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Elizabeth A L Stinemorrow - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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a review and meta analysis of age based Stereotype threat Negative Stereotypes not facts do the damage correction to lamont swift and abrams 2015
Psychology and Aging, 2018Co-Authors: Ulrich Mayr, Elizabeth A L StinemorrowAbstract:Reports an error in "A review and meta-analysis of age-based Stereotype threat: Negative Stereotypes, not facts, do the damage" by Ruth A. Lamont, Hannah J. Swift and Dominic Abrams (Psychology and Aging, 2015[Mar], Vol 30[1], 180-193). In the article, some of the effect sizes in the meta-analysis were mistakenly calculated based on standard error (SE), rather than standard deviation (SD). The authors identified this problem for three of the 32 studies in the analysis. In addition, SE was incorrectly used in one of the original publications (Desrichard & Kopetz, 2005), and amendments have been made based on this also. A table of the recalculated data is provided in the erratum. The recalculations have minimal impact on the meta-analysis conclusions, but effect sizes calculated throughout the article needed to be updated. The meta-analysis still revealed a small-to-medium effect of age-based Stereotype threat (ABST; d= .32). Two conclusions have changed from the original moderator analyses. Journal region did not significantly moderate effect sizes of Stereotype-based studies conducted within Europe (Qbetween (1) 2.17, p .14). Thus, reassuringly, it cannot be concluded that publication region predicts effect size magnitude or that there are different expectations for effect sizes based on the journal region. Because this issue was slightly peripheral to the central questions for the analysis, the central conclusions of the article remain unaffected. Further, the meta-analysis now supports the authors' initial hypothesis that gender would moderate ABST effects ( β=.36, p< .05), whereby women may experience greater ABST effects. The online version of this article has been corrected. (The following abstract of the original article appeared in record 2015-02669-001.) Stereotype threat effects arise when an individual feels at risk of confirming a Negative Stereotype about their group and consequently underperforms on Stereotype relevant tasks (Steele, 2010). Among older people, underperformance across cognitive and physical tasks is hypothesized to result from age-based Stereotype threat (ABST) because of Negative age-Stereotypes regarding older adults' competence. The present review and meta-analyses examine 22 published and 10 unpublished articles, including 82 effect sizes (N = 3882) investigating ABST on older people's (Mage = 69.5) performance. The analysis revealed a significant small-to-medium effect of ABST (d = .28) and important moderators of the effect size. Specifically, older adults are more vulnerable to ABST when (a) Stereotype-based rather than fact-based manipulations are used (d = .52); (b) when performance is tested using cognitive measures (d = .36); and (c) occurs reliably when the dependent variable is measured proximally to the manipulation. The review raises important theoretical and methodological issues, and areas for future research. (PsycINFO Database Record
Dominic Abrams - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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a review and meta analysis of age based Stereotype threat Negative Stereotypes not facts do the damage
Psychology and Aging, 2015Co-Authors: Ruth A Lamont, Hannah J Swift, Dominic AbramsAbstract:Stereotype threat effects arise when an individual feels at risk of confirming a Negative Stereotype about their group and consequently underperforms on Stereotype relevant tasks (Steele, 2010). Among older people, underperformance across cognitive and physical tasks is hypothesized to result from age-based Stereotype threat (ABST) because of Negative age-Stereotypes regarding older adults’ competence. The present review and meta-analyses examine 22 published and 10 unpublished articles, including 82 effect sizes (N 3882) investigating ABST on older people’s (Mage 69.5) performance. The analysis revealed a significant small-to-medium effect of ABST (d .28) and important moderators of the effect size. Specifically, older adults are more vulnerable to ABST when (a) Stereotype-based rather than fact-based manipulations are used (d .52); (b) when performance is tested using cognitive measures (d .36); and (c) occurs reliably when the dependent variable is measured proximally to the manipulation. The review raises important theoretical and methodological issues, and areas for future research.
Toni Schmader - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Negative Stereotype activation alters interaction between neural correlates of arousal inhibition and cognitive control
Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience, 2012Co-Authors: Chad E Forbes, Toni Schmader, Christine L Cox, Lee RyanAbstract:Priming Negative Stereotypes of African Americans can bias perceptions toward novel Black targets, but less is known about how these perceptions ultimately arise. Examining how neural regions involved in arousal, inhibition and control covary when Negative Stereotypes are activated can provide insight into whether individuals attempt to downregulate biases. Using fMRI, White egalitarian-motivated participants were shown Black and White faces at fast (32 ms) or slow (525 ms) presentation speeds. To create a racially Negative stereotypic context, participants listened to violent and misogynistic rap (VMR) in the background. No music (NM) and death metal (DM) were used as control conditions in separate blocks. Fast exposure of Black faces elicited amygdala activation in the NM and VMR conditions (but not DM), that also Negatively covaried with activation in prefrontal regions. Only in VMR, however, did amygdala activation for Black faces persist during slow exposure and positively covary with activation in dorsolateral prefrontal cortex while Negatively covarying with activation in orbitofrontal cortex. Findings suggest that contexts that prime Negative racial Stereotypes seem to hinder the downregulation of amygdala activation that typically occurs when egalitarian perceivers are exposed to Black faces.
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threatened to distraction mind wandering as a consequence of Stereotype threat
Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 2011Co-Authors: Michael D Mrazek, Jonathan Smallwood, Jason Chin, Toni Schmader, Kimberly A HartsonAbstract:Two experiments tested the hypothesis that the threat of a Negative Stereotype increases the frequency of mind-wandering (i.e., task-unrelated thought), thereby leading to performance impairments. Study 1 demonstrated that participants anticipating a Stereotype-laden test mind-wandered more during the Sustained Attention to Response Task. Study 2 assessed mind-wandering directly using thought sampling procedures during a demanding math test. Results revealed that individuals experiencing Stereotype threat experienced more off-task thoughts, which accounted for their poorer test performance compared to a control condition. These studies highlight the important role that social forces can have on mind-wandering. More specifically, these results serve as evidence for task-unrelated thought as a novel mechanism for Stereotype threat-induced performance impairments.
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gender identification moderates Stereotype threat effects on women s math performance
Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 2002Co-Authors: Toni SchmaderAbstract:This research applies a social identity perspective to situations of Stereotype threat. It was hypothesized that individuals would be more susceptible to the performance-inhibiting effects of Stereotype threat to the extent that they are highly identified with the group to which a Negative Stereotype applies. A quasi-experimental study with male and female college students revealed that individual differences in gender identification (i.e., importance placed on gender identity) moderated the effects of gender identity relevance on women's (but not men's) math performance. When their gender identity was linked to their performance on a math test, women with higher levels of gender identification performed worse than men, but women with lower levels of gender identification performed equally to men. When gender identity was not linked to test performance, women performed equally to men regardless of the importance they placed on gender identity.
Hart Blanton - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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social identity versus reference frame comparisons the moderating role of Stereotype endorsement
Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 2002Co-Authors: Hart Blanton, Charlene Christie, Maureen DyeAbstract:Two studies tested the prediction that belief in a Negative Stereotype about an in-group will cause members to shift from viewing their in-group as a social identity to viewing it as a frame of reference. The Stereotype that was the focus of inquiry was the belief that women have less aptitude at math and spatial tasks than do men. In both studies, female participants took a test of math and spatial ability and then received social comparison information about their abilities relative to a male and a female confederate. In Study 1, participants felt enhanced when the two women outperformed the male confederate, even when this meant that the participants themselves performed worse than the other woman. If participants were first reminded of the Negative Stereotype, however, they felt best when they outperformed the other woman, even if this meant that the two women performed worse than the man. Study 2 showed that the effects of Stereotype activation were especially pronounced among female participants who showed moderate to high levels of Stereotype endorsement. These findings suggest that belief in Stereotypes about the in-group can lead to in-group comparison and contrast, even in contexts in which a group member's ability level challenges the validity of the Stereotype.
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the effects of in group versus out group social comparison on self esteem in the context of a Negative Stereotype
Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 2000Co-Authors: Hart Blanton, Jennifer Crocker, Dale T MillerAbstract:Upward comparison with members of an in-group can be both enhancing and threatening to self-esteem (Brewer & Weber, 1994). According to Tesser's (1986, 1988) self-evaluation maintenance model (SEM), the superior performance of in-group members should be threatening when comparisons are made on ability domains that are relevant to self-esteem. We argue that such comparisons will instead be enhancing if the superior other's performance challenges Negative ability Stereotypes about the group. In a laboratory experimental study, 60 African American female participants were given feedback on a bogus IQ test under conditions designed to increase the salience of Negative Stereotypes. Participants were then exposed to either upward or downward social comparison information about the performance of a White or African American female confederate. A contrast effect was observed when the confederate was White such that participants reported higher state self-esteem in the downward social comparison condition than in the upward social comparison condition. When the confederate was African American, an assimilation effect was observed such that participants reported higher state self-esteem in the upward social comparison condition than in the downward social comparison condition. These results do not appear consistent with SEM and indicate that people are at times encouraged when close others outperform them on important tasks.
Ulrich Mayr - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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a review and meta analysis of age based Stereotype threat Negative Stereotypes not facts do the damage correction to lamont swift and abrams 2015
Psychology and Aging, 2018Co-Authors: Ulrich Mayr, Elizabeth A L StinemorrowAbstract:Reports an error in "A review and meta-analysis of age-based Stereotype threat: Negative Stereotypes, not facts, do the damage" by Ruth A. Lamont, Hannah J. Swift and Dominic Abrams (Psychology and Aging, 2015[Mar], Vol 30[1], 180-193). In the article, some of the effect sizes in the meta-analysis were mistakenly calculated based on standard error (SE), rather than standard deviation (SD). The authors identified this problem for three of the 32 studies in the analysis. In addition, SE was incorrectly used in one of the original publications (Desrichard & Kopetz, 2005), and amendments have been made based on this also. A table of the recalculated data is provided in the erratum. The recalculations have minimal impact on the meta-analysis conclusions, but effect sizes calculated throughout the article needed to be updated. The meta-analysis still revealed a small-to-medium effect of age-based Stereotype threat (ABST; d= .32). Two conclusions have changed from the original moderator analyses. Journal region did not significantly moderate effect sizes of Stereotype-based studies conducted within Europe (Qbetween (1) 2.17, p .14). Thus, reassuringly, it cannot be concluded that publication region predicts effect size magnitude or that there are different expectations for effect sizes based on the journal region. Because this issue was slightly peripheral to the central questions for the analysis, the central conclusions of the article remain unaffected. Further, the meta-analysis now supports the authors' initial hypothesis that gender would moderate ABST effects ( β=.36, p< .05), whereby women may experience greater ABST effects. The online version of this article has been corrected. (The following abstract of the original article appeared in record 2015-02669-001.) Stereotype threat effects arise when an individual feels at risk of confirming a Negative Stereotype about their group and consequently underperforms on Stereotype relevant tasks (Steele, 2010). Among older people, underperformance across cognitive and physical tasks is hypothesized to result from age-based Stereotype threat (ABST) because of Negative age-Stereotypes regarding older adults' competence. The present review and meta-analyses examine 22 published and 10 unpublished articles, including 82 effect sizes (N = 3882) investigating ABST on older people's (Mage = 69.5) performance. The analysis revealed a significant small-to-medium effect of ABST (d = .28) and important moderators of the effect size. Specifically, older adults are more vulnerable to ABST when (a) Stereotype-based rather than fact-based manipulations are used (d = .52); (b) when performance is tested using cognitive measures (d = .36); and (c) occurs reliably when the dependent variable is measured proximally to the manipulation. The review raises important theoretical and methodological issues, and areas for future research. (PsycINFO Database Record
