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P J Beek - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Effects of sleep deprivation on Neural Functioning: an integrative review.
Cellular and molecular life sciences : CMLS, 2007Co-Authors: T W Boonstra, J F Stins, A Daffertshofer, P J BeekAbstract:Sleep deprivation has a broad variety of effects on human performance and Neural Functioning that manifest themselves at different levels of description. On a macroscopic level, sleep deprivation mainly affects executive functions, especially in novel tasks. Macroscopic and mesoscopic effects of sleep deprivation on brain activity include reduced cortical responsiveness to incoming stimuli, reflecting reduced attention. On a microscopic level, sleep deprivation is associated with increased levels of adenosine, a neuromodulator that has a general inhibitory effect on Neural activity. The inhibition of cholinergic nuclei appears particularly relevant, as the associated decrease in cortical acetylcholine seems to cause effects of sleep deprivation on macroscopic brain activity. In general, however, the relationships between the Neural effects of sleep deprivation across observation scales are poorly understood and uncovering these relationships should be a primary target in future research.
William D S Killgore - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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rested baseline responsivity of the ventral striatum is associated with caloric and macronutrient intake during one night of sleep deprivation
Frontiers in Psychiatry, 2019Co-Authors: Brieann C Satterfield, Adam C Raikes, William D S KillgoreAbstract:Background: Sleep loss contributes to obesity through a variety of mechanisms, including neuroendocrine Functioning, increased hunger, and increased food intake. Additionally, sleep loss alters functional activation within brain regions associated with reward and behavioral control. However, it remains unknown whether individual differences in baseline Neural Functioning can predict eating behaviors during total sleep deprivation (TSD). We used functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to test the hypothesis that individuals with increased baseline responsiveness within reward regions are more vulnerable to TSD-induced overeating. Methods: N=45 subjects completed several fMRI scans during a single pre-TSD session that included performance on the Multi-Source Interference Task (MSIT) and the n-back task. Subjects returned to the laboratory for an overnight TSD session, during which they were given ad libitum access to 10,900 kcal of food. Leftover food and packaging were collected every 6 hours (00:00, 06:00, 12:00) to measure total food consumption. Subjects reported sleepiness every hour and performed a food rating task every 3 hours. Results: Functional activation within the ventral striatum during the MSIT and n-back was positively correlated with total caloric and carbohydrate intake during the final 6 hours (06:00–12:00) of TSD. Activation within the middle and superior temporal gyri during the MSIT also correlated with total carbohydrates consumed. Food consumption was not correlated with subjective sleepiness, hunger, or food desire. Conclusions: Individual differences in Neural activity of reward processing areas (i.e., nucleus accumbens) prior to sleep deprivation is associated with an individual’s propensity to overeat during subsequent sleep deprivation. This suggests that individual differences within reward processing pathways are potential key factors in sleep loss related overeating. Sleep loss and obesity are tightly linked. Both phenomena have been associated with increased Neural activation in regions associated with reward, inhibitory control, and disrupted dopamine signaling. Elevated baseline reward sensitivity in the ventral striatum appears to be further compounded by sleep deprivation induced dysfunction in the reward neurocircuitry, increasing the likelihood of overeating. Our findings suggest that large individual differences in baseline responsiveness of hedonic reward pathways may modulate the association between sleep loss and obesity.
T W Boonstra - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Effects of sleep deprivation on Neural Functioning: an integrative review.
Cellular and molecular life sciences : CMLS, 2007Co-Authors: T W Boonstra, J F Stins, A Daffertshofer, P J BeekAbstract:Sleep deprivation has a broad variety of effects on human performance and Neural Functioning that manifest themselves at different levels of description. On a macroscopic level, sleep deprivation mainly affects executive functions, especially in novel tasks. Macroscopic and mesoscopic effects of sleep deprivation on brain activity include reduced cortical responsiveness to incoming stimuli, reflecting reduced attention. On a microscopic level, sleep deprivation is associated with increased levels of adenosine, a neuromodulator that has a general inhibitory effect on Neural activity. The inhibition of cholinergic nuclei appears particularly relevant, as the associated decrease in cortical acetylcholine seems to cause effects of sleep deprivation on macroscopic brain activity. In general, however, the relationships between the Neural effects of sleep deprivation across observation scales are poorly understood and uncovering these relationships should be a primary target in future research.
Christine I Hooker - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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the Neural basis of theory of mind and its relationship to social Functioning and social anhedonia in individuals with schizophrenia
NeuroImage: Clinical, 2014Co-Authors: David Dodellfeder, Laura M Tully, Sarah Hope Lincoln, Christine I HookerAbstract:Theory of mind (ToM), the ability to attribute and reason about the mental states of others, is a strong determinant of social Functioning among individuals with schizophrenia. Identifying the Neural bases of ToM and their relationship to social Functioning may elucidate functionally relevant neurobiological targets for intervention. ToM ability may additionally account for other social phenomena that affect social Functioning, such as social anhedonia (SocAnh). Given recent research in schizophrenia demonstrating improved Neural Functioning in response to increased use of cognitive skills, it is possible that SocAnh, which decreases one's opportunity to engage in ToM, could compromise social Functioning through its deleterious effect on ToM-related Neural circuitry. Here, twenty individuals with schizophrenia and 18 healthy controls underwent fMRI while performing the False-Belief Task. Aspects of social Functioning were assessed using multiple methods including self-report (Interpersonal Reactivity Index, Social Adjustment Scale), clinician-ratings (Global Functioning Social Scale), and performance-based tasks (MSCEIT—Managing Emotions). SocAnh was measured with the Revised Social Anhedonia Scale. Region-of-interest and whole-brain analyses revealed reduced recruitment of medial prefrontal cortex (MPFC) for ToM in individuals with schizophrenia. Across all participants, activity in this region correlated with most social variables. Mediation analysis revealed that Neural activity for ToM in MPFC accounted for the relationship between SocAnh and social Functioning. These findings demonstrate that reduced recruitment of MPFC for ToM is an important neurobiological determinant of social Functioning. Furthermore, SocAhn may affect social Functioning through its impact on ToM-related Neural circuitry. Together, these findings suggest ToM ability as an important locus for intervention.
Miriam Legare - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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The use of general systems theory as metatheory for developing and evaluating theories in the neurosciences
Systems Research and Behavioral Science, 2007Co-Authors: Miriam LegareAbstract:The general designations of Neural systems and their levels of organization as presently applied in the neurosciences are described as being at variance with rigorous systems thinking. It is proposed that the rule-driven use of systems terminology and hierarchies would facilitate investigations of Neural Functioning in the natural case. General systems theory with its major propositions for hierarchical organization, open systems, and equifinality, is presented as providing the guidelines for developing systems-type theories for neuroscience investigations. General systems theory as met-atheory is also used to evaluate hierarchies and systems designations in the neurosciences as these concepts are now applied in theories, models, and research. The meta-theory is comprised of three sets of rules: (1) the criteria for hierarchies; (2) the properties of the open biological system; (3) the criteria for the final conditions of open biological systems. The notion of the discovery of Neural systems is contrasted with the apparent design of systems as frequently practiced by neuroscientists. The metatheory is summarized as directions for developing theories and as questions directed toward any neuroscience theory proposing levels of organization and systems.