National Literatures

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Portal Web Portal Fur Das Graduiertenstudium In Den Kulturwissenschaften Cultdoc - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

Pia Maria Ahlback - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

Ulf Olsson - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

Andrew Hook - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • scotland the usa and National Literatures in the nineteenth century
    Scottish Cultural Review of Language and Literature, 2012
    Co-Authors: Andrew Hook
    Abstract:

    Early nineteenth-century America's tensions with Britain caused America much cultural anxiety, not least because of the inclusion of attacks on the idea of American literature from a periodical press largely based in Edinburgh. Washington Irving and James Fenimore Cooper observed this phenomenon and discussed how best to respond. For Cooper, American literature ought to model itself on English literature. Other commentators proposed the period of Scottish literary romanticism from Allan Ramsay to Walter Scott. John Neal saw Scottish literature's concentration on indigenous landscape as the way forward for American literature and, in practice, Walter Scott's Waverley novels were most influential here. The development of a nineteenth-century American Action of romance owes much to this period; in following Scott's example, writers of American romance fiction bring forth an imaginative landscape that features complex iterations of the civilised and the primitive.Keywords: Anglo American War (1812); Washington Irving; James Fenimore Cooper; provincialism; civilisation; primitivism; Edinburgh Review; Sydney Smith; Blackwood's Magazine; defining American Literature; Scottish literary romanticism; Walter Scott; John Neal; American romance.When America declared and successfully defended its independence from Great Britain a new situation was created for its culture, including its literary culture. In the colonial period, American writing could legitimately be seen as an off-shoot of English Literature. After independence the exact position of American literature was much more problematic. The connection with English literature - its language, forms, traditions - remained as before. English literature, as a source of models or paradigms, was no more or less available to American writers after 1776 than before. Nonetheless, with the emergence of the United States as a country in its own right, American writing automatically acquired a new status. What had been a colonial literature became a National one. Such a transformation was unavoidable, and with the passage of time the development of an American literature moving in new, distinctive directions, and eventually establishing its own forms, traditions, and even linguistic usage, was certainly inevitable. But this was not quite what happened. A set of particular historical and cultural circumstances required that a National American literature be established, as it were, overnight.What were these circumstances? On the historical side, they involve the recognition that the cessation of military and political conflict between Britain and America in 1783 did not mean that relations between the two countries thereafter were all sweetness and light. The defeat of British arms, and the loss of her first empire, were immensely bitter pills for the British ruling class to swallow. And the presence in England and Scotland of large numbers of former Loyalists from America demanding reparations for the losses their loyalty had brought them, ensured that in government circles and beyond the American question remained very much alive. Only a small minority of British liberals saw anything to welcome in the Americans' successful defence of what, from some points of view, could be seen as the principles of freedom and the rights of man. Not even in those working-class circles where sympathy for the Americans and their cause might have been expected to flourish is there much evidence of widespread or enduring support for the newly established American republic. In the early decades of its existence then, the United States was regarded by most sections of British society with feelings of bitterness and hostility. Nor were things different on the other side of the Atlantic. Few Americans appear to have been ready to forgive and forget imperial Britain's resorting to military might to crush their demands for justice and liberty. The Federalist party may have been inclined to try to maintain reasonable relations with British governments, but their Republican opponents were much less conciliatory. …

Joep Leerssen - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • a cross country foxhunt claiming reynard for the National Literatures of nineteenth century europe
    National cultivation of culture, 2013
    Co-Authors: Joep Leerssen
    Abstract:

    An important aspect of medievalism is the search for the nation's vernacular roots. In the philologies especially, this interest was, relatively speaking, a novelty. Although historians and antiquaries had shown some interest in the (early-) medieval past throughout the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, the study of language and literature rarely reached back further than the century or so before the invention of printing. Jacob Grimm stands at the center of the philological case study presented in this chapter. He had developed into a historicist and a philologist in precisely these crucial years. Grimm's main concern is to rebut a "Romance" seniority for the Reynard material. The Reynard material came on the literary market in Europe when the imperial hegemon was France, and the older Holy Roman Empire of the German Nation was crumbling and finally abolished. Conversely, Grimm's German counter-claims gained momentum after the defeat of Napoleon. Keywords: Holy Roman Empire; Jacob Grimm; medievalism; Napoleon; National literature; nineteenth-century Europe; Reynard material