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Noûs Camille - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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« Derrida, la cécité et les arts visuels. Une perspective philosophique sur les représentations artistiques du handicap »
'Elsevier BV', 2021Co-Authors: Chottin Marion, Noûs CamilleAbstract:International audienceThe aim of this paper is to determine what a philosophical approach, the one that Jacques Derrida uses on blindness in his Memoirs of the Blind, can bring to Cultural Disability Studies. Using some of the paintings and drawings reproduced in this 1990 work, the present study first intends to show that, for Derrida, it is a particular way of considering the Mutism of visual art works that leads to seeing or imagining, in those that show blind people, representations of blindness that have in common to make it a powerlessness. This paper then analyses how, for the philosopher, these same works can be approached by virtue of a second way of considering their Mutism, and thus read as giving rise to the idea of a completely different kind of blindness, understood this time as a power that is highly resistant to the narratives that, in history, have made it an powerlessness. Finally, he proposes to complement this way of reading pictorial images of blindness with Stiker's theorized "Reversal scheme" and the "neo-historicism" applied by Snyder and Mitchell to artistic representations of disabilityL’objectif de cet article est de déterminer ce qu’une approche philosophique, celle que Jacques Derrida met en œuvre à propos de la cécité dans ses Mémoires d’aveugle, peut apporter aux études culturelles sur le handicap. À partir de quelques-unes des peintures et des dessins reproduits dans cet ouvrage de 1990, la présente étude entend d’abord montrer que, pour Derrida, c’est une manière particulière de considérer le Mutisme des œuvres d’art visuel qui conduit à voir ou à imaginer, dans celles qui montrent des aveugles, des représentations de la cécité qui ont en commun de faire d’elle une impuissance. Cet article analyse ensuite comment, pour le philosophe, ces mêmes œuvres peuvent être abordées en vertu d’une seconde manière d’envisager leur Mutisme, et ainsi lues comme donnant à penser une cécité tout à fait autre, entendue cette fois comme puissance hautement résistante aux récits qui, dans l’Histoire, ont fait d’elle une impuissance. Il propose pour finir de compléter cette manière de lire les images picturales de la cécité au moyen du « schème du retournement » théorisé par Stiker et du « néo-historicisme » appliqué par Snyder et Mitchell aux représentations artistiques du handicap
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Derrida, la cécité et les "arts du visible". Une perspective philosophique sur les représentations artistiques du handicap
'Elsevier BV', 2021Co-Authors: Chottin Marion, Noûs CamilleAbstract:International audienceThe aim of this paper is to determine what a philosophical approach, the one that Jacques Derrida uses on blindness in his Memoirs of the Blind, can bring to Cultural Disability Studies. Using some of the paintings and drawings reproduced in this 1990 work, the present study first intends to show that, for Derrida, it is a particular way of considering the Mutism of visual art works that leads to seeing or imagining, in those that show blind people, representations of blindness that have in common to make it a powerlessness. This paper then analyses how, for the philosopher, these same works can be approached by virtue of a second way of considering their Mutism, and thus read as giving rise to the idea of a completely different kind of blindness, understood this time as a power that is highly resistant to the narratives that, in history, have made it an powerlessness. Finally, he proposes to complement this way of reading pictorial images of blindness with Stiker's theorized "Reversal scheme" and the "neo-historicism" applied by Snyder and Mitchell to artistic representations of disabilityL’objectif de cet article est de déterminer ce qu’une approche philosophique, celle que Jacques Derrida met en œuvre à propos de la cécité dans ses Mémoires d’aveugle, peut apporter aux études culturelles sur le handicap. À partir de quelques-unes des peintures et des dessins reproduits dans cet ouvrage de 1990, la présente étude entend d’abord montrer que, pour Derrida, c’est une manière particulière de considérer le Mutisme des œuvres d’art visuel qui conduit à voir ou à imaginer, dans celles qui montrent des aveugles, des représentations de la cécité qui ont en commun de faire d’elle une impuissance. Cet article analyse ensuite comment, pour le philosophe, ces mêmes œuvres peuvent être abordées en vertu d’une seconde manière d’envisager leur Mutisme, et ainsi lues comme donnant à penser une cécité tout à fait autre, entendue cette fois comme puissance hautement résistante aux récits qui, dans l’Histoire, ont fait d’elle une impuissance. Il propose pour finir de compléter cette manière de lire les images picturales de la cécité au moyen du « schème du retournement » théorisé par Stiker et du « néo-historicisme » appliqué par Snyder et Mitchell aux représentations artistiques du handicap
Dal Maso Serena - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Medici al fronte e disturbi della parola. Il caso del Mutismo da emozione di guerra
place:Roma, 2020Co-Authors: Dal Maso SerenaAbstract:Lo scopo di questo lavoro \ue8 di fornire un primo quadro degli studi medici italiani sul Mutismo funzionale manifestato da un grande numero di soldati e ufficiali impegnati al fronte durante la prima guerra mondiale. Adottando una prospettiva storiografica, il nostro contributo si basa su una ventina di testi medici pubblicati tra il 1915 e il 1919 (complessivamente circa 170 casi di studio) che descrivono la perdita totale o parziale da parte dei soldati della capacit\ue0 di produrre, articolare ed emettere suoni linguistici, pur in assenza di lesioni fisiche e alterazioni anatomiche rilevabili. A differenza dell\u2019afasia motoria, infatti, il Mutismo funzionale ha origine psichica e nei nostri casi di studio \ue8 spesso conseguente all\u2019esposizione dei soldati all\u2019esplosione ravvicinata di una granata (che talvolta causa il loro seppellimento sotto detriti e terriccio), a prolungati bombardamenti e ai gas sui campi di battaglia. Tuttavia, altri casi di Mutismo sono causati dal contatto quotidiano con la morte, dalla paura continua, dalle situazioni di estremo pericolo vissute al fronte e dalle orribili condizioni di vita nelle trincee (che implicavano cronica mancanza di sonno, estrema fatica, freddo, fame, totale mancanza di strutture sanitarie e di cure mediche adeguate). A partire dalla ricca ma ancora non studiata letteratura medica sul Mutismo, il nostro contributo mira a descrivere i disturbi linguistici manifestati dai soldati e a osservare il ruolo e l\u2019atteggiamento dei medici, perlopi\uf9 militari, di fronte a disturbi quasi sconosciuti nella pratica civile ma drammaticamente frequenti durante la Grande Guerra. Pi\uf9 precisamente, il lavoro discute la natura isterica del Mutismo, le interpretazioni dei medici sulla sua patogenesi (in relazione alle ipotesi pi\uf9 influenti, in particolare quelle di Charcot e Bibinski), il ruolo dell\u2019emozione e della commozione nell\u2019insorgenza dei sintomi. Lo studio inoltre rende conto dell\u2019ampio dibattito sulla predisposizione dei soldati a sviluppare disturbi mentali e sul ruolo della guerra come causa determinante. La descrizione dei disturbi del linguaggio presentati dai soldati segue la classificazione proposta dal dott. Frank e la triade sintomatologica da lui elaborata; pertanto si sofferma su: a) l\u2019afonia o la disfonia (generalmente dovuta ad una paralisi che blocca o limita il movimento delle pliche vocali nella laringe e quindi altera o impedisce il processo di produzione della voce); b) l\u2019anartria o la disartria (che colpisce il sistema articolatorio, cio\ue8 il movimento degli organi mobili come le labbra, la lingua o il velo palatino e compromette quindi la produzione dei foni) e c) la dispneumia (che colpisce il sistema respiratorio e in particolare la sua coordinazione con il sistema articolatorio e laringale, necessario per una produzione linguistica fluente). Per ciascuno di questi disturbi, sono presentati dei casi clinici, cos\uec come per i casi di balbuzie. Infine, nel paragrafo conclusivo, si affronta brevemente la questione delle terapie, poich\ue9 le tecniche terapeutiche applicate dai medici italiani sui soldati traumatizzati sono state particolarmente brutali. La riflessione medica sui metodi terapeutici conferma l\u2019atteggiamento vessatorio e violento che i medici hanno assunto nei confronti dei soldati. Un simile atteggiamento, orientato pi\uf9 spesso al controllo e alla coercizione che alla reale cura, ha sostanzialmente impedito ai medici militari di giungere ad una migliore comprensione dei meccanismi psicotici alla base dei disturbi linguistici e della complessa relazione tra trauma psichico e linguaggio.The purpose of this work is to provide a first overview of Italian medical studies on the functional Mutism which affected a great number of traumatized combat soldiers and officers during the First World War. To this aim, adopting a historiographic perspective, our contribution considers about 20 medical texts published between 1915 and 1919 (overall around 170 case studies, which focus on the total or partial loss of speech which soldiers suffered from and which arose in the absence of any physical injury and detectable anatomical alteration. Unlike motor aphasia, functional Mutism has indeed a psychological origin and in our case studies is often the result of soldiers\u2019 being exposed to an exploding shell (sometimes with the consequence of being buried under debris and soil after an explosion), to heavy and prolonged bombardments, and to gas fumes. However, other cases of Mutism were due to the horror of some shocking sight, to the continuous fear, insecurity and life-threatening situations they experienced on the battlefields, and to the horrific conditions of life in the trenches (which implied chronic lack of sleep, exhaustion, cold, hunger, complete lack of sanitary facilities, and inadequate medical care). Starting from the rich but still unstudied Italian medical literature on Mutism, our paper aims at describing soldiers\u2019 language disorders and impairments, and at observing medical officers\u2019 attitude towards disorders which were almost unknown in the civilian medical practice, but became dramatically frequent during the Great War. More precisely, we discuss the hysterical nature of Mutism, scientists\u2019 interpretations of its pathogenesis with respect to the most influential and accepted hypothesis at the time (especially those of Charcot and Bibinski), the role of emotion and concussion on the onset of symptoms and we account for the wide debate on soldiers\u2019 predisposition for mental disorders. Our description of soldiers\u2019 speech impairments follows dr. Frank\u2019s categorization and his \u2018triad of symptoms\u2019: i) aphonia or dysphonia (which blocks or limits the movement of vocal folds in the larynx and therefore impairs the voicing mechanism), ii) anarthria or dysarthria (which affects the articulatory system, i.e. the movement of lips, tongue, and velum and the production of phonemes), and iii) dyspnea (which affects the breathing system and specifically its coordination with the articulatory and voicing systems which is necessary to produce fluent speech). Clinical cases are presented for each relevant speech disorder, as well as for cases of stuttering and stammering. Finally, in the conclusion, we briefly address the treatment issue, since the therapeutic techniques adopted with traumatized soldiers have been particularly violent and harsh in Italy. Medical reflections on treatments confirm the abusive, oppressive and violent attitude that doctors took towards soldiers. Such an attitude, oriented more often to control and to coercion than to real concern and care, substantially prevented them from reaching a better understanding of the psychotic mechanisms underlying linguistic disorders and of the complex relationship between psychic trauma and language
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Medici al fronte e disturbi della parola. Il caso del Mutismo da emozione di guerra
Aracne, 2020Co-Authors: Dal Maso SerenaAbstract:Lo scopo di questo lavoro è di fornire un primo quadro degli studi medici italiani sul Mutismo funzionale manifestato da un grande numero di soldati e ufficiali impegnati al fronte durante la prima guerra mondiale. Adottando una prospettiva storiografica, il nostro contributo si basa su una ventina di testi medici pubblicati tra il 1915 e il 1919 (complessivamente circa 170 casi di studio) che descrivono la perdita totale o parziale da parte dei soldati della capacità di produrre, articolare ed emettere suoni linguistici, pur in assenza di lesioni fisiche e alterazioni anatomiche rilevabili. A differenza dell’afasia motoria, infatti, il Mutismo funzionale ha origine psichica e nei nostri casi di studio è spesso conseguente all’esposizione dei soldati all’esplosione ravvicinata di una granata (che talvolta causa il loro seppellimento sotto detriti e terriccio), a prolungati bombardamenti e ai gas sui campi di battaglia. Tuttavia, altri casi di Mutismo sono causati dal contatto quotidiano con la morte, dalla paura continua, dalle situazioni di estremo pericolo vissute al fronte e dalle orribili condizioni di vita nelle trincee (che implicavano cronica mancanza di sonno, estrema fatica, freddo, fame, totale mancanza di strutture sanitarie e di cure mediche adeguate). A partire dalla ricca ma ancora non studiata letteratura medica sul Mutismo, il nostro contributo mira a descrivere i disturbi linguistici manifestati dai soldati e a osservare il ruolo e l’atteggiamento dei medici, perlopiù militari, di fronte a disturbi quasi sconosciuti nella pratica civile ma drammaticamente frequenti durante la Grande Guerra. Più precisamente, il lavoro discute la natura isterica del Mutismo, le interpretazioni dei medici sulla sua patogenesi (in relazione alle ipotesi più influenti, in particolare quelle di Charcot e Bibinski), il ruolo dell’emozione e della commozione nell’insorgenza dei sintomi. Lo studio inoltre rende conto dell’ampio dibattito sulla predisposizione dei soldati a sviluppare disturbi mentali e sul ruolo della guerra come causa determinante. La descrizione dei disturbi del linguaggio presentati dai soldati segue la classificazione proposta dal dott. Frank e la triade sintomatologica da lui elaborata; pertanto si sofferma su: a) l’afonia o la disfonia (generalmente dovuta ad una paralisi che blocca o limita il movimento delle pliche vocali nella laringe e quindi altera o impedisce il processo di produzione della voce); b) l’anartria o la disartria (che colpisce il sistema articolatorio, cioè il movimento degli organi mobili come le labbra, la lingua o il velo palatino e compromette quindi la produzione dei foni) e c) la dispneumia (che colpisce il sistema respiratorio e in particolare la sua coordinazione con il sistema articolatorio e laringale, necessario per una produzione linguistica fluente). Per ciascuno di questi disturbi, sono presentati dei casi clinici, così come per i casi di balbuzie. Infine, nel paragrafo conclusivo, si affronta brevemente la questione delle terapie, poiché le tecniche terapeutiche applicate dai medici italiani sui soldati traumatizzati sono state particolarmente brutali. La riflessione medica sui metodi terapeutici conferma l’atteggiamento vessatorio e violento che i medici hanno assunto nei confronti dei soldati. Un simile atteggiamento, orientato più spesso al controllo e alla coercizione che alla reale cura, ha sostanzialmente impedito ai medici militari di giungere ad una migliore comprensione dei meccanismi psicotici alla base dei disturbi linguistici e della complessa relazione tra trauma psichico e linguaggio.The purpose of this work is to provide a first overview of Italian medical studies on the functional Mutism which affected a great number of traumatized combat soldiers and officers during the First World War. To this aim, adopting a historiographic perspective, our contribution considers about 20 medical texts published between 1915 and 1919 (overall around 170 case studies, which focus on the total or partial loss of speech which soldiers suffered from and which arose in the absence of any physical injury and detectable anatomical alteration. Unlike motor aphasia, functional Mutism has indeed a psychological origin and in our case studies is often the result of soldiers’ being exposed to an exploding shell (sometimes with the consequence of being buried under debris and soil after an explosion), to heavy and prolonged bombardments, and to gas fumes. However, other cases of Mutism were due to the horror of some shocking sight, to the continuous fear, insecurity and life-threatening situations they experienced on the battlefields, and to the horrific conditions of life in the trenches (which implied chronic lack of sleep, exhaustion, cold, hunger, complete lack of sanitary facilities, and inadequate medical care). Starting from the rich but still unstudied Italian medical literature on Mutism, our paper aims at describing soldiers’ language disorders and impairments, and at observing medical officers’ attitude towards disorders which were almost unknown in the civilian medical practice, but became dramatically frequent during the Great War. More precisely, we discuss the hysterical nature of Mutism, scientists’ interpretations of its pathogenesis with respect to the most influential and accepted hypothesis at the time (especially those of Charcot and Bibinski), the role of emotion and concussion on the onset of symptoms and we account for the wide debate on soldiers’ predisposition for mental disorders. Our description of soldiers’ speech impairments follows dr. Frank’s categorization and his ‘triad of symptoms’: i) aphonia or dysphonia (which blocks or limits the movement of vocal folds in the larynx and therefore impairs the voicing mechanism), ii) anarthria or dysarthria (which affects the articulatory system, i.e. the movement of lips, tongue, and velum and the production of phonemes), and iii) dyspnea (which affects the breathing system and specifically its coordination with the articulatory and voicing systems which is necessary to produce fluent speech). Clinical cases are presented for each relevant speech disorder, as well as for cases of stuttering and stammering. Finally, in the conclusion, we briefly address the treatment issue, since the therapeutic techniques adopted with traumatized soldiers have been particularly violent and harsh in Italy. Medical reflections on treatments confirm the abusive, oppressive and violent attitude that doctors took towards soldiers. Such an attitude, oriented more often to control and to coercion than to real concern and care, substantially prevented them from reaching a better understanding of the psychotic mechanisms underlying linguistic disorders and of the complex relationship between psychic trauma and language
Chottin Marion - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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« Derrida, la cécité et les arts visuels. Une perspective philosophique sur les représentations artistiques du handicap »
'Elsevier BV', 2021Co-Authors: Chottin Marion, Noûs CamilleAbstract:International audienceThe aim of this paper is to determine what a philosophical approach, the one that Jacques Derrida uses on blindness in his Memoirs of the Blind, can bring to Cultural Disability Studies. Using some of the paintings and drawings reproduced in this 1990 work, the present study first intends to show that, for Derrida, it is a particular way of considering the Mutism of visual art works that leads to seeing or imagining, in those that show blind people, representations of blindness that have in common to make it a powerlessness. This paper then analyses how, for the philosopher, these same works can be approached by virtue of a second way of considering their Mutism, and thus read as giving rise to the idea of a completely different kind of blindness, understood this time as a power that is highly resistant to the narratives that, in history, have made it an powerlessness. Finally, he proposes to complement this way of reading pictorial images of blindness with Stiker's theorized "Reversal scheme" and the "neo-historicism" applied by Snyder and Mitchell to artistic representations of disabilityL’objectif de cet article est de déterminer ce qu’une approche philosophique, celle que Jacques Derrida met en œuvre à propos de la cécité dans ses Mémoires d’aveugle, peut apporter aux études culturelles sur le handicap. À partir de quelques-unes des peintures et des dessins reproduits dans cet ouvrage de 1990, la présente étude entend d’abord montrer que, pour Derrida, c’est une manière particulière de considérer le Mutisme des œuvres d’art visuel qui conduit à voir ou à imaginer, dans celles qui montrent des aveugles, des représentations de la cécité qui ont en commun de faire d’elle une impuissance. Cet article analyse ensuite comment, pour le philosophe, ces mêmes œuvres peuvent être abordées en vertu d’une seconde manière d’envisager leur Mutisme, et ainsi lues comme donnant à penser une cécité tout à fait autre, entendue cette fois comme puissance hautement résistante aux récits qui, dans l’Histoire, ont fait d’elle une impuissance. Il propose pour finir de compléter cette manière de lire les images picturales de la cécité au moyen du « schème du retournement » théorisé par Stiker et du « néo-historicisme » appliqué par Snyder et Mitchell aux représentations artistiques du handicap
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Derrida, la cécité et les "arts du visible". Une perspective philosophique sur les représentations artistiques du handicap
'Elsevier BV', 2021Co-Authors: Chottin Marion, Noûs CamilleAbstract:International audienceThe aim of this paper is to determine what a philosophical approach, the one that Jacques Derrida uses on blindness in his Memoirs of the Blind, can bring to Cultural Disability Studies. Using some of the paintings and drawings reproduced in this 1990 work, the present study first intends to show that, for Derrida, it is a particular way of considering the Mutism of visual art works that leads to seeing or imagining, in those that show blind people, representations of blindness that have in common to make it a powerlessness. This paper then analyses how, for the philosopher, these same works can be approached by virtue of a second way of considering their Mutism, and thus read as giving rise to the idea of a completely different kind of blindness, understood this time as a power that is highly resistant to the narratives that, in history, have made it an powerlessness. Finally, he proposes to complement this way of reading pictorial images of blindness with Stiker's theorized "Reversal scheme" and the "neo-historicism" applied by Snyder and Mitchell to artistic representations of disabilityL’objectif de cet article est de déterminer ce qu’une approche philosophique, celle que Jacques Derrida met en œuvre à propos de la cécité dans ses Mémoires d’aveugle, peut apporter aux études culturelles sur le handicap. À partir de quelques-unes des peintures et des dessins reproduits dans cet ouvrage de 1990, la présente étude entend d’abord montrer que, pour Derrida, c’est une manière particulière de considérer le Mutisme des œuvres d’art visuel qui conduit à voir ou à imaginer, dans celles qui montrent des aveugles, des représentations de la cécité qui ont en commun de faire d’elle une impuissance. Cet article analyse ensuite comment, pour le philosophe, ces mêmes œuvres peuvent être abordées en vertu d’une seconde manière d’envisager leur Mutisme, et ainsi lues comme donnant à penser une cécité tout à fait autre, entendue cette fois comme puissance hautement résistante aux récits qui, dans l’Histoire, ont fait d’elle une impuissance. Il propose pour finir de compléter cette manière de lire les images picturales de la cécité au moyen du « schème du retournement » théorisé par Stiker et du « néo-historicisme » appliqué par Snyder et Mitchell aux représentations artistiques du handicap
Angela T Morgan - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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role of cerebellum in fine speech control in childhood persistent dysarthria after surgical treatment for posterior fossa tumour
Brain and Language, 2011Co-Authors: Angela T Morgan, Frederique Liegeois, C Liederkerke, Adam P Vogel, Richard Hayward, William Harkness, Kling Chong, Faraneh VarghakhademAbstract:Abstract Dysarthria following surgical resection of childhood posterior fossa tumour (PFT) is most commonly documented in a select group of participants with Mutism in the acute recovery phase, thus limiting knowledge of post-operative prognosis for this population of children as a whole. Here we report on the speech characteristics of 13 cases seen long-term after surgical treatment for childhood PFT, unselected for the presence of post-operative Mutism (mean time post-surgery = 6y10 m, range 1;4–12;6 years, two had post-operative Mutism), and examine factors affecting outcome. Twenty-six age- and sex- matched healthy controls were recruited for comparison. Participants in both groups had speech assessments using detailed perceptual and acoustic methods. Over two-thirds of the group (69%) with removal of PFT had a profile of typically mild dysarthria. Prominent speech deficits included consonant imprecision, reduced rate, monopitch and monoloudness. We conclude that speech deficits may persist even up to 10 years post-surgery in participants who have not shown Mutism in the acute phase. Of cases with unilateral lesions, poorer outcomes were associated with right cerebellar tumours compared to left, consistent with the notion based on adult data that speech is controlled by reciprocal right cerebellar/left frontal interactions. These results confirm the important role of the cerebellum in the control of fine speech movements in children.
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incidence of Mutism dysarthria and dysphagia associated with childhood posterior fossa tumour
Childs Nervous System, 2011Co-Authors: Cristina Mei, Angela T MorganAbstract:Purpose Dysarthria and dysphagia are known complications following posterior fossa tumour (PFT) surgery. Outcome studies for these disorders, however, have focused on a select sub-group of children with Mutism. Little is known regarding the incidence or features of these impairments in a consecutively admitted sample of children with PFT. This study describes the incidence and features of Mutism, dysarthria and dysphagia during the acute post-surgical phase in a consecutive sample of children with PFT, unselected for the presence of Mutism.
M Van Mourik - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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the syndrome of cerebellar Mutism and subsequent dysarthria
Neurology, 1994Co-Authors: H R Van Dongen, Coriene E Catsmanberrevoets, M Van MourikAbstract:"Cerebellar" Mutism refers to a specific childhood disorder in which a complete but transient loss of speech, followed by dysarthria, occurs after removal of a cerebellar tumor. We present a consecutive series of 15 children with this disorder, which we prefer to designate "Mutism and subsequent dysarthria." The conditions in which it develops suggest also an extracerebellar component of cerebellar Mutism. Hydrocephalus at presentation, localization of tumor adjacent to the fourth ventricle, and postsurgical edema of the pontine tegmentum are involved in its development.
