Net Metering

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Sanya Carley - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • Emerging shadows in national solar policy? Nevada’s Net Metering transition in context
    The Electricity Journal, 2017
    Co-Authors: Lincoln L. Davies, Sanya Carley
    Abstract:

    Abstract Nevada’s recent overhaul of its Net energy Metering policy, which instituted a new Net billing program in its place, underscores two key insights. First, decisions about whether Net Metering should continue separate from the design of a given program. From an institutional perspective, legislatures are best equipped to answer the first question; PUCs have comparative expertise on the second. Further, as Net Metering policies are likely to become more diverse across states over time, it is critical to maximize policy stability by using—rather than abdicating—grandfathering for existing customers.

  • emerging shadows in national solar policy nevada s Net Metering transition in context
    The Electricity Journal, 2017
    Co-Authors: Lincoln L. Davies, Sanya Carley
    Abstract:

    Abstract Nevada’s recent overhaul of its Net energy Metering policy, which instituted a new Net billing program in its place, underscores two key insights. First, decisions about whether Net Metering should continue separate from the design of a given program. From an institutional perspective, legislatures are best equipped to answer the first question; PUCs have comparative expertise on the second. Further, as Net Metering policies are likely to become more diverse across states over time, it is critical to maximize policy stability by using—rather than abdicating—grandfathering for existing customers.

  • Emerging Shadows in National Solar Policy? Nevada's Net Metering Transition in Context
    SSRN Electronic Journal, 2016
    Co-Authors: Lincoln L. Davies, Sanya Carley
    Abstract:

    Nevada recently overhauled its Net energy Metering policy, and instituted a new Net billing program in its place. Nevada’s decision received significant attention across the nation, and raised the question whether other states will follow suit. This article reviews the process and decisions in Nevada that led to these policy changes, and puts Nevada’s experience in the context of national solar industry and Net Metering policy trends. Observing that pressure to change Net Metering policies is likely to increase across the U.S., the article concludes with insights that other states can glean from Nevada’s experience.

Lincoln L. Davies - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • Emerging shadows in national solar policy? Nevada’s Net Metering transition in context
    The Electricity Journal, 2017
    Co-Authors: Lincoln L. Davies, Sanya Carley
    Abstract:

    Abstract Nevada’s recent overhaul of its Net energy Metering policy, which instituted a new Net billing program in its place, underscores two key insights. First, decisions about whether Net Metering should continue separate from the design of a given program. From an institutional perspective, legislatures are best equipped to answer the first question; PUCs have comparative expertise on the second. Further, as Net Metering policies are likely to become more diverse across states over time, it is critical to maximize policy stability by using—rather than abdicating—grandfathering for existing customers.

  • emerging shadows in national solar policy nevada s Net Metering transition in context
    The Electricity Journal, 2017
    Co-Authors: Lincoln L. Davies, Sanya Carley
    Abstract:

    Abstract Nevada’s recent overhaul of its Net energy Metering policy, which instituted a new Net billing program in its place, underscores two key insights. First, decisions about whether Net Metering should continue separate from the design of a given program. From an institutional perspective, legislatures are best equipped to answer the first question; PUCs have comparative expertise on the second. Further, as Net Metering policies are likely to become more diverse across states over time, it is critical to maximize policy stability by using—rather than abdicating—grandfathering for existing customers.

  • Emerging Shadows in National Solar Policy? Nevada's Net Metering Transition in Context
    SSRN Electronic Journal, 2016
    Co-Authors: Lincoln L. Davies, Sanya Carley
    Abstract:

    Nevada recently overhauled its Net energy Metering policy, and instituted a new Net billing program in its place. Nevada’s decision received significant attention across the nation, and raised the question whether other states will follow suit. This article reviews the process and decisions in Nevada that led to these policy changes, and puts Nevada’s experience in the context of national solar industry and Net Metering policy trends. Observing that pressure to change Net Metering policies is likely to increase across the U.S., the article concludes with insights that other states can glean from Nevada’s experience.

George E. Georghiou - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • configuring residential pv Net Metering policies a focus on the mediterranean region
    Renewable Energy, 2017
    Co-Authors: Ioannis Koumparou, Grigoris Papagiannis, Georgios C. Christoforidis, Venizelos Efthymiou, George E. Georghiou
    Abstract:

    Abstract Several parts of the Mediterranean basin are experiencing grid parity nowadays, which is a sign that Photovoltaic (PV) technology has become competitive to conventional energy sources and may continue to develop without support. The Net-Metering policy takes advantage of the grid parity situation and is considered a step away from fading Feed-in Tariff schemes. Nevertheless, several policy variations make the decision about a specific Net-Metering scheme a complicated task. Therefore, the aim of this paper that deals with residential PV systems is two-fold. The first aim is to present a methodology that identifies the appropriate general Net-Metering scheme given the particularities and local conditions. The second goal is to examine the parity situation and compose Net-Metering policy recommendations in 6 Mediterranean countries. The current Net-Metering policy in Cyprus, which sets a grid charge on PV prosumers, is used as a case study under 3 scenarios. The first simulates the current policy in Cyprus, the second simulates self-consumption and different partial-Netting schemes, and the third a partial-Netting scheme with variable Netted Network charges. The results reveal that partial-Netting policies with shorter timeframes of rolling credits and higher grid charges offer advantages that can be utilized for effective Net-Metering policies.

  • Configuring residential PV Net-Metering policies – a focus on the Mediterranean region
    Renewable Energy, 2017
    Co-Authors: Ioannis Koumparou, Grigoris Papagiannis, Georgios C. Christoforidis, Venizelos Efthymiou, George E. Georghiou
    Abstract:

    Abstract Several parts of the Mediterranean basin are experiencing grid parity nowadays, which is a sign that Photovoltaic (PV) technology has become competitive to conventional energy sources and may continue to develop without support. The Net-Metering policy takes advantage of the grid parity situation and is considered a step away from fading Feed-in Tariff schemes. Nevertheless, several policy variations make the decision about a specific Net-Metering scheme a complicated task. Therefore, the aim of this paper that deals with residential PV systems is two-fold. The first aim is to present a methodology that identifies the appropriate general Net-Metering scheme given the particularities and local conditions. The second goal is to examine the parity situation and compose Net-Metering policy recommendations in 6 Mediterranean countries. The current Net-Metering policy in Cyprus, which sets a grid charge on PV prosumers, is used as a case study under 3 scenarios. The first simulates the current policy in Cyprus, the second simulates self-consumption and different partial-Netting schemes, and the third a partial-Netting scheme with variable Netted Network charges. The results reveal that partial-Netting policies with shorter timeframes of rolling credits and higher grid charges offer advantages that can be utilized for effective Net-Metering policies.

  • Project PV-Net: Promotion of photovoltaic energy through Net Metering optimization
    Przegląd Elektrotechniczny, 2015
    Co-Authors: P. Virtič, Grigoris Papagiannis, Georgios C. Christoforidis, Ioannis Koumparou, P. Mrak, M. Hadjipanayi, George E. Georghiou
    Abstract:

    The project "Promotion of photovoltaic (PV) energy through Net Metering optimization" with the acronym PV-Net is a new technology project which can contribute to the goals of the EU strategy on "Climate change and energy". The data and experiences gained through the project are used to build typical end users consumption patterns for the development of a transnational optimal Net Metering mode, to improve understanding of the impact of local conditions on energy consumption/generation profiles. Streszczenie. Prezentowany w artykule projekt badawczy "Projekt PV-Net: promocja energii fotowoltaicznej poprzez optymalizacje pomiarow sieciowych" jest nowym projektem technicznym, bedącym wkladem w strategie unijną "Zmiana klimatu i energia". Dane i doświadczenie uzyskane w projekcie są uzywane w budowie wzorcow konsumpcji koncowych uzytkownikow. Ma to sluzyc rozwojowi optymalnej, miedzypanstwowej sieci pomiarowej oraz poprawic rozumienie wplywu warunkow lokalnych na relacje konsumowanej i generowanej energii. (Projekt PV-Net: promocja energii fotowoltaicznej poprzez optymalizacje pomiarow sieciowych)

  • Investigating Net-Metering variant policies: The case of Greece
    2015 IEEE 15th International Conference on Environment and Electrical Engineering (EEEIC), 2015
    Co-Authors: Georgios C. Christoforidis, Grigoris Papagiannis, Maria Hatzipanayi, Ioannis P. Panapakidis, Theofilos A. Papadopoulos, Ioannis Koumparou, George E. Georghiou
    Abstract:

    Net-Metering is an alternative mechanism to Feedin-Tariffs (FiT) for the promotion of small scale Photovoltaics (PV) generation, especially in the residential sector. Regarding the EU countries Net-Metering applications are relatively limited, but due to the interest of many parties, Net-Metering is expected to hold an active role in the coming years. This work focuses on the economic evaluation of a series of Net-Metering policies from a prosumer bill saving perspective in Greece. In addition to using the four-months billing period approach already existing in Greece, this study also considers scenarios referring to hourlybased Netting. The hourly excess electricity is compensated with the system marginal price. This approach aids on the detailed assessment of the PV generation capacity on an hourly basis. Also, it allows the prosumer to form a specific load management strategy. The results show that even an hourly Netting policy can be attractive to investors under certain conditions, thus creating a win-win situation for both DSO's and investors

  • Assessing policies for photovoltaic Net-Metering in Greece
    MedPower 2014, 2014
    Co-Authors: Georgios C. Christoforidis, Andreas Chrysochos, Grigoris Papagiannis, Ioannis P. Panapakidis, Ioannis Koumparou, Theofiios A. Papadopouios, George E. Georghiou
    Abstract:

    Aim of this work is to investigate various options for effectively introducing Net-Metering in residential Photovoltaic (PV) installations in Greece. Net-Metering is considered as an ideal policy for keeping the PV market alive, at least until storage systems become competitive without subsidies. However, this policy has been adopted in numerous forms and variations throughout the world, which necessitates a careful study before its adoption in a certain country/region. Policy makers should seek the equilibrium between keeping such investment alluring to investors but at the same time not endangering the profits and interests of grid operators. A project titled “Promotion of PV energy through Net Metering optimization”, funded by the European Territorial Cooperation programme MED aims to investigate the various policies that may be applied in the Mediterranean area and to provide policy makers with useful information and guidance. This paper focuses on the Greek case, where the PV market has almost collapsed after a notable increase the previous years. The application of certain policies in various regions in Greece is examined in a technoeconomical way, leading to results that may be useful both for policy makers and prospective investors.

Naim Darghouth - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • Net Metering and market feedback loops exploring the impact of retail rate design on distributed pv deployment
    Applied Energy, 2016
    Co-Authors: Naim Darghouth, Galen Barbose, Ryan Wiser, Andrew Mills
    Abstract:

    The substantial increase in deployment of customer-sited solar photovoltaics (PV) in the United States has been driven by a combination of steeply declining costs, financing innovations, and supportive policies. Among those supportive policies is Net Metering, which in most states effectively allows customers to receive compensation for distributed PV generation at the full retail electricity price. The current design of retail electricity rates and the presence of Net Metering have elicited concerns that the possible under-recovery of fixed utility costs from PV system owners may lead to a feedback loop of increasing retail prices that accelerate PV adoption and further rate increases. However, a separate and opposing feedback loop could offset this effect: increased PV deployment may lead to a shift in the timing of peak-period electricity prices that could reduce the bill savings received under Net Metering where time-varying retail electricity rates are used, thereby dampening further PV adoption. In this paper, we examine the impacts of these two competing feedback dynamics on U.S. distributed PV deployment through 2050 for both residential and commercial customers, across states. Our results indicate that, at the aggregate national level, the two feedback effects nearly offset one another and therefore produce a modest Net effect, although their magnitude and direction vary by customer segment and by state. We also model aggregate PV deployment trends under various rate designs and Net-Metering rules, accounting for feedback dynamics. Our results demonstrate that future adoption of distributed PV is highly sensitive to retail rate structures. Whereas flat, time-invariant rates with Net Metering lead to higher aggregate national deployment levels than the current mix of rate structures (+5% in 2050), rate structures with higher monthly fixed customer charges or PV compensation at levels lower than the full retail rate can dramatically erode aggregate customer adoption of PV (from −14% to −61%, depending on the design). Moving towards time-varying rates, on the other hand, accelerates near- and medium-term deployment (through 2030) but slows adoption in the longer term (−22% in 2050).

  • Uncertainties in the Value of Bill Savings from Behind-the-Meter, Residential Photovoltaic Systems: The Roles of Electricity Market Conditions, Retail Rate Design, and Net Metering
    2013
    Co-Authors: Naim Darghouth
    Abstract:

    Net Metering has become a widespread policy mechanism in the U.S. for supporting customer adoption of distributed photovoltaics (PV), allowing customers with PV systems to reduce their electric bills by offsetting their consumption with PV generation, independent of the timing of the generation relative to consumption. Although Net Metering is one of the principal drivers for the residential PV market in the U.S., the academic literature on this policy has been sparse and this dissertation contributes to this emerging body of literature.This dissertation explores the linkages between the availability of Net Metering, wholesale electricity market conditions, retail rates, and the residential bill savings from behind-the-meter PV systems. First, I examine the value of the bill savings that customers receive under Net Metering and alternatives to Net Metering, and the associated role of retail rate design, based on current rates and a sample of approximately two hundred residential customers of California's two largest electric utilities. I find that the bill savings per kWh of PV electricity generated varies greatly, largely attributable to the increasing block structure of the California utilities' residential retail rates. I also find that Net Metering provides significantly greater bill savings than alternative compensation mechanisms based on avoided costs. However, retail electricity rates may shift as wholesale electricity market conditions change. I then investigate a potential change in market conditions - increased solar PV peNetrations - on wholesale prices in the short-term based on the merit-order effect. This demonstrates the potential price effects of changes in market conditions, but also points to a number of methodological shortcomings of this method, motivating my usage of a long-term capacity investment and economic dispatch model to examine wholesale price effects of various wholesale market scenarios in the subsequent analysis. By developing three types of retail rates (a flat rate, a time-of-use rate, and real-time pricing) from these wholesale price profiles, I examine bill savings from PV generation for the ten wholesale market scenarios under Net Metering and an alternative to Net Metering where hourly excess PV generation is compensated at the wholesale price. Most generally, I challenge the common assertion that PV compensation is likely to stay constant (or rise) due to constant (or rising) retail rates, and find that future electricity market scenarios can drive substantial changes in residential retail rates and that these changes, in concert with variations in retail rate structures and PV compensation mechanisms, interact to place substantial uncertainty on the future value of bill savings from residential PV.

  • the impact of rate design and Net Metering on the bill savings from distributed pv for residential customers in california
    Energy Policy, 2011
    Co-Authors: Naim Darghouth, Galen Barbose, Ryan Wiser
    Abstract:

    Net Metering has become a widespread mechanism in the U.S. for supporting customer adoption of distributed photovoltaics (PV), but has faced challenges as PV installations grow to a larger share of generation in a number of states. This paper examines the value of the bill savings that customers receive under Net Metering, and the associated role of retail rate design, based on a sample of approximately two hundred residential customers of California's two largest electric utilities. We find that the bill savings per kWh of PV electricity generated varies by more than a factor of four across the customers in the sample, which is largely attributable to the inclining block structure of the utilities' residential retail rates. We also compare the bill savings under Net Metering to that received under three potential alternative compensation mechanisms, based on California's Market Price Referent (MPR). We find that Net Metering provides significantly greater bill savings than a full MPR-based feed-in tariff, but only modestly greater savings than alternative mechanisms under which hourly or monthly Net excess generation is compensated at the MPR rate.

  • The Economic Value of PV and Net Metering to Residential Customers in California
    Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 2010
    Co-Authors: Naim Darghouth
    Abstract:

    LBNL-XXXX E RNEST O RLANDO L AWRENCE B ERKELEY N ATIONAL L ABORATORY The Economic Value of PV and Net Metering to Residential Customers in California Naim Darghouth, Galen Barbose, Ryan Wiser Environmental Energy Technologies Division April 2010 Conference paper published in the SOLAR 2010 Conference Proceedings, for the American Solar Energy Society (ASES) National Solar Conference, Phoenix, AZ, May 17-22, 2010 This work was supported by the Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy (Solar Energy Technologies Program) and the Office of Electricity Delivery and Energy Reliability (Permitting, Siting, and Analysis Division) of the U.S. Department of Energy under Contract No. DE-AC02-05CH11231.

Hongyang Zou - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • assessing the effectiveness of china s Net Metering subsidies for household distributed photovoltaic systems
    Journal of Cleaner Production, 2020
    Co-Authors: Xinyu Jia, Hongyang Zou
    Abstract:

    Abstract Consumer incentives play a vital role in promoting the adoption of renewable energy technology. In China, the government implemented a single, nation-wide Net-Metering subsidy to cultivate the distributed photovoltaic electricity generation market in 2013 and then had to reduce it twice due to the falling cost of photovoltaic modules and the large resultant financial gap. The aim of this study was to evaluate whether these subsidy adjustments were accurate, and also to identify the factors affecting the subsidy design. We applied a techno-economic evaluation to examine the actual market performance of China’s household distributed photovoltaic system in five typical cities with different levels of solar radiation and electricity consumption patterns, and then investigated the subsidy policy’s effectiveness through a cost-benefit analysis. The results show that a 3–7 kW photovoltaic capacity in different regions of solar radiation can meet the residential electricity demand. We found that the examination of Net-Metering effectiveness should consider both regional difference in solar radiation and the different levels of electricity demand. Additionally, the cost-benefit analysis also indicated that a reasonable, regionally differentiated Metering subsidy should be in the range of 0.05–0.27 yuan/kWh.

  • Assessing the effectiveness of China’s Net-Metering subsidies for household distributed photovoltaic systems
    Journal of Cleaner Production, 2020
    Co-Authors: Xinyu Jia, Hongyang Zou
    Abstract:

    Abstract Consumer incentives play a vital role in promoting the adoption of renewable energy technology. In China, the government implemented a single, nation-wide Net-Metering subsidy to cultivate the distributed photovoltaic electricity generation market in 2013 and then had to reduce it twice due to the falling cost of photovoltaic modules and the large resultant financial gap. The aim of this study was to evaluate whether these subsidy adjustments were accurate, and also to identify the factors affecting the subsidy design. We applied a techno-economic evaluation to examine the actual market performance of China’s household distributed photovoltaic system in five typical cities with different levels of solar radiation and electricity consumption patterns, and then investigated the subsidy policy’s effectiveness through a cost-benefit analysis. The results show that a 3–7 kW photovoltaic capacity in different regions of solar radiation can meet the residential electricity demand. We found that the examination of Net-Metering effectiveness should consider both regional difference in solar radiation and the different levels of electricity demand. Additionally, the cost-benefit analysis also indicated that a reasonable, regionally differentiated Metering subsidy should be in the range of 0.05–0.27 yuan/kWh.