs), and 2 sensory neuron membrane proteins (SNMPs) were identified. Furthermore, eight OBPs and six CSPs were identified as the novel genes. The expression level of candidate chemosensory genes in the proboscis and labial palps was evaluated by the differentially expressed gene (DEG) analysis, and the expression of candidate chemosensory receptor genes in different tissues was further investigated by quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR). All the candidate receptors were detected by DEG analysis and qRT-PCR, but only a small part of the OR or IR genes was specifically or partially expressed in proboscis or labial palps, such as HarmOR58 and HarmIR75p.1, however, most of the GRs were abundantly expressed in proboscis or labial palps. The reported CO2 receptors such as HarmGR1, GR2, and GR3 were mainly expressed in labial palps. HarmGR5, GR6, and GR8, belonging to the "sugar receptor" clade, were mainly expressed in proboscis or antenna and were therefore suggested to perceive saccharide. The results suggest that the Mouthparts are mutually cooperative but functionally concentrated system. These works contribute to the understanding of chemical signal recognition in mouthpart organs and provide the foundation for further functional studies.
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Data_Sheet_1_Chemoreception of Mouthparts: Sensilla Morphology and Discovery of Chemosensory Genes in Proboscis and Labial Palps of Adult Helicoverpa armigera (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae).DOCX
2018Co-Authors: Mengbo Guo, Qiuyan Chen, Yang Liu, Guirong Wang, Zhaojun HanAbstract:Siphoning Mouthparts, consisting of proboscis and labial palps, are the exclusive feeding organs and important chemosensory organs in most adult Lepidoptera. In this study, the general morphology of the mouthpart organs and precision architecture of the proboscis was described in adult Helicoverpa armigera. Three major sensilla types with nine subtypes including three novel subtypes were identified. The novel sensilla styloconica subtype 2 was the only one having a multiporous structure, which may play olfactory roles. For further understanding of the chemosensory functions of mouthpart organs, we conducted transcriptome analysis on labial palps and proboscises. A total of 84 chemosensory genes belonging to six different families including 4 odorant receptors (ORs), 6 ionotropic receptors (IRs), 7 gustatory receptors (GRs), 39 odorant binding proteins (OBPs), 26 chemosensory proteins (CSPs), and 2 sensory neuron membrane proteins (SNMPs) were identified. Furthermore, eight OBPs and six CSPs were identified as the novel genes. The expression level of candidate chemosensory genes in the proboscis and labial palps was evaluated by the differentially expressed gene (DEG) analysis, and the expression of candidate chemosensory receptor genes in different tissues was further investigated by quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR). All the candidate receptors were detected by DEG analysis and qRT-PCR, but only a small part of the OR or IR genes was specifically or partially expressed in proboscis or labial palps, such as HarmOR58 and HarmIR75p.1, however, most of the GRs were abundantly expressed in proboscis or labial palps. The reported CO2 receptors such as HarmGR1, GR2, and GR3 were mainly expressed in labial palps. HarmGR5, GR6, and GR8, belonging to the “sugar receptor” clade, were mainly expressed in proboscis or antenna and were therefore suggested to perceive saccharide. The results suggest that the Mouthparts are mutually cooperative but functionally concentrated system. These works contribute to the understanding of chemical signal recognition in mouthpart organs and provide the foundation for further functional studies.
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Image_1_Chemoreception of Mouthparts: Sensilla Morphology and Discovery of Chemosensory Genes in Proboscis and Labial Palps of Adult Helicoverpa armigera (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae).TIF
2018Co-Authors: Mengbo Guo, Qiuyan Chen, Yang Liu, Guirong Wang, Zhaojun HanAbstract:Siphoning Mouthparts, consisting of proboscis and labial palps, are the exclusive feeding organs and important chemosensory organs in most adult Lepidoptera. In this study, the general morphology of the mouthpart organs and precision architecture of the proboscis was described in adult Helicoverpa armigera. Three major sensilla types with nine subtypes including three novel subtypes were identified. The novel sensilla styloconica subtype 2 was the only one having a multiporous structure, which may play olfactory roles. For further understanding of the chemosensory functions of mouthpart organs, we conducted transcriptome analysis on labial palps and proboscises. A total of 84 chemosensory genes belonging to six different families including 4 odorant receptors (ORs), 6 ionotropic receptors (IRs), 7 gustatory receptors (GRs), 39 odorant binding proteins (OBPs), 26 chemosensory proteins (CSPs), and 2 sensory neuron membrane proteins (SNMPs) were identified. Furthermore, eight OBPs and six CSPs were identified as the novel genes. The expression level of candidate chemosensory genes in the proboscis and labial palps was evaluated by the differentially expressed gene (DEG) analysis, and the expression of candidate chemosensory receptor genes in different tissues was further investigated by quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR). All the candidate receptors were detected by DEG analysis and qRT-PCR, but only a small part of the OR or IR genes was specifically or partially expressed in proboscis or labial palps, such as HarmOR58 and HarmIR75p.1, however, most of the GRs were abundantly expressed in proboscis or labial palps. The reported CO2 receptors such as HarmGR1, GR2, and GR3 were mainly expressed in labial palps. HarmGR5, GR6, and GR8, belonging to the “sugar receptor” clade, were mainly expressed in proboscis or antenna and were therefore suggested to perceive saccharide. The results suggest that the Mouthparts are mutually cooperative but functionally concentrated system. These works contribute to the understanding of chemical signal recognition in mouthpart organs and provide the foundation for further functional studies.
Conrad C. Labandeira - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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The Fossil Record of Insect Mouthparts: Innovation, Functional Convergence, and Associations with Other Organisms
Insect Mouthparts, 2019Co-Authors: Conrad C. LabandeiraAbstract:The Mouthparts of insects are a phenomenal example of a multi-element, modular, feeding apparatus that repeatedly has been modified structurally to perform every feeding function imaginable in the terrestrial and freshwater realms, a process that began in the Early Devonian. Insect Mouthparts have been structured to chew, pierce and suck, siphon, lap, sponge, bore, and mine on and within a wide variety of tissues, as well as filter, sieve, and collect particulate food such as plankton and pollen. Thirty-seven fundamental mouthpart classes perform these roles in the modern and fossil record, a result that has been expanded somewhat from earlier, phenetic cluster analyses of modern insect Mouthparts. A broad survey of fossil insect Mouthparts, in conjunction with the phenetic mouthpart analysis, revealed patterns of mouthpart innovation occurring in bursts of cladogenesis separated from intervals of rather static mouthpart morphology. For the Paleozoic Era, based on direct (body fossil) and indirect (trace fossil) evidence, and commencing during the Devonian Period, the four earliest mouthpart classes were present, accounting for 11.4% of all mouthpart classes in the fossil record. In the succeeding Mississippian Subperiod, no Mouthparts are documented; the four Mouthparts from the Devonian continue into the succeeding Pennsylvanian Subperiod. During Pennsylvanian time, there was a spectacular burst of new mouthpart classes, coincident with the appearance of approximately 15 major insect lineages. By the end of the period, 29.7% of all insect classes had appeared. The following Permian Period added another seven mouthpart classes, particularly those from early hemimetabolous and holometabolous lineages, resulting in 48.6% of all mouthpart classes present. The profound ecological crisis at the end of the Permian notably saw the near extirpation of only one mouthpart class, the Robust Beak of piercing-and-sucking paleodictyopteroid insects, which eventually was extinguished sometime during the ensuing Triassic Period. For the Mesozoic Era, the Triassic Period added another seven mouthpart classes, particularly involving aquatic naiads and larvae, and early dipteran Mouthparts, resulting in 67.6% of all mouthpart classes at the end of the period. During the Jurassic, the Mesozoic Lacustrine Revolution had begun, reaching a peak in the invasion of freshwater ecosystems that commenced during the Late Triassic, but undergoing a major diversification of Mouthparts in terrestrial lineages, resulting in 83.3% of all mouthpart classes present, notably before the ecological expansion of angiosperms in the subsequent Early Cretaceous. The Jurassic also was a time for the origin and initial innovation of mouthpart design in early Siphonaptera, and a largely parallel diversification event among hematophagous Diptera; both processes continued into the Early Cretaceous. The Cretaceous Period exhibits a considerable diversity in compression deposits and especially amber deposits, preserving relict lineages that bore Mouthparts at a Permian and Triassic stage of evolution as well as new lineages with bizarre mouthpart structures that are difficult to place among existing mouthpart classes. During the Cretaceous, three new Mouthparts classes are added, yielding 97.1% of all Mouthparts at the end of the period. For the Cenozoic Era, no mouthpart classes are added during the Paleogene Period, and only one mouthpart class, lacking a fossil record, is added during the Neogene Period. During this time, there is modification and expansion of mouthpart classes established during the mid Mesozoic and the development of special mouthpart elements involved in leaf mining, blood feeding, and pollination.
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pollination drops pollen and insect pollination of mesozoic gymnosperms
Taxon, 2007Co-Authors: Conrad C. Labandeira, Jiri Kvacek, Mikhail B MostovskiAbstract:Recent focus on plant-insect associations during the angiosperm radiation from the last 30 million years of the Early Cretaceous has inadvertently de-emphasized a similar but earlier diversification that occurred among gymnosperms. The existence of gymnosperm-insect associations during the preangiospermous Mesozoic is evidenced by Mouthparts capable of reaching and imbibing pollination drops or similar fluids, availability of pollen types consistent with entomophily, and opportunities for related consumption of pollen, seeds, and reproductively associated tissues in major seed-plant groups, namely seed ferns, conifers, cycads, bennettitaleans, and gnetaleans. Based on stereotypical plant damage, head-adherent pollen, gut contents, wing structure, mouthpart morphology and insect damage to plant reproductive organs, the likely nectarivores, pollinivores and pollinators were orthopterans, phasmatodeans, webspinners, sawflies and wasps, moths, beetles, mecopteroids, and true flies. These associations are ranked from possible to probable although the last three insect clades provide the strongest evidence for pollinator activity. We document two mid Cretaceous examples of these associations-cycadeoideaceous bennettitaleans and beetles and a cheirolepidiaceous conifer and flies-for which there are multiple lines of evidence for insect consumption of plant reproductive tissues but also pollination mutualisms. These data highlight the independent origin of a major phase of plant-insect pollinator-related associations during the mid Mesozoic that served as a prelude for the separate, iterative and later colonization of angiosperms.
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Insect Mouthparts: Ascertaining the Paleobiology of Insect Feeding Strategies
Annual Review of Ecology Evolution and Systematics, 1997Co-Authors: Conrad C. LabandeiraAbstract:▪ Abstract One of the most intensively examined and abundantly documented structures in the animal world is insect Mouthparts. Major structural types of extant insect Mouthparts are extensive, consisting of diverse variations in element structure within each of the five mouthpart regions—labrum, hypopharynx, mandibles, maxillae, and labium. Numerous instances of multielement fusion both within and among mouthpart regions result in feeding organs capable of ingesting in diverse ways foods that are solid, particulate, and liquid in form. Mouthpart types have a retrievable and interpretable fossil history in well-preserved insect deposits. In addition, the trace-fossil record of insect-mediated plant damage, gut contents, coprolites, and insect-relevant floral features provides complementary data documenting the evolution of feeding strategies during the past 400 million years. From a cluster analysis of insect Mouthparts, I recognize 34 fundamental mouthpart classes among extant insects and their geochronol...
Mengbo Guo - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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chemoreception of Mouthparts sensilla morphology and discovery of chemosensory genes in proboscis and labial palps of adult helicoverpa armigera lepidoptera noctuidae
Frontiers in Physiology, 2018Co-Authors: Mengbo Guo, Qiuyan Chen, Yang Liu, Guirong Wang, Zhaojun HanAbstract:Siphoning Mouthparts, consisting of proboscis and labial palps, are the exclusive feeding organs and important chemosensory organs in most adult Lepidoptera. In this study, the general morphology of the mouthpart organs and precision architecture of the proboscis was described in adult Helicoverpa armigera. Three major sensilla types with nine subtypes including three novel subtypes were identified. The novel sensilla styloconica subtype 2 was the only one having a multiporous structure, which may play olfactory roles. For further understanding of the chemosensory functions of mouthpart organs, we conducted transcriptome analysis on labial palps and proboscises. A total of 84 chemosensory genes belonging to six different families including 4 odorant receptors (ORs), 6 ionotropic receptors (IRs), 7 gustatory receptors (GRs), 39 odorant binding proteins (OBPs), 26 chemosensory proteins (CSPs), and 2 sensory neuron membrane proteins (SNMPs) were identified. Furthermore, eight OBPs and six CSPs were identified as the novel genes. The expression level of candidate chemosensory genes in the proboscis and labial palps was evaluated by the differentially expressed gene (DEG) analysis, and the expression of candidate chemosensory receptor genes in different tissues was further investigated by quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR). All the candidate receptors were detected by DEG analysis and qRT-PCR, but only a small part of the OR or IR genes was specifically or partially expressed in proboscis or labial palps, such as HarmOR58 and HarmIR75p.1, however, most of the GRs were abundantly expressed in proboscis or labial palps. The reported CO2 receptors such as HarmGR1, GR2, and GR3 were mainly expressed in labial palps. HarmGR5, GR6, and GR8, belonging to the "sugar receptor" clade, were mainly expressed in proboscis or antenna and were therefore suggested to perceive saccharide. The results suggest that the Mouthparts are mutually cooperative but functionally concentrated system. These works contribute to the understanding of chemical signal recognition in mouthpart organs and provide the foundation for further functional studies.
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Data_Sheet_1_Chemoreception of Mouthparts: Sensilla Morphology and Discovery of Chemosensory Genes in Proboscis and Labial Palps of Adult Helicoverpa armigera (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae).DOCX
2018Co-Authors: Mengbo Guo, Qiuyan Chen, Yang Liu, Guirong Wang, Zhaojun HanAbstract:Siphoning Mouthparts, consisting of proboscis and labial palps, are the exclusive feeding organs and important chemosensory organs in most adult Lepidoptera. In this study, the general morphology of the mouthpart organs and precision architecture of the proboscis was described in adult Helicoverpa armigera. Three major sensilla types with nine subtypes including three novel subtypes were identified. The novel sensilla styloconica subtype 2 was the only one having a multiporous structure, which may play olfactory roles. For further understanding of the chemosensory functions of mouthpart organs, we conducted transcriptome analysis on labial palps and proboscises. A total of 84 chemosensory genes belonging to six different families including 4 odorant receptors (ORs), 6 ionotropic receptors (IRs), 7 gustatory receptors (GRs), 39 odorant binding proteins (OBPs), 26 chemosensory proteins (CSPs), and 2 sensory neuron membrane proteins (SNMPs) were identified. Furthermore, eight OBPs and six CSPs were identified as the novel genes. The expression level of candidate chemosensory genes in the proboscis and labial palps was evaluated by the differentially expressed gene (DEG) analysis, and the expression of candidate chemosensory receptor genes in different tissues was further investigated by quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR). All the candidate receptors were detected by DEG analysis and qRT-PCR, but only a small part of the OR or IR genes was specifically or partially expressed in proboscis or labial palps, such as HarmOR58 and HarmIR75p.1, however, most of the GRs were abundantly expressed in proboscis or labial palps. The reported CO2 receptors such as HarmGR1, GR2, and GR3 were mainly expressed in labial palps. HarmGR5, GR6, and GR8, belonging to the “sugar receptor” clade, were mainly expressed in proboscis or antenna and were therefore suggested to perceive saccharide. The results suggest that the Mouthparts are mutually cooperative but functionally concentrated system. These works contribute to the understanding of chemical signal recognition in mouthpart organs and provide the foundation for further functional studies.
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Image_1_Chemoreception of Mouthparts: Sensilla Morphology and Discovery of Chemosensory Genes in Proboscis and Labial Palps of Adult Helicoverpa armigera (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae).TIF
2018Co-Authors: Mengbo Guo, Qiuyan Chen, Yang Liu, Guirong Wang, Zhaojun HanAbstract:Siphoning Mouthparts, consisting of proboscis and labial palps, are the exclusive feeding organs and important chemosensory organs in most adult Lepidoptera. In this study, the general morphology of the mouthpart organs and precision architecture of the proboscis was described in adult Helicoverpa armigera. Three major sensilla types with nine subtypes including three novel subtypes were identified. The novel sensilla styloconica subtype 2 was the only one having a multiporous structure, which may play olfactory roles. For further understanding of the chemosensory functions of mouthpart organs, we conducted transcriptome analysis on labial palps and proboscises. A total of 84 chemosensory genes belonging to six different families including 4 odorant receptors (ORs), 6 ionotropic receptors (IRs), 7 gustatory receptors (GRs), 39 odorant binding proteins (OBPs), 26 chemosensory proteins (CSPs), and 2 sensory neuron membrane proteins (SNMPs) were identified. Furthermore, eight OBPs and six CSPs were identified as the novel genes. The expression level of candidate chemosensory genes in the proboscis and labial palps was evaluated by the differentially expressed gene (DEG) analysis, and the expression of candidate chemosensory receptor genes in different tissues was further investigated by quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR). All the candidate receptors were detected by DEG analysis and qRT-PCR, but only a small part of the OR or IR genes was specifically or partially expressed in proboscis or labial palps, such as HarmOR58 and HarmIR75p.1, however, most of the GRs were abundantly expressed in proboscis or labial palps. The reported CO2 receptors such as HarmGR1, GR2, and GR3 were mainly expressed in labial palps. HarmGR5, GR6, and GR8, belonging to the “sugar receptor” clade, were mainly expressed in proboscis or antenna and were therefore suggested to perceive saccharide. The results suggest that the Mouthparts are mutually cooperative but functionally concentrated system. These works contribute to the understanding of chemical signal recognition in mouthpart organs and provide the foundation for further functional studies.
Libor Grubhoffer - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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three dimensional reconstruction of the feeding apparatus of the tick ixodes ricinus acari ixodidae a new insight into the mechanism of blood feeding
Scientific Reports, 2020Co-Authors: Marie Vancova, Tomas Bilý, Ladislav Simo, Jan Tous, Petr Horodyský, Adam Novobilský, Jiři Salat, Martin Strnad, Daniel E Sonenshine, Libor GrubhofferAbstract:The different components of the Mouthparts of hard ticks (Ixodidae) enable these parasites to penetrate host skin, secrete saliva, embed, and suck blood. Moreover, the tick’s Mouthparts represent a key route for saliva-assisted pathogen transmission as well as pathogen acquisition from blood meal during the tick feeding process. Much has been learned about the basic anatomy of the tick’s Mouthparts and in the broad outlines of how they function in previous studies. However, the precise mechanics of these functions are little understood. Here, we propose for the first time an animated model of the orchestration of the tick Mouthparts and associated structures during blood meal acquisition and salivation. These two actions are known to alternate during tick engorgement. Specifically, our attention has been paid to the mechanism underlining the blood meal uptake into the pharynx through the mouth and how ticks prevent mixing the uptaken blood with secreted saliva. We animated function of muscles attached to the salivarium and their possible opening /closing of the salivarium, with a plausible explanation of the movement of saliva within the salivarium and massive outpouring of saliva.
