Nanobiosensors

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Mohammad Reza Ganjali - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • fluorescent apta Nanobiosensors for fast and sensitive detection of digoxin in biological fluids using rgqds comparison of two approaches for immobilization of aptamer
    Sensors and Actuators B-chemical, 2020
    Co-Authors: Hamideh Elmizadeh, Farnoush Faridbod, Mohammad Reza Ganjali, Majid Soleimani, Ghasem Rezanejade Bardajee
    Abstract:

    Abstract Two approaches were utilized and compared for designing a novel ultrasensitive fluorescent apta-nanobiosensor for fast and sensitive determination of digoxin (DX) in biological fluids. The Nanobiosensors were fabricated using reduced graphene quantum dots (rGQDs) as an optical probe and DX aptamer as a sensing material. In the first approach, a label-free aptamer was directly interacted with rGQDs, caused an enhancement of the fluorescence intensity of rGQDs. By addition of the target molecule (DX) and formation of the aptamer-DX complex, the fluorescence intensity was decreased. The fluorescent quenching had a linear relation with the concentration of DX with limit of detection down to 29.87 ± 1.01 × 10−12 mol L−1. In the second approach, to improve the reproducibility and sensitivity of the biosensor, a labeled aptamer with amine groups was used. Through a two-steps process, DX was detected more accurately. Fluorescence intensity of rGQDs functionalized with aptamer was first turn-off using oxidized carbon nanotubes (CNTs) through a fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) mechanism. Next, by addition of the target molecule (DX), and its interaction with aptamer, inhibited the connection between CNTs and rGQDs-aptamer, hence, fluorescence of rGQDs were recovered and turn-on. The second approach provided a simple, fast, inexpensive, reproducibility and ultrasensitive methods for determination of DX with ultra-low detection limits of 7.95 ± 0.22 × 10−12 mol L−1. Both designed luminescent apta-Nanobiosensors were well used for the quantification of DX in human serum and urine with satisfactory analytical results.

  • a sensitive fluorometric dna nanobiosensor based on a new fluorophore for tumor suppressor gene detection
    Talanta, 2018
    Co-Authors: Maryam Darestanifarahani, Farnoush Faridbod, Mohammad Reza Ganjali
    Abstract:

    Abstract In this study, a sensitive fluorescent DNA nanobiosensor has been developed to determine DNA sequence of a well-known tumor suppressor gene, Adenomatous Polyposis Coli (APC). The design of the nanobiosensor was carried out using a synthetic organic ligand as a new fluorophore. The response mechanism of the nanobiosensor was based on DNA hybridization. The new fluorophore was assembled on gold nanoparticles (Au NPs) to enhance the sensitivity of the nanobiosensor response. The fabricated DNA nanobiosensor showed a fluorescence emission at 477 nm by exciting wavelength of 360 nm. By addition of the ssDNA target, the fluorescent emission of the nanobiosensor enhanced linearly in the range from 3.3 × 10−10 to 1.1 × 10−9 mol L−1 with detection limit of 1.3 × 10–11 mol L−1. The proposed DNA nanobiosensor responded selectively to its complementary strand in comparison with non-complementary and three mismatched bases. The nanobiosensor had also a fast response time with acceptable repeatability. Finally, the performance of the DNA nanobiosensor in biological fluid, serum plasma, was investigated and a satisfactory results were obtained.

  • fret based aptamer biosensor for selective and sensitive detection of aflatoxin b1 in peanut and rice
    Food Chemistry, 2017
    Co-Authors: Fereshte Sadat Sabet, Morteza Hosseini, Hossein Khabbaz, Mehdi Dadmehr, Mohammad Reza Ganjali
    Abstract:

    Abstract Aflatoxins are potential food pollutants produced by fungi. Among them, Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) is the most toxic. Therefore, a great deal of concern is associated with AFB1 toxicity. In this work, utilizing a FRET-based method, we have developed a nanobiosensor for detection of AFB1 in agricultural foods. Aptamer-conjugated Quantum dots (QDs) are adsorbed to Au nanoparticles (AuNPs) due to interaction of aptamers with AuNPs leading to quenching effect on QDs fluorescence. Upon the addition of AFB1, the specific aptamers are attracted to AFB1, getting distance from AuNPs which result in fluorescence recovery. Under optimized conditions the detection limit of proposed nanobiosensor was 3.4 nM with linear range of 10–400 nM. Selectivity test demonstrates that the nanobiosensor could be a promising tool for specific evaluation of food stuff. This method was successfully applied for the analysis of AFB1 in rice and peanut samples.

Majid Sharifi - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • rapid diagnostics of coronavirus disease 2019 in early stages using Nanobiosensors challenges and opportunities
    Talanta, 2021
    Co-Authors: Majid Sharifi, Farnoosh Attar, Anwarul Hasan, Setareh Haghighat, A Taghizadeh, Samir Haj Bloukh, Zehra Edis, Mengzhou Xue, Suliman Khan, Mojtaba Falahati
    Abstract:

    The rapid outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) around the world is a tragic and shocking event that demonstrates the unpreparedness of humans to develop quick diagnostic platforms for novel infectious diseases. In fact, statistical reports of diagnostic tools show that their accuracy, specificity and sensitivity in the detection of COVID hampered by some challenges that can be eliminated by using nanoparticles (NPs). In this study, we aimed to present an overview on the most important ways to diagnose different kinds of viruses followed by the introduction of Nanobiosensors. Afterward, some methods of COVID-19 detection such as imaging, laboratory and kit-based diagnostic tests are surveyed. Furthermore, nucleic acids/protein- and immunoglobulin (Ig)-based Nanobiosensors for the COVID-19 detection infection are reviewed. Finally, current challenges and future perspective for the development of diagnostic or monitoring technologies in the control of COVID-19 are discussed to persuade the scientists in advancing their technologies beyond imagination. In conclusion, it can be deduced that as rapid COVID-19 detection infection can play a vital role in disease control and treatment, this review may be of great help for controlling the COVID-19 outbreak by providing some necessary information for the development of portable, accurate, selectable and simple Nanobiosensors.

  • Development of point-of-care Nanobiosensors for breast cancers diagnosis.
    Talanta, 2020
    Co-Authors: Majid Sharifi, Farnoosh Attar, Anwarul Hasan, Akbar Taghizadeh, Mojtaba Falahati
    Abstract:

    Abstract Nanobiosensors have played a key role as portable devices in the rapid breast cancer diagnosis and in clinical medicine like point-of-care devices. However, understanding biomarkers and nanomaterials is crucial for improving the performance of Nanobiosensors for all stages of different diseases or treatment. Therefore, this study not only investigates the effect of biomarkers and nanomaterials such as metallic, carbon structures and quantum dot on the accuracy of Nanobiosensors for early detection of breast cancer, but also exhibits how they are used in vivo and in vitro and their application in point-of-care devices for personalized cancer diagnosis. Afterwards, application of fluidics and microchips as point-of-care Nanobiosensors in the early detection of biomarkers associated with breast cancer diagnosis was discussed. Furthermore, the integration of Nanobiosensors in nanomotors platforms for the treatment of breast cancer was overviewed. Finally, the ongoing challenges and future trends on the detection limit of Nanobiosensors, their application in point-of-care clinical diagnostics and the approaches implemented for their improvements by highlighting the successful reports on the revolution of personalized diagnostics were surveyed.

  • Plasmonic and chiroplasmonic Nanobiosensors based on gold nanoparticles.
    Talanta, 2020
    Co-Authors: Majid Sharifi, Farnoosh Attar, Sara Haji Hosseinali, Reza Alizadeh, Anwarul Hasan, Abbas Salihi, Mudhir Sabir Shekha, Karwan M. Amen, Falah Mohammad Aziz, Ali Akbar Saboury
    Abstract:

    Development of optical Nanobiosensors has emerged as one of the most important bioresearch areas of interest over the past decades especially in the modern innovations in the design and utilization of sensing platforms. The application of Nanobiosensors has been accelerated with the introduction of plasmonic NPs, which overcome the most of the limitations in the case of conventional optical Nanobiosensors. Since the plasmonic AuNPs-based Nanobiosensors provide high potential achievements to develop promising platforms in fully integrated multiplex assays, some well-developed investigations are clearly required to improve the current technologies and integration of multiple signal inputs. Therefore, in this literature, we summarized the performance and achievements of optical Nanobiosensors according to plasmonic rules of AuNPs, including SPR, LSPR, SERS and chiroptical phenomena. Also, we investigated the effects of the physicochemical properties of AuNPs such as size, shape, composition, and assembly on the plasmonic signal propagation in AuNPs-based Nanobiosensors. Moreover, we presented an overview on the current state of plasmonic AuNPs-based Nanobiosensors in the biomedical activities. Besides, this paper looks at the current and future challenges and opportunities of ongoing efforts to achieve the potential applications of AuNPs-based optical plasmonic Nanobiosensors in integration with other nanomaterials. Taken together, the main focus of this paper is to provide some applicable information to develop current methodologies in fabrication of potential AuNPs-based Nanobiosensors for detection of a wide range of analytes.

  • Cancer diagnosis using nanomaterials based electrochemical Nanobiosensors.
    Biosensors and Bioelectronics, 2018
    Co-Authors: Majid Sharifi, Farnoosh Attar, Mohammad Reza Avadi, Fariba Dashtestani, Seyed Mahdi Rezayat, Hedayatollah Ghorchian, Ali Akbar Saboury, Mojtaba Falahati
    Abstract:

    Cancer is one of the most important causes of mortality in the world, which can be severely reduced by early detection to avoid future problems in the field of economics and mental health. Hence, electrochemical Nanobiosensors as portable devices for rapid detection of  cancer biomarkers, have found an important place in clinical medicine for diagnosis, managements or cancer screening. Although, these biosensors have been receiving attention in the recent years, their principles are unchanged. By progress in nanotechnology, a great potential has been giving to Nanobiosensors. Applications of a wide variety of nanomaterials in developing electrochemical biosensors, led to the production of potential Nanobiosensors. Due to the high electrical conductivity, and increased surface area relative to the volume along with more repeatability, the application of NPs in electrochemical biosensors has been developed. Therefore, in this review, we discussed the impact of nanomaterials on the accuracy of biosensors in early cancer detection such as lung, prostate, breast, and other cancers. However, the modification of electrode performance by nanomaterials is relatively complicated, which causes limitation for some nanomaterials to be used inbiosensor applications. Indeed, the construction of electrodes based on nanomaterial requires a simple, reliable and inexpensive route to increase the sensitivity and reproducibility. Thus, the aim of this study can be defined as determining the detection limit of electrochemical Nanobiosensors as well as introducing the challenges of fabricating and designing electrochemical Nanobiosensors based on nanomaterials and their evaluations in the future medical setting.

Mojtaba Falahati - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • rapid diagnostics of coronavirus disease 2019 in early stages using Nanobiosensors challenges and opportunities
    Talanta, 2021
    Co-Authors: Majid Sharifi, Farnoosh Attar, Anwarul Hasan, Setareh Haghighat, A Taghizadeh, Samir Haj Bloukh, Zehra Edis, Mengzhou Xue, Suliman Khan, Mojtaba Falahati
    Abstract:

    The rapid outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) around the world is a tragic and shocking event that demonstrates the unpreparedness of humans to develop quick diagnostic platforms for novel infectious diseases. In fact, statistical reports of diagnostic tools show that their accuracy, specificity and sensitivity in the detection of COVID hampered by some challenges that can be eliminated by using nanoparticles (NPs). In this study, we aimed to present an overview on the most important ways to diagnose different kinds of viruses followed by the introduction of Nanobiosensors. Afterward, some methods of COVID-19 detection such as imaging, laboratory and kit-based diagnostic tests are surveyed. Furthermore, nucleic acids/protein- and immunoglobulin (Ig)-based Nanobiosensors for the COVID-19 detection infection are reviewed. Finally, current challenges and future perspective for the development of diagnostic or monitoring technologies in the control of COVID-19 are discussed to persuade the scientists in advancing their technologies beyond imagination. In conclusion, it can be deduced that as rapid COVID-19 detection infection can play a vital role in disease control and treatment, this review may be of great help for controlling the COVID-19 outbreak by providing some necessary information for the development of portable, accurate, selectable and simple Nanobiosensors.

  • Development of point-of-care Nanobiosensors for breast cancers diagnosis.
    Talanta, 2020
    Co-Authors: Majid Sharifi, Farnoosh Attar, Anwarul Hasan, Akbar Taghizadeh, Mojtaba Falahati
    Abstract:

    Abstract Nanobiosensors have played a key role as portable devices in the rapid breast cancer diagnosis and in clinical medicine like point-of-care devices. However, understanding biomarkers and nanomaterials is crucial for improving the performance of Nanobiosensors for all stages of different diseases or treatment. Therefore, this study not only investigates the effect of biomarkers and nanomaterials such as metallic, carbon structures and quantum dot on the accuracy of Nanobiosensors for early detection of breast cancer, but also exhibits how they are used in vivo and in vitro and their application in point-of-care devices for personalized cancer diagnosis. Afterwards, application of fluidics and microchips as point-of-care Nanobiosensors in the early detection of biomarkers associated with breast cancer diagnosis was discussed. Furthermore, the integration of Nanobiosensors in nanomotors platforms for the treatment of breast cancer was overviewed. Finally, the ongoing challenges and future trends on the detection limit of Nanobiosensors, their application in point-of-care clinical diagnostics and the approaches implemented for their improvements by highlighting the successful reports on the revolution of personalized diagnostics were surveyed.

  • Cancer diagnosis using nanomaterials based electrochemical Nanobiosensors.
    Biosensors and Bioelectronics, 2018
    Co-Authors: Majid Sharifi, Farnoosh Attar, Mohammad Reza Avadi, Fariba Dashtestani, Seyed Mahdi Rezayat, Hedayatollah Ghorchian, Ali Akbar Saboury, Mojtaba Falahati
    Abstract:

    Cancer is one of the most important causes of mortality in the world, which can be severely reduced by early detection to avoid future problems in the field of economics and mental health. Hence, electrochemical Nanobiosensors as portable devices for rapid detection of  cancer biomarkers, have found an important place in clinical medicine for diagnosis, managements or cancer screening. Although, these biosensors have been receiving attention in the recent years, their principles are unchanged. By progress in nanotechnology, a great potential has been giving to Nanobiosensors. Applications of a wide variety of nanomaterials in developing electrochemical biosensors, led to the production of potential Nanobiosensors. Due to the high electrical conductivity, and increased surface area relative to the volume along with more repeatability, the application of NPs in electrochemical biosensors has been developed. Therefore, in this review, we discussed the impact of nanomaterials on the accuracy of biosensors in early cancer detection such as lung, prostate, breast, and other cancers. However, the modification of electrode performance by nanomaterials is relatively complicated, which causes limitation for some nanomaterials to be used inbiosensor applications. Indeed, the construction of electrodes based on nanomaterial requires a simple, reliable and inexpensive route to increase the sensitivity and reproducibility. Thus, the aim of this study can be defined as determining the detection limit of electrochemical Nanobiosensors as well as introducing the challenges of fabricating and designing electrochemical Nanobiosensors based on nanomaterials and their evaluations in the future medical setting.

Farnoosh Attar - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • rapid diagnostics of coronavirus disease 2019 in early stages using Nanobiosensors challenges and opportunities
    Talanta, 2021
    Co-Authors: Majid Sharifi, Farnoosh Attar, Anwarul Hasan, Setareh Haghighat, A Taghizadeh, Samir Haj Bloukh, Zehra Edis, Mengzhou Xue, Suliman Khan, Mojtaba Falahati
    Abstract:

    The rapid outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) around the world is a tragic and shocking event that demonstrates the unpreparedness of humans to develop quick diagnostic platforms for novel infectious diseases. In fact, statistical reports of diagnostic tools show that their accuracy, specificity and sensitivity in the detection of COVID hampered by some challenges that can be eliminated by using nanoparticles (NPs). In this study, we aimed to present an overview on the most important ways to diagnose different kinds of viruses followed by the introduction of Nanobiosensors. Afterward, some methods of COVID-19 detection such as imaging, laboratory and kit-based diagnostic tests are surveyed. Furthermore, nucleic acids/protein- and immunoglobulin (Ig)-based Nanobiosensors for the COVID-19 detection infection are reviewed. Finally, current challenges and future perspective for the development of diagnostic or monitoring technologies in the control of COVID-19 are discussed to persuade the scientists in advancing their technologies beyond imagination. In conclusion, it can be deduced that as rapid COVID-19 detection infection can play a vital role in disease control and treatment, this review may be of great help for controlling the COVID-19 outbreak by providing some necessary information for the development of portable, accurate, selectable and simple Nanobiosensors.

  • Development of point-of-care Nanobiosensors for breast cancers diagnosis.
    Talanta, 2020
    Co-Authors: Majid Sharifi, Farnoosh Attar, Anwarul Hasan, Akbar Taghizadeh, Mojtaba Falahati
    Abstract:

    Abstract Nanobiosensors have played a key role as portable devices in the rapid breast cancer diagnosis and in clinical medicine like point-of-care devices. However, understanding biomarkers and nanomaterials is crucial for improving the performance of Nanobiosensors for all stages of different diseases or treatment. Therefore, this study not only investigates the effect of biomarkers and nanomaterials such as metallic, carbon structures and quantum dot on the accuracy of Nanobiosensors for early detection of breast cancer, but also exhibits how they are used in vivo and in vitro and their application in point-of-care devices for personalized cancer diagnosis. Afterwards, application of fluidics and microchips as point-of-care Nanobiosensors in the early detection of biomarkers associated with breast cancer diagnosis was discussed. Furthermore, the integration of Nanobiosensors in nanomotors platforms for the treatment of breast cancer was overviewed. Finally, the ongoing challenges and future trends on the detection limit of Nanobiosensors, their application in point-of-care clinical diagnostics and the approaches implemented for their improvements by highlighting the successful reports on the revolution of personalized diagnostics were surveyed.

  • Plasmonic and chiroplasmonic Nanobiosensors based on gold nanoparticles.
    Talanta, 2020
    Co-Authors: Majid Sharifi, Farnoosh Attar, Sara Haji Hosseinali, Reza Alizadeh, Anwarul Hasan, Abbas Salihi, Mudhir Sabir Shekha, Karwan M. Amen, Falah Mohammad Aziz, Ali Akbar Saboury
    Abstract:

    Development of optical Nanobiosensors has emerged as one of the most important bioresearch areas of interest over the past decades especially in the modern innovations in the design and utilization of sensing platforms. The application of Nanobiosensors has been accelerated with the introduction of plasmonic NPs, which overcome the most of the limitations in the case of conventional optical Nanobiosensors. Since the plasmonic AuNPs-based Nanobiosensors provide high potential achievements to develop promising platforms in fully integrated multiplex assays, some well-developed investigations are clearly required to improve the current technologies and integration of multiple signal inputs. Therefore, in this literature, we summarized the performance and achievements of optical Nanobiosensors according to plasmonic rules of AuNPs, including SPR, LSPR, SERS and chiroptical phenomena. Also, we investigated the effects of the physicochemical properties of AuNPs such as size, shape, composition, and assembly on the plasmonic signal propagation in AuNPs-based Nanobiosensors. Moreover, we presented an overview on the current state of plasmonic AuNPs-based Nanobiosensors in the biomedical activities. Besides, this paper looks at the current and future challenges and opportunities of ongoing efforts to achieve the potential applications of AuNPs-based optical plasmonic Nanobiosensors in integration with other nanomaterials. Taken together, the main focus of this paper is to provide some applicable information to develop current methodologies in fabrication of potential AuNPs-based Nanobiosensors for detection of a wide range of analytes.

  • Cancer diagnosis using nanomaterials based electrochemical Nanobiosensors.
    Biosensors and Bioelectronics, 2018
    Co-Authors: Majid Sharifi, Farnoosh Attar, Mohammad Reza Avadi, Fariba Dashtestani, Seyed Mahdi Rezayat, Hedayatollah Ghorchian, Ali Akbar Saboury, Mojtaba Falahati
    Abstract:

    Cancer is one of the most important causes of mortality in the world, which can be severely reduced by early detection to avoid future problems in the field of economics and mental health. Hence, electrochemical Nanobiosensors as portable devices for rapid detection of  cancer biomarkers, have found an important place in clinical medicine for diagnosis, managements or cancer screening. Although, these biosensors have been receiving attention in the recent years, their principles are unchanged. By progress in nanotechnology, a great potential has been giving to Nanobiosensors. Applications of a wide variety of nanomaterials in developing electrochemical biosensors, led to the production of potential Nanobiosensors. Due to the high electrical conductivity, and increased surface area relative to the volume along with more repeatability, the application of NPs in electrochemical biosensors has been developed. Therefore, in this review, we discussed the impact of nanomaterials on the accuracy of biosensors in early cancer detection such as lung, prostate, breast, and other cancers. However, the modification of electrode performance by nanomaterials is relatively complicated, which causes limitation for some nanomaterials to be used inbiosensor applications. Indeed, the construction of electrodes based on nanomaterial requires a simple, reliable and inexpensive route to increase the sensitivity and reproducibility. Thus, the aim of this study can be defined as determining the detection limit of electrochemical Nanobiosensors as well as introducing the challenges of fabricating and designing electrochemical Nanobiosensors based on nanomaterials and their evaluations in the future medical setting.

Ali Akbar Saboury - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • Plasmonic and chiroplasmonic Nanobiosensors based on gold nanoparticles.
    Talanta, 2020
    Co-Authors: Majid Sharifi, Farnoosh Attar, Sara Haji Hosseinali, Reza Alizadeh, Anwarul Hasan, Abbas Salihi, Mudhir Sabir Shekha, Karwan M. Amen, Falah Mohammad Aziz, Ali Akbar Saboury
    Abstract:

    Development of optical Nanobiosensors has emerged as one of the most important bioresearch areas of interest over the past decades especially in the modern innovations in the design and utilization of sensing platforms. The application of Nanobiosensors has been accelerated with the introduction of plasmonic NPs, which overcome the most of the limitations in the case of conventional optical Nanobiosensors. Since the plasmonic AuNPs-based Nanobiosensors provide high potential achievements to develop promising platforms in fully integrated multiplex assays, some well-developed investigations are clearly required to improve the current technologies and integration of multiple signal inputs. Therefore, in this literature, we summarized the performance and achievements of optical Nanobiosensors according to plasmonic rules of AuNPs, including SPR, LSPR, SERS and chiroptical phenomena. Also, we investigated the effects of the physicochemical properties of AuNPs such as size, shape, composition, and assembly on the plasmonic signal propagation in AuNPs-based Nanobiosensors. Moreover, we presented an overview on the current state of plasmonic AuNPs-based Nanobiosensors in the biomedical activities. Besides, this paper looks at the current and future challenges and opportunities of ongoing efforts to achieve the potential applications of AuNPs-based optical plasmonic Nanobiosensors in integration with other nanomaterials. Taken together, the main focus of this paper is to provide some applicable information to develop current methodologies in fabrication of potential AuNPs-based Nanobiosensors for detection of a wide range of analytes.

  • Cancer diagnosis using nanomaterials based electrochemical Nanobiosensors.
    Biosensors and Bioelectronics, 2018
    Co-Authors: Majid Sharifi, Farnoosh Attar, Mohammad Reza Avadi, Fariba Dashtestani, Seyed Mahdi Rezayat, Hedayatollah Ghorchian, Ali Akbar Saboury, Mojtaba Falahati
    Abstract:

    Cancer is one of the most important causes of mortality in the world, which can be severely reduced by early detection to avoid future problems in the field of economics and mental health. Hence, electrochemical Nanobiosensors as portable devices for rapid detection of  cancer biomarkers, have found an important place in clinical medicine for diagnosis, managements or cancer screening. Although, these biosensors have been receiving attention in the recent years, their principles are unchanged. By progress in nanotechnology, a great potential has been giving to Nanobiosensors. Applications of a wide variety of nanomaterials in developing electrochemical biosensors, led to the production of potential Nanobiosensors. Due to the high electrical conductivity, and increased surface area relative to the volume along with more repeatability, the application of NPs in electrochemical biosensors has been developed. Therefore, in this review, we discussed the impact of nanomaterials on the accuracy of biosensors in early cancer detection such as lung, prostate, breast, and other cancers. However, the modification of electrode performance by nanomaterials is relatively complicated, which causes limitation for some nanomaterials to be used inbiosensor applications. Indeed, the construction of electrodes based on nanomaterial requires a simple, reliable and inexpensive route to increase the sensitivity and reproducibility. Thus, the aim of this study can be defined as determining the detection limit of electrochemical Nanobiosensors as well as introducing the challenges of fabricating and designing electrochemical Nanobiosensors based on nanomaterials and their evaluations in the future medical setting.