The Experts below are selected from a list of 39 Experts worldwide ranked by ideXlab platform

Martin A. Green - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • The path to 25% Silicon solar Cell efficiency: History of Silicon Cell evolution
    Progress in Photovoltaics, 2009
    Co-Authors: Martin A. Green
    Abstract:

    The first Silicon solar Cell was reported in 1941 and had less than 1% energy conversion efficiency compared to the 25% efficiency milestone reported in this paper. Standardisation of past measurements shows there has been a 57% improvement between confirmed results in 1983 and the present result. The features of the Cell structure responsible for the most recent performance increase are described and the history of crystalline and Multicrystalline Silicon Cell efficiency evolution is documented. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

  • The path to 25% Silicon solar Cell efficiency: History of Silicon Cell evolution
    Progress in Photovoltaics: Research and Applications, 2009
    Co-Authors: Martin A. Green
    Abstract:

    The first Silicon solar Cell was reported in 1941 and had less than\n1% energy conversion efficiency compared\n\nto the 25% efficiency milestone reported in this paper. Standardisation\nof past measurements shows there\n\nhas been a 57% improvement between confirmed results in 1983 and the\npresent result. The features of\n\nthe Cell structure responsible for the most recent performance increase\nare described and the history\n\nof crystalline and Multicrystalline Silicon Cell efficiency evolution\nis documented.

  • high efficiency Multicrystalline Silicon solar Cells using standard high temperature float zoned Cell processing
    Progress in Photovoltaics, 1997
    Co-Authors: Jianhua Zhao, Aihua Wang, Martin A. Green
    Abstract:

    This paper reports recent results of fabricating Multicrystalline Silicon solar Cells with the standard PERL (passivated emitter, rear locally-diffused) Cell high-temperature processing sequence originally developed for float-zoned wafers. One of these Multicrystalline Silicon Cells with a planar front surface demonstrated a 645-mV open-circuit voltage and 18.2% energy conversion efficiency tested at the National Renewable Energy Laboratory and Sandia National Laboratories under the 100 mW cm−2 AM1.5 global spectrum at 25°C. This is the highest confirmed voltage and one of the highest confirmed conversion efficiencies ever reported to date for a Multicrystalline Silicon Cell. Further optimization of the standard PERL processing and texturing of the Cell surfaces is expected to improve the Cell efficiency to over 19% in the near future. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Jianhua Zhao - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • A 19.8% efficient honeycomb Multicrystalline Silicon solar Cell with improved light trapping
    IEEE Transactions on Electron Devices, 1999
    Co-Authors: Jianhua Zhao, Aihua Wang, P. Campbell, M.a. Green
    Abstract:

    This paper reports a substantially improved efficiency for a Multicrystalline Silicon solar Cell of 19.8%. This is the highest ever reported efficiency for a Multicrystalline Silicon Cell. The improved Multicrystalline Cell performance results from enshrouding Cell surfaces in thermally grown oxide to reduce their detrimental electronic activity and from isotropic etching to form a hexagonally-symmetric "honeycomb" surface texture. This texture, largely of inverted hemispheres, reduces reflection loss and improves absorption of infrared light by effectively acting as a randomizer. Results of a ray tracing model are presented, with the notable finding that up to 90% of infrared light is trapped in the substrate after the first two passes, compared with only 65% for the well known inverted pyramid structure. These optical features are considered to contribute to an exceptionally high short-circuit current density of 38.1 mA/cm/sup 2/. A further improvement is expected by using under-etched wells for these honeycomb Cells.

  • Recent progress in Silicon solar Cells
    1998 Conference on Optoelectronic and Microelectronic Materials and Devices. Proceedings (Cat. No.98EX140), 1998
    Co-Authors: M.a. Green, Jianhua Zhao, Aihua Wang
    Abstract:

    The present paper reports two recent independently confirmed results for Silicon solar Cell efficiency. An improved efficiency for an individual Silicon Cell of 24.5% is reported, the highest ever, as is 19.8% efficiency for a Multicrystalline Silicon Cell, the latter representing a 6.5% relative improvement over the previously best result. Not only does the latter result for this relatively low quality material closely approach the 20% efficiency mark, once thought to be a limit on Silicon Cell performance regardless of Multicrystalline material quality, but it also shows the potential for such Multicrystalline material exceeding the performance capacity of standard crystalline Czochralski material.

  • high efficiency Multicrystalline Silicon solar Cells using standard high temperature float zoned Cell processing
    Progress in Photovoltaics, 1997
    Co-Authors: Jianhua Zhao, Aihua Wang, Martin A. Green
    Abstract:

    This paper reports recent results of fabricating Multicrystalline Silicon solar Cells with the standard PERL (passivated emitter, rear locally-diffused) Cell high-temperature processing sequence originally developed for float-zoned wafers. One of these Multicrystalline Silicon Cells with a planar front surface demonstrated a 645-mV open-circuit voltage and 18.2% energy conversion efficiency tested at the National Renewable Energy Laboratory and Sandia National Laboratories under the 100 mW cm−2 AM1.5 global spectrum at 25°C. This is the highest confirmed voltage and one of the highest confirmed conversion efficiencies ever reported to date for a Multicrystalline Silicon Cell. Further optimization of the standard PERL processing and texturing of the Cell surfaces is expected to improve the Cell efficiency to over 19% in the near future. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

  • 18.2% efficient Multicrystalline Silicon Cell
    Conference Record of the Twenty Sixth IEEE Photovoltaic Specialists Conference - 1997, 1997
    Co-Authors: Jianhua Zhao, Aihua Wang, P.p. Altermatt, M.a. Green
    Abstract:

    This paper reports an 18.2% energy conversion efficiency and a 645 mV open-circuit voltage from a Multicrystalline Silicon Cell with a planar front surface tested at the National Renewable Energy Laboratory and Sandia National Laboratories under the 100 mW/cm/sup 2/ AM1.5 global spectrum at 25/spl deg/C. This is one of the highest confirmed conversion efficiencies and the highest confirmed open-circuit voltage ever reported to date for a Multicrystalline Silicon Cell. Significantly, these HEM (heat exchange method) Multicrystalline Silicon solar Cells were processed with the standard PERL (passivated emitter, rear locally-diffused) Cell high-temperature processing sequence originally developed for float zoned wafers. The high temperature PERL Cell processing did not damage the substrate properties.

Aihua Wang - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • A 19.8% efficient honeycomb Multicrystalline Silicon solar Cell with improved light trapping
    IEEE Transactions on Electron Devices, 1999
    Co-Authors: Jianhua Zhao, Aihua Wang, P. Campbell, M.a. Green
    Abstract:

    This paper reports a substantially improved efficiency for a Multicrystalline Silicon solar Cell of 19.8%. This is the highest ever reported efficiency for a Multicrystalline Silicon Cell. The improved Multicrystalline Cell performance results from enshrouding Cell surfaces in thermally grown oxide to reduce their detrimental electronic activity and from isotropic etching to form a hexagonally-symmetric "honeycomb" surface texture. This texture, largely of inverted hemispheres, reduces reflection loss and improves absorption of infrared light by effectively acting as a randomizer. Results of a ray tracing model are presented, with the notable finding that up to 90% of infrared light is trapped in the substrate after the first two passes, compared with only 65% for the well known inverted pyramid structure. These optical features are considered to contribute to an exceptionally high short-circuit current density of 38.1 mA/cm/sup 2/. A further improvement is expected by using under-etched wells for these honeycomb Cells.

  • Recent progress in Silicon solar Cells
    1998 Conference on Optoelectronic and Microelectronic Materials and Devices. Proceedings (Cat. No.98EX140), 1998
    Co-Authors: M.a. Green, Jianhua Zhao, Aihua Wang
    Abstract:

    The present paper reports two recent independently confirmed results for Silicon solar Cell efficiency. An improved efficiency for an individual Silicon Cell of 24.5% is reported, the highest ever, as is 19.8% efficiency for a Multicrystalline Silicon Cell, the latter representing a 6.5% relative improvement over the previously best result. Not only does the latter result for this relatively low quality material closely approach the 20% efficiency mark, once thought to be a limit on Silicon Cell performance regardless of Multicrystalline material quality, but it also shows the potential for such Multicrystalline material exceeding the performance capacity of standard crystalline Czochralski material.

  • high efficiency Multicrystalline Silicon solar Cells using standard high temperature float zoned Cell processing
    Progress in Photovoltaics, 1997
    Co-Authors: Jianhua Zhao, Aihua Wang, Martin A. Green
    Abstract:

    This paper reports recent results of fabricating Multicrystalline Silicon solar Cells with the standard PERL (passivated emitter, rear locally-diffused) Cell high-temperature processing sequence originally developed for float-zoned wafers. One of these Multicrystalline Silicon Cells with a planar front surface demonstrated a 645-mV open-circuit voltage and 18.2% energy conversion efficiency tested at the National Renewable Energy Laboratory and Sandia National Laboratories under the 100 mW cm−2 AM1.5 global spectrum at 25°C. This is the highest confirmed voltage and one of the highest confirmed conversion efficiencies ever reported to date for a Multicrystalline Silicon Cell. Further optimization of the standard PERL processing and texturing of the Cell surfaces is expected to improve the Cell efficiency to over 19% in the near future. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

  • 18.2% efficient Multicrystalline Silicon Cell
    Conference Record of the Twenty Sixth IEEE Photovoltaic Specialists Conference - 1997, 1997
    Co-Authors: Jianhua Zhao, Aihua Wang, P.p. Altermatt, M.a. Green
    Abstract:

    This paper reports an 18.2% energy conversion efficiency and a 645 mV open-circuit voltage from a Multicrystalline Silicon Cell with a planar front surface tested at the National Renewable Energy Laboratory and Sandia National Laboratories under the 100 mW/cm/sup 2/ AM1.5 global spectrum at 25/spl deg/C. This is one of the highest confirmed conversion efficiencies and the highest confirmed open-circuit voltage ever reported to date for a Multicrystalline Silicon Cell. Significantly, these HEM (heat exchange method) Multicrystalline Silicon solar Cells were processed with the standard PERL (passivated emitter, rear locally-diffused) Cell high-temperature processing sequence originally developed for float zoned wafers. The high temperature PERL Cell processing did not damage the substrate properties.

M.a. Green - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • A 19.8% efficient honeycomb Multicrystalline Silicon solar Cell with improved light trapping
    IEEE Transactions on Electron Devices, 1999
    Co-Authors: Jianhua Zhao, Aihua Wang, P. Campbell, M.a. Green
    Abstract:

    This paper reports a substantially improved efficiency for a Multicrystalline Silicon solar Cell of 19.8%. This is the highest ever reported efficiency for a Multicrystalline Silicon Cell. The improved Multicrystalline Cell performance results from enshrouding Cell surfaces in thermally grown oxide to reduce their detrimental electronic activity and from isotropic etching to form a hexagonally-symmetric "honeycomb" surface texture. This texture, largely of inverted hemispheres, reduces reflection loss and improves absorption of infrared light by effectively acting as a randomizer. Results of a ray tracing model are presented, with the notable finding that up to 90% of infrared light is trapped in the substrate after the first two passes, compared with only 65% for the well known inverted pyramid structure. These optical features are considered to contribute to an exceptionally high short-circuit current density of 38.1 mA/cm/sup 2/. A further improvement is expected by using under-etched wells for these honeycomb Cells.

  • Recent progress in Silicon solar Cells
    1998 Conference on Optoelectronic and Microelectronic Materials and Devices. Proceedings (Cat. No.98EX140), 1998
    Co-Authors: M.a. Green, Jianhua Zhao, Aihua Wang
    Abstract:

    The present paper reports two recent independently confirmed results for Silicon solar Cell efficiency. An improved efficiency for an individual Silicon Cell of 24.5% is reported, the highest ever, as is 19.8% efficiency for a Multicrystalline Silicon Cell, the latter representing a 6.5% relative improvement over the previously best result. Not only does the latter result for this relatively low quality material closely approach the 20% efficiency mark, once thought to be a limit on Silicon Cell performance regardless of Multicrystalline material quality, but it also shows the potential for such Multicrystalline material exceeding the performance capacity of standard crystalline Czochralski material.

  • 18.2% efficient Multicrystalline Silicon Cell
    Conference Record of the Twenty Sixth IEEE Photovoltaic Specialists Conference - 1997, 1997
    Co-Authors: Jianhua Zhao, Aihua Wang, P.p. Altermatt, M.a. Green
    Abstract:

    This paper reports an 18.2% energy conversion efficiency and a 645 mV open-circuit voltage from a Multicrystalline Silicon Cell with a planar front surface tested at the National Renewable Energy Laboratory and Sandia National Laboratories under the 100 mW/cm/sup 2/ AM1.5 global spectrum at 25/spl deg/C. This is one of the highest confirmed conversion efficiencies and the highest confirmed open-circuit voltage ever reported to date for a Multicrystalline Silicon Cell. Significantly, these HEM (heat exchange method) Multicrystalline Silicon solar Cells were processed with the standard PERL (passivated emitter, rear locally-diffused) Cell high-temperature processing sequence originally developed for float zoned wafers. The high temperature PERL Cell processing did not damage the substrate properties.

Daniel Macdonald - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • How Cell textures impact angular Cell-to-module ratios and the annual yield of crystalline solar modules
    Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells, 2018
    Co-Authors: Ingrid Haedrich, Marco Ernst, Andrew Thomson, Peiting Zheng, Xinyu Zhang, Daniel Macdonald
    Abstract:

    Abstract Two emerging trends in Multicrystalline Silicon Cell texturing are plasma texturing, and metal catalyzed chemical etching. Both processes roughen Silicon surfaces in order to increase light absorption. These processes are attractive as they are applicable to diamond-wire sawn wafers. This work investigates the optical properties of these surfaces, and other conventionally textured surfaces like isotropic acidic and random pyramid textures, are investigated for Cells in air and after encapsulation for a large range of angles of incidence. We find that the angular optical performance in air varies strongly with Cell texture, but when embedded in a module structure these variations are significantly mitigated: the advantages of a high angular absorption of solar Cells are not fully transferred to the module level. This is especially notable for plasma etched, black Silicon Cell structures which suffer comparatively from poorer index matching and light recycling inside a module structure. The losses caused explicitly by the module embedding (described in the Cell to module ratio) are in the range of 1–5% for perpendicular incoming light, and increase to 6–15% at an angle of incidence of 70°. Based on these angular performances, we calculate the annual yield of the modules and find that it varies by less than 2% for the Cell textures. Nevertheless, the annual optical yield for the black Silicon Cell structures are the highest, whereas the metal catalyzed chemical etching Cell structures show the lowest performance. Further, we find that different annual distributions of the incoming light at the two investigated locations (Melbourne and Alice Springs) only impact the relative performance of the Cell textures at high module tilt angles.

  • characterisation of a commercial Multicrystalline Silicon solar Cell fabrication process
    From Fossils to Photons Renewable Energy Transforming Business, 2000
    Co-Authors: Daniel Macdonald, Andres Cuevas, Mark Kerr, Christian Samundsett, A Sloan, M Mrcarica, Saul Winderbaum, S Shea
    Abstract:

    Effective lifetime measurements have been used to characterise various aspects of a commercial Multicrystalline Silicon Cell fabrication process. The possible benefits of phosphorus gettering, as arising from an optimised open-tube diffusion process, and from industrial emitter formation, have been evaluated and compared. Both methods result in similarly improved bulk lifetimes. After industrial gettering, average lifetimes along the length of the two ingots studied were 45 and 60μs (diffusion lengths of 360 and 420μm), with some wafers reaching values of 130μs. The open-circuit voltage limits imposed by emitter and Al back-surface-field formation have been assessed using single-crystal control wafers. With the exception of wafers from the bottom part of an ingot, the bulk quality of the mc-Si material was found not to be the main limiting factor on Cell performance. Instead, the emitter region provided the most stringent cap on achievable Cell voltage, with the BSF imposing a limit similar to the bulk lifetime. In concert, the three mechanisms limit the open-circuit voltage to around 605mV.