The Experts below are selected from a list of 309 Experts worldwide ranked by ideXlab platform
Leonard H Epstein - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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habituation and recovery of Salivation and motivated responding for food in children
Appetite, 2006Co-Authors: Jennifer L Temple, Kristine M Kent, April M Giacomelli, Rocco A Paluch, James N Roemmich, Leonard H EpsteinAbstract:Salivary responses habituate to repeated presentations of food cues, and these responses recover when new food stimuli are presented. Research suggests that within-session changes in motivated responding for food may also habituate, and motivated responding may, therefore, recover when new foods are presented. The purpose of this study was to evaluate similarities in the pattern of Salivation and motivated responding for a cheeseburger stimulus in children, followed by either a novel stimulus (French fries) or another cheeseburger trial. The order of the task (Salivation or motivation) was counterbalanced over days. Salivation and motivated responding for cheeseburger were reliably reduced over seven trials, and responses recovered after presentation of French fries on trial 8. Random regression models showed a significant relationship between the rate of change in motivated responding and Salivation. These results provide additional support for similarities in processes that regulate Salivation and motivated responding for food and strengthen support for the hypothesis that changes in motivated responding can be understood by habituation theory.
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differences in Salivation to repeated food cues in obese and nonobese women
Psychosomatic Medicine, 1996Co-Authors: Leonard H Epstein, Rocco A Paluch, Karen J ColemanAbstract:In a series of studies we have shown that Salivation, a cephalic phase preingestive response, habituates to repeated presentations of olfactory or gustatory cues in nonobese subjects. Previous research has studied the differences in anticipatory response to food cues in obese vs. nonobese subjects. This study was designed to assess if obese and nonobese females differed in their patterns of salivary response to repeated presentation of palatable food cues. The salivary response to 10 gustatory presentations of lemon yogurt was studied in 10 obese and 10 nonobese nonrestrained women. Results showed significant differences in the pattern of salivary responding, with obese subjects showing a significantly slower decline in Salivation than nonobese subjects. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that obese women differ from nonobese women in their pattern of response to repeated food cues. The results are discussed in relationship to models of intake that focus on differences in satiety or differences in the reinforcing value of food between obese and nonobese subjects.
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The effect of subjective and physiological arousal on dishabituation of Salivation
Physiology & behavior, 1993Co-Authors: Leonard H Epstein, Shari L. Mitchell, Anthony R CaggiulaAbstract:We have previously shown that Salivation to the same food habituates, and recovers after presenting novel nontaste stimuli. This study assessed the effects of environmental stimuli that differentially influence subjective and autonomic arousal on dishabituation of Salivation. Thirty female subjects were preloaded on a lemon yogurt milkshake and habituated to seven presentations of lemon juice. Prior to the eighth presentation of juice, subjects were presented an engaging video game designed to produce subjective but no autonomic arousal (LO), a video game plus mental arithmetic stressor, designed to produce both subjective and physiological arousal (HI), or a no stimuli (REST) control. Significant dishabituating effects of HI versus REST were shown for Salivation. Heart rate was significantly higher during the dishabituator for HI than LO or REST conditions, which were equal. Finally, significant differences in arousal were shown between each of the three conditions. These results show Salivation can be differentially dishabituated by nonfood stimuli, and these stimuli influence Salivation without influencing subjective hunger or hedonics.
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effect of food change on consumption hedonics and Salivation
Physiology & Behavior, 1992Co-Authors: Lucene Wisniewski, Leonard H Epstein, Anthony R CaggiulaAbstract:This study assessed the influence of introducing a new food after repeated presentations of one food on food consumption, hedonics, and Salivation. Male subjects were provided repeated 150-calorie courses of pizza or cheeseburger until satiety. Hedonics and Salivation were measured before each course. Subject were then provided an additional 450 calorie course of the same or the new food. During the development of satiety, subjects showed reliable increases in fullness and decreases in hunger and hedonics. Salivation briefly increased to maximal Salivation, followed by reliable decreases. No differences in pattern of change for fullness, hunger, hedonics or Salivation were noted across foods. Presentation of the new food resulted in significantly greater caloric consumption than another serving of the same food (130 vs. 44.5 kcal), an increase in hedonics and Salivation relative to presentation of the same food, with no influence on hunger or fullness. These results suggest that after satiety develops, response recovery for subjective, physiological, and behavioral components of eating can be observed when new, palatable foods are presented.
Makoto Mark Taketo - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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m3 muscarinic acetylcholine receptor plays a critical role in parasympathetic control of Salivation in mice
The Journal of Physiology, 2004Co-Authors: Takeshi Nakamura, Minoru Matsui, Keiko Uchida, Akira Futatsugi, Shinji Kusakawa, Nagisa Matsumoto, Kyoko Nakamura, Toshiya Manabe, Makoto Mark TaketoAbstract:The M1 and M3 subtypes are the major muscarinic acetylcholine receptors in the salivary gland and M3 is reported to be more abundant. However, despite initial reports of Salivation abnormalities in M3-knockout (M3KO) mice, it is still unclear which subtype is functionally relevant in physiological Salivation. In the present study, salivary secretory function was examined using mice lacking specific subtype(s) of muscarinic receptor. The carbachol-induced [Ca2+]i increase was markedly impaired in submandibular gland cells from M3KO mice and completely absent in those from M1/M3KO mice. This demonstrates that M3 and M1 play major and minor roles, respectively, in the cholinergically induced [Ca2+]i increase. Two-dimensional Ca2+-imaging analysis revealed the patchy distribution of M1 in submandibular gland acini, in contrast to the ubiquitous distribution of M3. In vivo administration of a high dose of pilocarpine (10 mg kg−1, s.c.) to M3KO mice caused Salivation comparable to that in wild-type mice, while no Salivation was induced in M1/M3KO mice, indicating that Salivation in M3KO mice is caused by an M1-mediated [Ca2+]i increase. In contrast, a lower dose of pilocarpine (1 mg kg−1, s.c.) failed to induce Salivation in M3KO mice, but induced abundant Salivation in wild-type mice, indicating that M3-mediated Salivation has a lower threshold than M1-mediated Salivation. In addition, M3KO mice, but not M1KO mice, had difficulty in eating dry food, as shown by frequent drinking during feeding, suggesting that Salivation during eating is mediated by M3 and that M1 plays no practical role in it. These results show that the M3 subtype is essential for parasympathetic control of Salivation and a reasonable target for the drug treatment and gene therapy of xerostomia, including Sjogren's syndrome.
Anthony R Caggiula - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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The effect of subjective and physiological arousal on dishabituation of Salivation
Physiology & behavior, 1993Co-Authors: Leonard H Epstein, Shari L. Mitchell, Anthony R CaggiulaAbstract:We have previously shown that Salivation to the same food habituates, and recovers after presenting novel nontaste stimuli. This study assessed the effects of environmental stimuli that differentially influence subjective and autonomic arousal on dishabituation of Salivation. Thirty female subjects were preloaded on a lemon yogurt milkshake and habituated to seven presentations of lemon juice. Prior to the eighth presentation of juice, subjects were presented an engaging video game designed to produce subjective but no autonomic arousal (LO), a video game plus mental arithmetic stressor, designed to produce both subjective and physiological arousal (HI), or a no stimuli (REST) control. Significant dishabituating effects of HI versus REST were shown for Salivation. Heart rate was significantly higher during the dishabituator for HI than LO or REST conditions, which were equal. Finally, significant differences in arousal were shown between each of the three conditions. These results show Salivation can be differentially dishabituated by nonfood stimuli, and these stimuli influence Salivation without influencing subjective hunger or hedonics.
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effect of food change on consumption hedonics and Salivation
Physiology & Behavior, 1992Co-Authors: Lucene Wisniewski, Leonard H Epstein, Anthony R CaggiulaAbstract:This study assessed the influence of introducing a new food after repeated presentations of one food on food consumption, hedonics, and Salivation. Male subjects were provided repeated 150-calorie courses of pizza or cheeseburger until satiety. Hedonics and Salivation were measured before each course. Subject were then provided an additional 450 calorie course of the same or the new food. During the development of satiety, subjects showed reliable increases in fullness and decreases in hunger and hedonics. Salivation briefly increased to maximal Salivation, followed by reliable decreases. No differences in pattern of change for fullness, hunger, hedonics or Salivation were noted across foods. Presentation of the new food resulted in significantly greater caloric consumption than another serving of the same food (130 vs. 44.5 kcal), an increase in hedonics and Salivation relative to presentation of the same food, with no influence on hunger or fullness. These results suggest that after satiety develops, response recovery for subjective, physiological, and behavioral components of eating can be observed when new, palatable foods are presented.
Brian J Oldfield - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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circumventricular organs gateways to the brain multisynaptic neuronal pathways from the submandibular and sublingual glands to the lamina terminalis in the rat a model for the role of the lamina terminalis in the control of osmo and thermoregulatory
Clinical and Experimental Pharmacology and Physiology, 2001Co-Authors: Thomas Hubschle, Michael L Mathai, Michael J Mckinley, Brian J OldfieldAbstract:SUMMARY 1. The putative regulatory role of the lamina terminalis in the central control of Salivation was investigated in the rat using the viral-tracing technique and Fos-immunohistochemistry. 2. Neurons situated in the lamina terminalis, such as the vascular organ of the lamina terminalis (OVLT), median preoptic nucleus (MnPO) and subfornical organ (SFO), were retrogradely labelled after pseudorabies virus injections into the submandibular or sublingual gland. 3. Viral tracing combined with glandular denervation showed that lamina terminalis structures sent efferents, in particular, to the parasympathetic side of submandibular gland innervation. 4. Saliva lost under heat stress has severe implications for the body fluid economy of rats and a key to the understanding of the central regulation of heat-induced Salivation may be the integrative role of the lamina terminalis processing thermoregulatory and osmoregulatory information.
Jose Vanderlei Menani - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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central muscarinic receptor subtypes involved in pilocarpine induced Salivation hypertension and water intake
British Journal of Pharmacology, 2008Co-Authors: Thais L Borella, L A De Luca, Debora S A Colombari, Jose Vanderlei MenaniAbstract:Background and purpose: Recent evidence has suggested that pilocarpine (ACh receptor agonist) injected peripherally may act centrally producing Salivation and hypertension. In this study, we investigated the effects of specific M1 (pirenzepine), M2/M4 (methoctramine), M1/M3 (4-DAMP) and M4 (tropicamide) muscarinic receptor subtype antagonists injected into the lateral cerebral ventricle (LV) on Salivation, water intake and pressor responses to peripheral pilocarpine. Experimental approach: Male Holtzman rats with stainless steel cannulae implanted in the LV were used. Salivation was measured in rats anaesthetized with ketamine (100 mg per kg body weight) and arterial pressure was recorded in unanaesthetized rats. Key results: Salivation induced by i.p. pilocarpine (4 μmol per kg body weight) was reduced only by 4-DAMP (25–250 nmol) injected into the LV, not by pirenzepine, methoctramine or tropicamide at the dose of 500 nmol. Pirenzepine (0.1 and 1 nmol) and 4-DAMP (5 and 10 nmol) injected into the LV reduced i.p. pilocarpine-induced water intake, whereas metoctramine (50 nmol) produced nonspecific effects on ingestive behaviours. Injection of pirenzepine (100 nmol) or 4-DAMP (25 and 50 nmol) into the LV reduced i.v. pilocarpine-induced pressor responses. Tropicamide (500 nmol) injected into the LV had no effect on pilocarpine-induced Salivation, pressor responses or water intake. Conclusions and implications: The results suggest that central M3 receptors are involved in peripheral pilocarpine-induced Salivation and M1 receptors in water intake and pressor responses. The involvement of M3 receptors in water intake and pressor responses is not clear because 4-DAMP blocks both M1 and M3 receptors. British Journal of Pharmacology (2008) 155, 1256–1263; doi:10.1038/bjp.2008.355; published online 29 September 2008
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central muscarinic receptors signal pilocarpine induced Salivation
Journal of Dental Research, 2003Co-Authors: Act Takakura, Thiago S Moreira, Laurival A De Luca, Antonio Renzi, S C Laitano, Jose Vanderlei MenaniAbstract:Although cholinergic agonists such as pilocarpine injected peripherally can act directly on salivary glands to induce Salivation, it is possible that their action in the brain may contribute to Salivation. To investigate if the action in the brain is important to Salivation, we injected pilocarpine intraperitoneally after blockade of central cholinergic receptors with atropine methyl bromide (atropine-mb). In male Holtzman rats with stainless steel cannulas implanted into the lateral ventricle and anesthetized with ketamine, atropine-mb (8 and 16 nmol) intracerebroventricularly reduced the Salivation induced by pilocarpine (4 micro mol/kg) intraperitoneally (133 + 42 and 108 + 22 mg/7 min, respectively, vs. saline, 463 + 26 mg/7 min), but did not modify peripheral cardiovascular responses to intravenous acetylcholine. Similar doses of atropine-mb intraperitoneally also reduced pilocarpine-induced Salivation. Therefore, systemically injected pilocarpine also enters the brain and acts on central muscarinic receptors, activating autonomic efferent fibers to induce Salivation.
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lesions of the lateral hypothalamus impair pilocarpine induced Salivation in rats
Brain Research Bulletin, 2002Co-Authors: Antonio Renzi, L A De Luca, Jose Vanderlei MenaniAbstract:In the present study we investigated the effects of electrolytic lesions of the lateral hypothalamus (LH) in the Salivation induced by intracerebroventricular (i.c.v.) or intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection of the cholinergic agonist pilocarpine. Rats with sham or LH lesions and stainless steel cannulas implanted into the lateral ventricle (LV) were used. In rats anesthetized with urethane (1.25mg/kg of body weight) saliva was collected using pre-weighed cotton balls inserted in the animal mouth during a period of 7 min following i.c.v. or i.p. injection of pilocarpine. Injection of pilocarpine (1mg/kg of body weight) i.p. in sham-operated rats (6h, 2, 7, and 15 days after the surgery) induced Salivation (497+/-24, 452+/-26, 476+/-30, and 560+/-75 mg/7 min, respectively). The effects of i.p. pilocarpine was reduced 6h, 2 and 7 days after LH lesions (162+/-37, 190+/-32, and 229+/-27 mg/7 min, respectively), not 15 days after LH lesions (416+/-89 mg/7 min). Injection of pilocarpine (120 micro g/micro l) i.c.v., in sham-operated rats (6h, 2, 7, and 15 days after the surgery) also produced Salivation (473+/-20, 382+/-16, 396+/-14, and 427+/-47 mg/7 min, respectively). The Salivation induced by i.c.v. pilocarpine was also reduced 6h, 2 and 7 days after LH lesions (243+/-19, 278+/-24, and 295+/-27 mg/7 min, respectively), not 15 days after LH lesions (385+/-48 mg/7 min). The present results show the participation of the LH in the Salivation induced by central or peripheral injection of pilocarpine in rats, reinforcing the involvement of central mechanisms on pilocarpine-induced Salivation.
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inhibition of pilocarpine induced Salivation in rats by central noradrenaline
Archives of Oral Biology, 2002Co-Authors: Thiago S Moreira, Ana C Takakura, Laurival A De Luca, Antonio Renzi, Jose Vanderlei MenaniAbstract:Peripheral treatment with cholinergic or adrenergic agonists results in Salivation and the possibility of synergy between cholinergic and adrenergic efferent mechanisms in the control of Salivation has been proposed. Central injections of the cholinergic agonist pilocarpine also induce Salivation, while the effects of central injections of noradrenaline (norepinephrine) are not known. Here (a) the effects of intracerebroventricular (i.c.v.) injection of noradrenaline on the Salivation induced by i.c.v. or intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection of pilocarpine and (b) the receptors involved in the effects of central noradrenaline on pilocarpine-induced Salivation were investigated. Male Holtzman rats with a stainless-steel guide cannula implanted into the lateral ventricle were used. Rats were anaesthetized with tribromoethanol (200mg/kg body weight) and saliva was collected on small, preweighed cotton balls inserted into the animal's mouth. Noradrenaline (40, 80 and 160 nmol/1 microl) injected i.c.v. reduced the salivary secretion induced by pilocarpine (0.5 micro mol/1 microl) injected i.c.v.. Noradrenaline (80 and 160 nmol/1 microl) injected i.c.v. also reduced the Salivation induced by pilocarpine (4 micromol/kg) injected i.p. Previous treatment with the alpha(2)-adrenergic receptor antagonists RX 821002 (40, 80 and 160 nmol/1 microl) or yohimbine (160 and 320 nmol/1 microl) abolished the inhibitory effect produced by i.c.v. injection of noradrenaline on pilocarpine-induced Salivation in rats. Prazosin (alpha(1)-adrenergic receptor antagonist) injected icv did not change the effect of noradrenaline on pilocarpine-induced Salivation. Prior icv injection of only RX 821002 (80 or 160 nmol/1 microl) or yohimbine (320 nmol/1 microl) increased pilocarpine-induced Salivation. The results show that (1) contrary to its peripheral effects, noradrenaline acting centrally inhibits cholinergic-induced Salivation in rats; (2) central mechanisms involving alpha(2)-adrenergic receptors inhibit pilocarpine-induced Salivation.
