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Thomas R. Defler - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Diet of a Group of Callicebus torquatus lugens (Humboldt, 1812) During the Annual Resource Bottleneck in Amazonian Colombia
International Journal of Primatology, 1997Co-Authors: Erwin Palacios, Adriana Rodríguez, Thomas R. DeflerAbstract:A group of Callicebus torquatus lugens using a territory of 22.25 ha in eastern Colombia showed a varied diet throughout the annual period of lowest fruit availability. This is a time when the females are usually pregnant. During a 6-month period the study group's diet consisted of 59.4% fruits, 26.9% immature seeds, 6.4% leaves, 3.9% flowers, and 3.4% insects and spiders. At the fruit bottleneck, consumption of seeds and flowers increased, while consumption of leaves and insects showed no particular trend. They ate 62 species of plants: 45 for flesh, 6 for seeds, 2 for flowers, and 13 for foliage. The most important families in terms of species chosen are Moraceae (8 species, or 11 species if Cecropiaceae is included), Myristicaceae (7), Arecaceae (4), Chrysobalanaceae (4), and Euphorbiaceae. The most important families in terms of feeding time are Myristicaceae (25%), Euphorbiaceae (15%), Moraceae (14%), and Arecaceae (9%). Of 440 marked feeding trees in the territory of the group, 41.1% are represented by Sandwithia heterocalyx (Euphorbiaceae). This species is the most important food in the diet and has the highest density of all food trees in the home range. It followed by Heterostemon conjugates (Caesalpiniaceae) (10%), Iryanthera ulei (Myristicaceae) (6.1%), Anaxagorea brachycarpa (Annonaceae) (5.9%), and Iryanthera crassifolia (Myristicaceae) (3.4%). The remaining 33.5% of the marked trees are represented by the other 57 species. In terms of time spent feeding, the important trees in the diet include Sandwithia heterocalyx (13.9%), Virola melinonii (10%), Iryanthera ulei (8.35%), Oenocarpus bataua (7.06%), and Heterostemon conjugates (6.53%). We suggest that Callicebus torquatus should be described as a frugivore–granivore; they share with the Pitheciin an immature seed-eating adaptation.
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Diet of a Group of Callicebus torquatus lugens (Humboldt, 1812) During the Annual Resource Bottleneck in Amazonian Colombia
International Journal of Primatology, 1997Co-Authors: Erwin Palacios, Adriana Prieto Rodríguez, Thomas R. DeflerAbstract:A group of Callicebus torquatus lugens using a territory of 22.25 ha in eastern Colombia showed a varied diet throughout the annual period of lowest fruit availability. This is a time when the females are usually pregnant. During a 6-month period the study group's diet consisted of 59.4% fruits, 26.9% immature seeds, 6.4% leaves, 3.9% flowers, and 3.4% insects and spiders. At the fruit bottleneck, consumption of seeds and flowers increased, while consumption of leaves and insects showed no particular trend. They ate 62 species of plants: 45 for flesh, 6 for seeds, 2 for flowers, and 13 for foliage. The most important families in terms of species chosen are Moraceae (8 species, or 11 species if Cecropiaceae is included), Myristicaceae (7), Arecaceae (4), Chrysobalanaceae (4), and Euphorbiaceae. The most important families in terms of feeding time are Myristicaceae (25%), Euphorbiaceae (15%), Moraceae (14%), and Arecaceae (9%). Of 440 marked feeding trees in the territory of the group, 41.1% are represented by Sandwithia heterocalyx (Euphorbiaceae). This species is the most important food in the diet and has the highest density of all food trees in the home range. It followed by Heterostemon conjugatus (Caesalpiniaceae) (10%), Iryanthera ulei (Myristicaceae) (6.1%), Anaxagorea brachycarpa (Annonaceae) (5.9%), and Iryanthera crassifolia (Myristicaceae) (3.4%). The remaining 33.5% of the marked trees are represented by the other 57 species. In terms of time spent feeding, the important trees in the diet include Sandwithia heterocalyx (13.9%), Virola melinonii (10%), Iryanthera ulei (8.35%), Oenocarpus
Hervé Sauquet - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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A Seed Related to Myristicaceae in the Early Eocene of Southern England
Systematic Botany, 2008Co-Authors: James A. Doyle, Steven R. Manchester, Hervé SauquetAbstract:Abstract A fossil from the Early Eocene London Clay flora of southern England provides the earliest confirmed seed record of Myristicaceae (Magnoliales). The specimen, which was fractured transversely to show internal structure, reveals prominent longitudinal ruminations of the kind found today only in the Myristicaceae. We describe this fossil as Myristicacarpum chandlerae sp. nov. and discuss its phylogenetic and biogeographic implications. Its Early Eocene age might seem to contradict molecular evidence that Myristicaceae diversified in the Miocene, but this depends on whether it belongs in the crown group of the family or on the stem lineage leading to it. To address this question, we review the distribution of ruminations, aril type, and seed size and shape on a molecular and morphological phylogeny of extant Myristicaceae. Myristicacarpum chandlerae resembles some extant genera and not others in presence of ruminations, small size, and elongate shape, but these characters are highly homoplastic in l...
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Systematic revision of Myristicaceae (Magnoliales) in Madagascar, with four new species of Mauloutchia
Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society, 2004Co-Authors: Hervé SauquetAbstract:The systematics of Malagasy Myristicaceae is revised to take into account new collections made since the work by Capuron in the 1970s, as well as improved knowledge from fieldwork and two scanning electron microscopy studies by the author. Four new species are described: Mauloutchia annickiae Sauquet, M. capuronii Sauquet, M. echinocarpa Capuron ex Sauquet, and M. sambiranensis (Capuron) Sauquet. In addition, basic information is given for each remaining Malagasy species of the family (synonymy, type specimen, updated distribution and main distinctive features). According to this treatment, Malagasy Myristicaceae now consist of four endemic genera and 15 species: Brochoneura Warb. (three species), Doyleanthus Sauquet (one species), Haematodendron Capuron (one species) and Mauloutchia (Baill.) Warb. (ten species). Two identification keys to these species are provided: one based primarily on fruit characters and one based primarily on male flower and inflorescence characters. Putative phylogenetic relationships among these species are also indicated, based on a previous combined morphological and molecular study by the author. © 2004 The Linnean Society of London, Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society, 2004, 146, 351–368.
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androecium diversity and evolution in Myristicaceae magnoliales with a description of a new malagasy genus doyleanthus gen nov
American Journal of Botany, 2003Co-Authors: Hervé SauquetAbstract:Myristicaceae (Magnoliales) consist of 20 genera and nearly 500 species of lowland rainforest trees with a pantropical distribution. They are distinctive in having small, unisexual flowers with stamens fused into a synandrium, which consists of a single whorl of sessile anthers borne around a sterile central column. With its short filaments and more complex anther phyllotaxy, the Malagasy genus Mauloutchia represents a notable exception to this pattern. New scanning electron microscope (SEM) examinaitons of Brochoneura, Cephalosphaera, Knema, Mauloutchia, and Staudtia are incorporated into a broader review of androecium diversity across the family. These new results are discussed in the context of a phylogenetic study of the family, based on combined molecular and morphological data. The unusual synandrium of Mauloutchia, nested among genera with strictly sessile anthers fused to the column, appears to be secondarily derived. Furthermore, the diversity of patterns observed within the genus may be interpreted as the result of a stepwise transformation involving reappearance and elongation of filaments, increase of anther number, and modification of anther phyllotaxy. However, the question of the origin of stamen fusion in Myristicaceae remains unanswered and requires more developmental studies. Finally, a new Malagasy genus of Myristicaceae (Doyleanthus) is described, which is similar to Mauloutchia in most characters but fundamentally different in androecial traits.
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Phylogenetic analysis of Magnoliales and Myristicaceae based on multiple data sets: implications for character evolution
Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society, 2003Co-Authors: Hervé Sauquet, Lars W. Chatrou, James A. Doyle, Tanya Scharaschkin, Thomas Borsch, Khidir W. Hilu, Annick Le ThomasAbstract:Magnoliales, consisting of six families of tropical to warm-temperate woody angiosperms, were long considered the most archaic order of flowering plants, but molecular analyses nest them among other eumagnoliids. Based on separate and combined analyses of a morphological matrix (115 characters) and multiple molecular data sets (seven variable chloroplast loci and five more conserved genes; 14 536 aligned nucleotides), phylogenetic relationships were investigated simultaneously within Magnoliales and Myristicaceae, using Laurales, Winterales, and Piperales as outgroups. Despite apparent conflicts among data sets, parsimony and maximum likelihood analyses of combined data converged towards a fully resolved and well-supported topology, consistent with higher-level molecular analyses except for the position of Magnoliaceae: Myristicaceae + (Magnoliaceae + ((Degeneria+Galbulimima) + (Eupomatia+ Annonaceae))). Based on these results, we discuss morphological evolution in Magnoliales and show that several supposedly plesiomorphic traits are synapomorphies of Magnoliineae, the sister group of Myristicaceae (e.g. laminar stamens). Relationships within Annonaceae are also resolved with strong support (Anaxagorea basal, then ambavioids). In contrast, resolution of relationships within Myristicaceae is difficult and still incomplete, due to a very low level of molecular divergence within the family and a long stem lineage. However, our data provide good evidence that Mauloutchia is nested among other Afro-Malagasy genera, contradicting the view that its androecium and pollen are plesiomorphic © 2003 The Linnean Society of London, Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society, 2003, 142, 125–186.
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Pollen Diversity and Evolution in Myristicaceae (Magnoliales)
International Journal of Plant Sciences, 2003Co-Authors: Hervé Sauquet, Annick Le ThomasAbstract:Myristicaceae consist of 21 genera and nearly 500 species of lowland rainforest trees with a pantropical distribution. This article presents new scanning electron microscopy observations on pollen of 13 genera, including all Asian genera, which had previously received very little attention from palynologists. While confirming that all Myristicaceae have monoaperturate pollen shed as monads with a sculptured aperture membrane, this study increases our knowledge of the diversity of pollen shapes, aperture shapes, tectal sculpture and microsculpture, and infratectal structure across the family. It also clarifies a few characters in previously investigated Afro‐Malagasy taxa. These results are discussed in the context of a recent phylogenetic study. While several pollen characters appear to be homoplastic, aperture shape, tectal sculpture, and infratectal structure seem to be of great phylogenetic value in Myristicaceae and clearly distinguish an Afro‐Malagasy clade of five genera (including Mauloutchia) from...
Erwin Palacios - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Diet of a Group of Callicebus torquatus lugens (Humboldt, 1812) During the Annual Resource Bottleneck in Amazonian Colombia
International Journal of Primatology, 1997Co-Authors: Erwin Palacios, Adriana Rodríguez, Thomas R. DeflerAbstract:A group of Callicebus torquatus lugens using a territory of 22.25 ha in eastern Colombia showed a varied diet throughout the annual period of lowest fruit availability. This is a time when the females are usually pregnant. During a 6-month period the study group's diet consisted of 59.4% fruits, 26.9% immature seeds, 6.4% leaves, 3.9% flowers, and 3.4% insects and spiders. At the fruit bottleneck, consumption of seeds and flowers increased, while consumption of leaves and insects showed no particular trend. They ate 62 species of plants: 45 for flesh, 6 for seeds, 2 for flowers, and 13 for foliage. The most important families in terms of species chosen are Moraceae (8 species, or 11 species if Cecropiaceae is included), Myristicaceae (7), Arecaceae (4), Chrysobalanaceae (4), and Euphorbiaceae. The most important families in terms of feeding time are Myristicaceae (25%), Euphorbiaceae (15%), Moraceae (14%), and Arecaceae (9%). Of 440 marked feeding trees in the territory of the group, 41.1% are represented by Sandwithia heterocalyx (Euphorbiaceae). This species is the most important food in the diet and has the highest density of all food trees in the home range. It followed by Heterostemon conjugates (Caesalpiniaceae) (10%), Iryanthera ulei (Myristicaceae) (6.1%), Anaxagorea brachycarpa (Annonaceae) (5.9%), and Iryanthera crassifolia (Myristicaceae) (3.4%). The remaining 33.5% of the marked trees are represented by the other 57 species. In terms of time spent feeding, the important trees in the diet include Sandwithia heterocalyx (13.9%), Virola melinonii (10%), Iryanthera ulei (8.35%), Oenocarpus bataua (7.06%), and Heterostemon conjugates (6.53%). We suggest that Callicebus torquatus should be described as a frugivore–granivore; they share with the Pitheciin an immature seed-eating adaptation.
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Diet of a Group of Callicebus torquatus lugens (Humboldt, 1812) During the Annual Resource Bottleneck in Amazonian Colombia
International Journal of Primatology, 1997Co-Authors: Erwin Palacios, Adriana Prieto Rodríguez, Thomas R. DeflerAbstract:A group of Callicebus torquatus lugens using a territory of 22.25 ha in eastern Colombia showed a varied diet throughout the annual period of lowest fruit availability. This is a time when the females are usually pregnant. During a 6-month period the study group's diet consisted of 59.4% fruits, 26.9% immature seeds, 6.4% leaves, 3.9% flowers, and 3.4% insects and spiders. At the fruit bottleneck, consumption of seeds and flowers increased, while consumption of leaves and insects showed no particular trend. They ate 62 species of plants: 45 for flesh, 6 for seeds, 2 for flowers, and 13 for foliage. The most important families in terms of species chosen are Moraceae (8 species, or 11 species if Cecropiaceae is included), Myristicaceae (7), Arecaceae (4), Chrysobalanaceae (4), and Euphorbiaceae. The most important families in terms of feeding time are Myristicaceae (25%), Euphorbiaceae (15%), Moraceae (14%), and Arecaceae (9%). Of 440 marked feeding trees in the territory of the group, 41.1% are represented by Sandwithia heterocalyx (Euphorbiaceae). This species is the most important food in the diet and has the highest density of all food trees in the home range. It followed by Heterostemon conjugatus (Caesalpiniaceae) (10%), Iryanthera ulei (Myristicaceae) (6.1%), Anaxagorea brachycarpa (Annonaceae) (5.9%), and Iryanthera crassifolia (Myristicaceae) (3.4%). The remaining 33.5% of the marked trees are represented by the other 57 species. In terms of time spent feeding, the important trees in the diet include Sandwithia heterocalyx (13.9%), Virola melinonii (10%), Iryanthera ulei (8.35%), Oenocarpus
Peter K. Endress - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Regular ArticleGynoecium diversity and systematics of the Magnoliales and winteroids
Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society, 1997Co-Authors: Anton Igersheim, Peter K. EndressAbstract:Carpel and ovule structure was compared in representatives of all 11 families of the Magnoliales (Annonaceae, Canellaceae, Degeneriaceae, Eupomatiaceae, Himantandraceae, Magnoliaceae, Myristicaceae) and winteroids (Austrobaileyaceae, Illiciaceae, Schisandraceae, Winteraceae). Special attention was paid to features that are constant at family level. Bisexual flowers are always protogynous. In all representatives studied the carpels are closed at anthesis. Carpel closure is attained in three different ways: (1) postgenital fusion of inner surfaces (Degeneriaceae, Eupomatiaceae, Winteraceae), or (2) occlusion by secretion (Austrobaileyaceae, Schisandraceae), or (3) a combination of (1) and (2): in Annonaceae, Canellaceae, Myristicaceae there is a conspicuous secretory canal in the innermost part of the ventral slit; in Illiciaceae and Magnoliaceae there is a narrow canal in the innermost part of the ventral slit; and in Himantandraceae the ventral slit is postgenitally fused in the style but completely open in the ovary. In most families the carpels have a double stigmatic crest or they have two tips in the transversal symmetry plane (i.e. at right angles to the median plane). Stigmas are unicellular papillate in most families but the papillae are bi- to multicellular (uniseriate) in Degeneriaceae and Eupomatiaceae. An unusual cryptic extracarpellary compitum was found in Himantandraceae and Schisandraceae. Intrusive oil cells were found in the carpel epidermis of Illiciaceae and Schisandraceae. Mature ovules vary in length between 0.15 and 1.1 mm. The outer integument is fully annular (not semiannular) in Degeneriaceae, Himantandraceae, Canellaceae, Myristicaceae, and Illiciaceae. A rudimentary aril occurs in Canellaceae, and originates at the same site as in arillate Annonaceae and Myristicaceae. The results most strongly support an Annonaceae-Myristicaceae-Canellaceae alliance, to some degree also an Eupomatiaceae-Degeneriaceae-Himantandraceae-Magnoliaceae alliance, and an Illiciaceae-Schisandraceae-Winteraceae-Austrobaileyaceae alliance.
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Gynoecium diversity and systematics of the Magnoliales and winteroids
Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society, 1997Co-Authors: Anton Igersheim, Peter K. EndressAbstract:Abstract Carpel and ovule structure was compared in representatives of all 11 families of the Magnoliales (Annonaceae, Canellaceae, Degeneriaceae, Eupomatiaceae, Himantandraceae, Magnoliaceae, Myristicaceae) and winteroids (Austrobaileyaceae, Illiciaceae, Schisandraceae, Winteraceae). Special attention was paid to features that are constant at family level. Bisexual flowers are always protogynous. In all representatives studied the carpels are closed at anthesis. Carpel closure is attained in three different ways: (1) postgenital fusion of inner surfaces (Degeneriaceae, Eupomatiaceae, Winteraceae), or (2) occlusion by secretion (Austrobaileyaceae, Schisandraceae), or (3) a combination of (1) and (2): in Annonaceae, Canellaceae, Myristicaceae there is a conspicuous secretory canal in the innermost part of the ventral slit; in Illiciaceae and Magnoliaceae there is a narrow canal in the innermost part of the ventral slit; and in Himantandraceae the ventral slit is postgenitally fused in the style but completely open in the ovary. In most families the carpels have a double stigmatic crest or they have two tips in the transversal symmetry plane (i.e. at right angles to the median plane). Stigmas are unicellular papillate in most families but the papillae are bi- to multicellular (uniseriate) in Degeneriaceae and Eupomatiaceae. An unusual cryptic extracarpellary compitum was found in Himantandraceae and Schisandraceae. Intrusive oil cells were found in the carpel epidermis of Illiciaceae and Schisandraceae. Mature ovules vary in length between 0.15 and 1.1 mm. The outer integument is fully annular (not semiannular) in Degeneriaceae, Himantandraceae, Canellaceae, Myristicaceae, and Illiciaceae. A rudimentary aril occurs in Canellaceae, and originates at the same site as in arillate Annonaceae and Myristicaceae. The results most strongly support an Annonaceae-Myristicaceae-Canellaceae alliance, to some degree also an Eupomatiaceae-Degeneriaceae-Himantandraceae-Magnoliaceae alliance, and an Illiciaceae-Schisandraceae-Winteraceae-Austrobaileyaceae alliance.
Lars W. Chatrou - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Phylogenetic analysis of Magnoliales and Myristicaceae based on multiple data sets: implications for character evolution
Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society, 2003Co-Authors: Hervé Sauquet, Lars W. Chatrou, James A. Doyle, Tanya Scharaschkin, Thomas Borsch, Khidir W. Hilu, Annick Le ThomasAbstract:Magnoliales, consisting of six families of tropical to warm-temperate woody angiosperms, were long considered the most archaic order of flowering plants, but molecular analyses nest them among other eumagnoliids. Based on separate and combined analyses of a morphological matrix (115 characters) and multiple molecular data sets (seven variable chloroplast loci and five more conserved genes; 14 536 aligned nucleotides), phylogenetic relationships were investigated simultaneously within Magnoliales and Myristicaceae, using Laurales, Winterales, and Piperales as outgroups. Despite apparent conflicts among data sets, parsimony and maximum likelihood analyses of combined data converged towards a fully resolved and well-supported topology, consistent with higher-level molecular analyses except for the position of Magnoliaceae: Myristicaceae + (Magnoliaceae + ((Degeneria+Galbulimima) + (Eupomatia+ Annonaceae))). Based on these results, we discuss morphological evolution in Magnoliales and show that several supposedly plesiomorphic traits are synapomorphies of Magnoliineae, the sister group of Myristicaceae (e.g. laminar stamens). Relationships within Annonaceae are also resolved with strong support (Anaxagorea basal, then ambavioids). In contrast, resolution of relationships within Myristicaceae is difficult and still incomplete, due to a very low level of molecular divergence within the family and a long stem lineage. However, our data provide good evidence that Mauloutchia is nested among other Afro-Malagasy genera, contradicting the view that its androecium and pollen are plesiomorphic © 2003 The Linnean Society of London, Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society, 2003, 142, 125–186.
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Myristicineae, a new suborder within Magnoliales
TAXON, 2003Co-Authors: Lars W. ChatrouAbstract:Myristicaceae are sister group to the remaining five families of Magnoliales, which make up the suborder Magnoliineae. Both with regard to morphological and DNA sequence data, Myristicaceae have diverged substantially from Magnoliineae, whereas at the same time monophyly of Magnoliales is conclusive. This relationship between Myristicaceae and Magnoliineae is affirmed by describing the suborder Myristicineae.
