Oat Hulls

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G G Mateos - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • influence of body weight at hatching and inclusion of Oat Hulls in the diet on growth performance and digestive tract traits of brown egg laying pullets from 0 to 16 wk of age
    Poultry Science Association 104th Annual Meeting Abstracts | 2015 PSA Annual Meeting | 27 07 2015-30 07 2015 | Kentucky, 2015
    Co-Authors: Sara M Rodado, B Saldana, P Guzman, Husham Abdulsattar Dawood, Raul Rodriguez, Lourdes Camara Garcia, G G Mateos
    Abstract:

    The influence of pre-incubated weight of eggs (EW) laid by 24 wk-old brown layer breeders and the inclusion (wt:wt) of 3% Oat Hulls (OH) in the diet on growth performance and gastrointestinal tract (GIT) traits were studied in pullets reared under stressful conditions from hatching to 16 wk of age. The initial BW of the pullets resulting from these eggs was of 29.9 and 38.2 g for the 2 extreme groups. The stress applied consisted in using a prolonged (8 h) transport time from the hatchery to the experimental facility, reducing barn temperature at night from placement to 7 d of age, and late beak trimming of the pullets (18 d). Growth performance, pullet uniformity, and GIT traits were measured by period (0 to 5 wk, 5 to 10 wk, and 10 to 16 wk of age) and cumulatively. Data were analyzed as a completely randomized design with treatments organized as a 7 × 2 factorial, with 7 groups of pullets that differed on pre-hatched EW (47 to 54 g with 1 g difference between groups) and 2 levels of OH inclusion (0 vs. 3%). Effects of EW on the variables studied were partitioned into linear and quadratic components. The stress conditions applied affected pullet growth, with BW at 5 wk of age that were as an average 27% lower than recommended by the genetic company (269 g vs. 367 g). Neither initial EW nor OH inclusion affected any of the variables studied. In summary, EW of young breeders did not affect growth performance, BW uniformity, or GIT traits of the resulting pullets from 0 to 16 wk of age. Eggs bigger than 47 g laid by young breeders can produce high quality pullets. Pullets fed diets with 3% OH performed equally to pullets fed the control diet, suggesting that the amount of fiber can be increased during the rearing period of brown egg pullets

  • Oat Hulls and sugar beet pulp in diets for broilers 1 effects on growth performance and nutrient digestibility
    Animal Feed Science and Technology, 2013
    Co-Authors: E Jimenezmoreno, J Garcia, M Frikha, A De Cocasinova, G G Mateos
    Abstract:

    Abstract In total, 504 female broilers were used to study the effects of inclusion of Oat Hulls (OH) and sugar beet pulp (SBP) in the diet on growth performance, coefficient of total tract apparent retention (CTTAR) and coefficient of apparent ileal digestibility (CAID) of nutrients from 1 to 18 days (d) of age. A control diet based on rice that contained 69 g dietary fibre (16 g crude fibre)/kg was diluted with 25, 50 and 75 g/kg of either OH or SBP. Each of the seven treatments was replicated six times (a cage with 12 chicks). Growth performance and CTTAR of nutrients were recorded at d 6, 12 and 18 and the CAID of organic matter and crude protein were determined at d 18. From d 1 to 18, fibre inclusion did not affect feed intake or body weight gain of the birds. However, feed conversion ratio was improved quadratically (Q) with OH (P

  • Oat Hulls and sugar beet pulp in diets for broilers 2 effects on the development of the gastrointestinal tract and on the structure of the jejunal mucosa
    Animal Feed Science and Technology, 2013
    Co-Authors: E Jimenezmoreno, R Lazaro, M Frikha, A De Cocasinova, G G Mateos
    Abstract:

    Abstract The effects of inclusion of Oat Hulls (OH) and sugar beet pulp (SBP) in the diet on the development of the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) were studied in broilers from 1 to 18 days (d) of age. A control diet based on rice that contained 16 g crude fibre (69 g dietary fibre)/kg was diluted with 25, 50 and 75 g of either OH or SBP/kg. Each of the seven treatments was replicated six times (a cage with 12 chicks). The weight of the digestive organs and the pH of the digesta contents were recorded at d 6, 12 and 18, and the jejunal morphology at d 12 and 18. The inclusion of a fibre source in the diet affected in different ways the development of the organs of the GIT. The relative weight of the GIT with digesta contents (g/kg body weight, BW) increased linearly (L; P≤0.001) as the level of fibre in the diet increased. The weight of the pancreas increased (L; P≤0.01 at d 6 and 12, and P

  • effects of the inclusion of Oat Hulls or sugar beet pulp in the diet on gizzard characteristics apparent ileal digestibility of nutrients and microbial count in the ceca in 36 day old broilers reared on floor
    Proceedings of 100th Annual Meeting Poultry Science Association | 100 th Annual Meeting Poultry Science Association | 16 07 2011 - 19 07 2011 | St. Lo, 2011
    Co-Authors: Jimenez E Moreno, M Frikha, Carmen M Romero, J D Berrocoso, G G Mateos
    Abstract:

    The effects of the inclusion of Oat Hulls (OH) and sugar beet pulp (SBP) in the diet on gizzard characteristics, apparent ileal nutrient digestibility (AID), and Clostridium perfringens, Enterobacteriaceae, and Lactobacillus proliferation in the ceca were studied in 36 d?old broilers. There were a control diet with a low CF content (1.61%) and 2 additional diets that resulted from the dilution of this feed with 5% of either OH or SBP.

  • effect of inclusion of Oat Hulls and sugar beet pulp in the diet on productive performance and digestive traits of broilers from 1 to 42 days of age
    Animal Feed Science and Technology, 2010
    Co-Authors: J M Gonzalezalvarado, R Lazaro, E Jimenezmoreno, D Gonzalezsanchez, G G Mateos
    Abstract:

    The effects of the inclusion of additional fibre in the diet on growth performance and digestive traits were studied in broilers from 1 to 42 days of age. There were three diets: a control diet based on rice, soy protein concentrate and fish meal with a crude fibre content of 15 g/kg and two additional diets that included 30 g of either Oat Hulls (OH) or sugar beet pulp (SBP)/kg. Nitrogen retention and the coefficients of total tract apparent digestibility (CTTAD) of nutrients were determined at 32 days and the relative weight (RW; g/kg body weight) of the gastrointestinal tract and the yield in primal cuts of the carcass were measured at 42 days of age. In addition, growth performance was measured from 1 to 42 days. For the entire experimental period, broilers fed OH had higher (P≤0.01) body weight gain (BWG) and better (P≤0.01) feed to gain ratio (FCR) than broilers fed SBP or the control diet. From 1 to 10 days of age, OH inclusion improved (P≤0.01) BWG and FCR as compared with the control diet. Also, SBP improved FCR in this period but the effects disappeared with age. In fact, from 25 to 42 days of age, SBP inclusion reduced (P≤0.05) feed intake with respect to the control diet and feed intake (P≤0.05) and BWG (P≤0.001) with respect to the OH diet. The RW of the gastrointestinal tract was higher (P≤0.05) with the SBP than with the control diet with the OH diet being intermediate. Also, the RW of the gizzard increased (P≤0.001) with dietary fibre inclusion and the effects were more pronounced (P≤0.05) with OH than with SBP. The digesta content of the gizzard increased (P≤0.001) with fibre inclusion and the effects were more pronounced with SBP than with OH. Leg quarters and breast yields were not affected by dietary treatment. Fibre inclusion increased (P≤0.01) the CTTAD of all nutrients and the metabolisable energy content of the diet. The improvement in CTTAD observed for dry matter and nitrogen was more pronounced (P≤0.01) for OH than for SBP. We conclude that the inclusion of OH in the diet improves growth performance at all ages in broilers fed low fibre diets. Also, SBP inclusion improves growth performance from 1 to 10 days of age but not thereafter. The CTTAD of nutrients were improved by fibre inclusion and the benefits were more pronounced with OH than with SBP.

D A Christensen - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • improving the nutritional value of Oat Hulls for ruminant animals with pretreatment of a multienzyme cocktail in vitro studies
    Journal of Animal Science, 2005
    Co-Authors: Peiqiang Yu, J J Mckinnon, D A Christensen
    Abstract:

    : Relatively high amounts of hydroxycinnamic acid in Oat Hulls, mainly ferulic acid, are believed to be inhibitory to digestion by ruminal microorganisms. Ferulic acid is produced via the phenylpropanoid biosynthetic pathway and covalently cross-linked to polysaccharides by ester bonds and to components of lignin, mainly by ether bonds. Ferulic acid also forms dimers or trimers. As a result, polysaccharides become extensively cross-linked by ferulate dimerization or trimerization and incorporation into lignin. Previous studies have shown that Aspergillus ferulic acid esterase and Trichoderma xylanase act synergistically to release ferulic acid from feruloyl-polysaccharides in complex plant cell walls of Oat Hulls. This activity opens the remainder of the polysaccharides to further hydrolytic attack and facilitates the accessibility of the main polysaccharide chain to cellulase, thereby increasing the release of reducing sugars. In Exp. 1, the best multienzyme cocktail (ferulic acid esterase, xylanase, cellulase, endo-glucanase [I, II], and beta-glucanase) was developed using an orthogonal experimental design, L25 (5(6)), where L = orthogonal table; 6 = factors; 5 = five levels of each; and 25 = experimental number, for further in situ and/or in vivo study. In Exp. 2, in vitro biodegradation studies with a 3 x 2 x 4 factorial arrangement of treatments were used to evaluate the responses of three feedstuffs, Oat Hulls or standard references (wheat straw and alfalfa hay), two particle sizes (1 mm and 250 microm), and four in vitro incubation treatments with the best multienzyme cocktail developed in Exp. 1. Addition of the multienzyme cocktail to the forages improved (P wheat straw (+5% unit) > alfalfa (+2% unit). This multi-enzyme cocktail seems best suited for Oat Hulls containing feruloyl ester bonds. In conclusion, data from this study suggest that the addition of the multienzyme cocktail to poorly digestible feeds before feeding enhanced degradation of DM.

  • the specificity and the ability of aspergillus feruloyl esterase to release p coumaric acid from complex cell walls of Oat Hulls
    Journal of Chemical Technology & Biotechnology, 2004
    Co-Authors: Peiqiang Yu, J J Mckinnon, David D Maenz, V J Racz, D A Christensen
    Abstract:

    p-Coumaric acid (4-hydroxycinnamic) and ferulic acid (4-hydroxy-3-methoxycinnamic), two major hydroxycinnamic acids found in the complex cell walls of Oat Hulls, act as cross-linking agents between lignin and polysaccharides or between polysaccharides. As such, they are inhibitory to the biodegradation of cell walls by microorganisms. A previous study showed that Aspergillus feruloyl esterase with Trichoderma xylanase was able to break the ester linkage between ferulic acid and the attached sugar, releasing ferulic acid from the cell wall. The objective of this study was to investigate the specificity and the ability of Aspergillus feruloyl esterase to release p-coumaric acid from Oat Hulls. The results show there was no extensive release of p-coumaric acid in both the absence and presence of Trichoderma xylanase by Aspergillus feruloyl esterase. This indicates a specificity of Aspergillus feruloyl esterase, which is more active only on esters of certain hydroxycinnamic acids; in this case, Aspergillus feruloyl esterase will only sufficiently break the ester-linked feruloyl group but not the p-coumaroyl group in the complex cell walls of Oat Hulls. Copyright © 2004 Society of Chemical Industry

  • Structural characterization of low lignin (AC Assinobia) and high lignin (Normal) of Oat Hulls by Diffuse-Reflectance Fourier Transform Vibrational Infrared Spectroscopic analysis
    Proceedings of the British Society of Animal Science, 2003
    Co-Authors: P. Yu, J J Mckinnon, D A Christensen
    Abstract:

    Oat Hulls are a byproduct of the Oat processing industry. Nutritionally, Oat Hulls are high in fiber, low in protein and are comparable to cereal straw as a feedstuff. As such, they are only suitable for ruminant feed. Due to the large supply, it is economically important to improve the nutritional qualities of this byproduct. Oat Hulls contain hydroxycinnamic acids, which are covalently cross-linked to polysaccharides by ester bonds and to components of lignin mainly by ether bonds. These cross-links are a barrier to biodegradation and limit cell-wall degradability by rumen microorganisms. It is believed that these hydroxycinamic acids are among the factors most inhibitory to the biodegradability of plant cell wall polysaccharides.

  • enzymic release of reducing sugars from Oat Hulls by cellulase as influenced by aspergillus ferulic acid esterase and trichoderma xylanase
    Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 2003
    Co-Authors: Peiqiang Yu, J J Mckinnon, David D Maenz, V J Racz, Andrzej A Olkowski, D A Christensen
    Abstract:

    Hydroxycinnamic acids, mainly ferulic and p-coumaric acids, are believed to be inhibitory to ruminal biodegradability of complex cell wall materials such as Oat Hulls. Previous studies have shown that a novel enzyme, Aspergillus ferulic acid esterase, and Trichoderma xylanase act synergistically to break the ester linkage between ferulic acid and the attached sugar of feruloyl polysaccharides, releasing ferulic acid from Oat Hulls. In this paper, we examined the enzymic release of reducing sugars from Oat Hulls by the actions of individual enzymes (Aspergillus ferulic acid esterase at 13 mU, 6.4 U, and 4678.4 U/assay; cellulase at 20 levels, ranging from 7.8 mU to 2772.7 U/assay; Trichoderma xylanase at 20 levels, ranging from 7.8 mU to 4096 U/assay) and by the combined action of cellulase at six levels (62.5 mU, 2 U, 16 U, 128 U, 1024 U, and 2772.7 U/assay), Aspergillus ferulic acid esterase at 13 mU/assay, and Trichoderma xylanase at two levels (1 U and 256 U/assay). The amount of total acid-extractable...

  • the interactive effects of enriched sources of aspergillus ferulic acid esterase and trichoderma xylanase on the quantitative release of hydroxycinnamic acids from Oat Hulls
    Canadian Journal of Animal Science, 2002
    Co-Authors: Peiqiang Yu, J J Mckinnon, David D Maenz, V J Racz, D A Christensen
    Abstract:

    Oat Hulls contain relatively high amounts of hydroxycinnamic acids, mainly ferulic (4-hydroxy-3-methoxycinnamic) and p-coumaric acids (4-hydroxy-cinnamic), which are inhibitory to cell wall biodegradability by rumen microorganisms. In this paper, a study of the interactive effects of enriched sources of Aspergillus ferulic acid esterase (A-FAE) and Trichoderma xylanase (T-XYL) at different levels on the quantitative release of ferulic acid and p-coumaric acid from Oat Hulls was carried out. The results show that relative to A-FAE alone, the combined action of A-FAE and T-XYL was superior in causing the release of ferulic acid [up to 41.0% (± 2.1%)], indicating that T-XYL is important in acting with A-FAE in the degradation of feruloyl-polysaccharides of Oat Hulls. There was no effect of A-FAE alone, but a significant effect of A-FAE in combination with T-XYL on the release of p-coumaric acid from Oat Hulls. However, there was no extensive release of p-coumaric acid [(maximum release of 9.0% (± 0.7%)] by A...

Peiqiang Yu - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • improving the nutritional value of Oat Hulls for ruminant animals with pretreatment of a multienzyme cocktail in vitro studies
    Journal of Animal Science, 2005
    Co-Authors: Peiqiang Yu, J J Mckinnon, D A Christensen
    Abstract:

    : Relatively high amounts of hydroxycinnamic acid in Oat Hulls, mainly ferulic acid, are believed to be inhibitory to digestion by ruminal microorganisms. Ferulic acid is produced via the phenylpropanoid biosynthetic pathway and covalently cross-linked to polysaccharides by ester bonds and to components of lignin, mainly by ether bonds. Ferulic acid also forms dimers or trimers. As a result, polysaccharides become extensively cross-linked by ferulate dimerization or trimerization and incorporation into lignin. Previous studies have shown that Aspergillus ferulic acid esterase and Trichoderma xylanase act synergistically to release ferulic acid from feruloyl-polysaccharides in complex plant cell walls of Oat Hulls. This activity opens the remainder of the polysaccharides to further hydrolytic attack and facilitates the accessibility of the main polysaccharide chain to cellulase, thereby increasing the release of reducing sugars. In Exp. 1, the best multienzyme cocktail (ferulic acid esterase, xylanase, cellulase, endo-glucanase [I, II], and beta-glucanase) was developed using an orthogonal experimental design, L25 (5(6)), where L = orthogonal table; 6 = factors; 5 = five levels of each; and 25 = experimental number, for further in situ and/or in vivo study. In Exp. 2, in vitro biodegradation studies with a 3 x 2 x 4 factorial arrangement of treatments were used to evaluate the responses of three feedstuffs, Oat Hulls or standard references (wheat straw and alfalfa hay), two particle sizes (1 mm and 250 microm), and four in vitro incubation treatments with the best multienzyme cocktail developed in Exp. 1. Addition of the multienzyme cocktail to the forages improved (P wheat straw (+5% unit) > alfalfa (+2% unit). This multi-enzyme cocktail seems best suited for Oat Hulls containing feruloyl ester bonds. In conclusion, data from this study suggest that the addition of the multienzyme cocktail to poorly digestible feeds before feeding enhanced degradation of DM.

  • the specificity and the ability of aspergillus feruloyl esterase to release p coumaric acid from complex cell walls of Oat Hulls
    Journal of Chemical Technology & Biotechnology, 2004
    Co-Authors: Peiqiang Yu, J J Mckinnon, David D Maenz, V J Racz, D A Christensen
    Abstract:

    p-Coumaric acid (4-hydroxycinnamic) and ferulic acid (4-hydroxy-3-methoxycinnamic), two major hydroxycinnamic acids found in the complex cell walls of Oat Hulls, act as cross-linking agents between lignin and polysaccharides or between polysaccharides. As such, they are inhibitory to the biodegradation of cell walls by microorganisms. A previous study showed that Aspergillus feruloyl esterase with Trichoderma xylanase was able to break the ester linkage between ferulic acid and the attached sugar, releasing ferulic acid from the cell wall. The objective of this study was to investigate the specificity and the ability of Aspergillus feruloyl esterase to release p-coumaric acid from Oat Hulls. The results show there was no extensive release of p-coumaric acid in both the absence and presence of Trichoderma xylanase by Aspergillus feruloyl esterase. This indicates a specificity of Aspergillus feruloyl esterase, which is more active only on esters of certain hydroxycinnamic acids; in this case, Aspergillus feruloyl esterase will only sufficiently break the ester-linked feruloyl group but not the p-coumaroyl group in the complex cell walls of Oat Hulls. Copyright © 2004 Society of Chemical Industry

  • enzymic release of reducing sugars from Oat Hulls by cellulase as influenced by aspergillus ferulic acid esterase and trichoderma xylanase
    Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 2003
    Co-Authors: Peiqiang Yu, J J Mckinnon, David D Maenz, V J Racz, Andrzej A Olkowski, D A Christensen
    Abstract:

    Hydroxycinnamic acids, mainly ferulic and p-coumaric acids, are believed to be inhibitory to ruminal biodegradability of complex cell wall materials such as Oat Hulls. Previous studies have shown that a novel enzyme, Aspergillus ferulic acid esterase, and Trichoderma xylanase act synergistically to break the ester linkage between ferulic acid and the attached sugar of feruloyl polysaccharides, releasing ferulic acid from Oat Hulls. In this paper, we examined the enzymic release of reducing sugars from Oat Hulls by the actions of individual enzymes (Aspergillus ferulic acid esterase at 13 mU, 6.4 U, and 4678.4 U/assay; cellulase at 20 levels, ranging from 7.8 mU to 2772.7 U/assay; Trichoderma xylanase at 20 levels, ranging from 7.8 mU to 4096 U/assay) and by the combined action of cellulase at six levels (62.5 mU, 2 U, 16 U, 128 U, 1024 U, and 2772.7 U/assay), Aspergillus ferulic acid esterase at 13 mU/assay, and Trichoderma xylanase at two levels (1 U and 256 U/assay). The amount of total acid-extractable...

  • the interactive effects of enriched sources of aspergillus ferulic acid esterase and trichoderma xylanase on the quantitative release of hydroxycinnamic acids from Oat Hulls
    Canadian Journal of Animal Science, 2002
    Co-Authors: Peiqiang Yu, J J Mckinnon, David D Maenz, V J Racz, D A Christensen
    Abstract:

    Oat Hulls contain relatively high amounts of hydroxycinnamic acids, mainly ferulic (4-hydroxy-3-methoxycinnamic) and p-coumaric acids (4-hydroxy-cinnamic), which are inhibitory to cell wall biodegradability by rumen microorganisms. In this paper, a study of the interactive effects of enriched sources of Aspergillus ferulic acid esterase (A-FAE) and Trichoderma xylanase (T-XYL) at different levels on the quantitative release of ferulic acid and p-coumaric acid from Oat Hulls was carried out. The results show that relative to A-FAE alone, the combined action of A-FAE and T-XYL was superior in causing the release of ferulic acid [up to 41.0% (± 2.1%)], indicating that T-XYL is important in acting with A-FAE in the degradation of feruloyl-polysaccharides of Oat Hulls. There was no effect of A-FAE alone, but a significant effect of A-FAE in combination with T-XYL on the release of p-coumaric acid from Oat Hulls. However, there was no extensive release of p-coumaric acid [(maximum release of 9.0% (± 0.7%)] by A...

  • release of ferulic acid from Oat Hulls by aspergillus ferulic acid esterase and trichoderma xylanase
    Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 2002
    Co-Authors: Peiqiang Yu, J J Mckinnon, David D Maenz, V J Racz, D A Christensen
    Abstract:

    Oat Hulls, an agricultural byproduct, contain a relatively high amount of ferulic acid (FA; 4-hydroxy-3-methoxycinnamic acid), which is believed to be inhibitory to Oat hull biodegradability by rumen microorganisms. In this paper, Aspergillus ferulic acid esterase (FAE) was investigated for its ability to release FA from Oat Hulls. The objectives were to determine the effects of particle size of Oat Hulls (ground to pass through 1 mm and 250 μm screens and a 100 μm sieve) on release of FA by FAE both in the presence and in the absence of Trichoderma xylanase. The results show that the release of FA by FAE was dependent upon the particle size of Oat Hulls (≤250 μm). In the absence of Trichoderma xylanase, little FA was released by FAE. In the presence of Trichoderma xylanase, there was a significant release of FA by FAE, indicating a synergistic interaction between FAE and Trichoderma xylanase on release of FA from Oat Hulls. These results indicate that FAE is able to break the ester linkage between FA and...

J J Mckinnon - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • high fibre high lipid by product pellets containing calcium oxide treated Oat Hulls as a partial replacement for barley grain in finishing diets for beef cattle
    Canadian Journal of Animal Science, 2018
    Co-Authors: Jordan A Johnson, J J Mckinnon, Greg Penner
    Abstract:

    Two studies were conducted to evaluate the effects of treating Oat Hulls with calcium oxide (CaO) prior to inclusion in a high-lipid by-product pellet (HLP) on dry matter intake (DMI), ruminal fermentation, and total-tract digestibility (Study 1) and growth performance (Study 2). In Study 1, six ruminally cannulated heifers were used in a replicated 3 × 3 Latin square design. Study 2 used 210 steers in 21 pens in a 113 d finishing study. Dietary treatments for both studies included a barley-based control diet (CON), a diet where HLP partially replaced barley grain (NT-HLP), and a diet where HLP contained Oat Hulls treated with 7.5% CaO [dry matter (DM) basis; CaO-HLP]. For Study 1, DMI and ruminal pH were not affected. Apparent total-tract digestibility of DM and organic matter (OM) were greater (P < 0.05) for CON than NT-HLP and CaO-HLP. In Study 2, final body weight tended to be greater for NT-HLP and CaO-HLP than CON (P = 0.065). For CaO-HLP and NT-HLP, DMI was greater than CON (P < 0.01), but average ...

  • improving the nutritional value of Oat Hulls for ruminant animals with pretreatment of a multienzyme cocktail in vitro studies
    Journal of Animal Science, 2005
    Co-Authors: Peiqiang Yu, J J Mckinnon, D A Christensen
    Abstract:

    : Relatively high amounts of hydroxycinnamic acid in Oat Hulls, mainly ferulic acid, are believed to be inhibitory to digestion by ruminal microorganisms. Ferulic acid is produced via the phenylpropanoid biosynthetic pathway and covalently cross-linked to polysaccharides by ester bonds and to components of lignin, mainly by ether bonds. Ferulic acid also forms dimers or trimers. As a result, polysaccharides become extensively cross-linked by ferulate dimerization or trimerization and incorporation into lignin. Previous studies have shown that Aspergillus ferulic acid esterase and Trichoderma xylanase act synergistically to release ferulic acid from feruloyl-polysaccharides in complex plant cell walls of Oat Hulls. This activity opens the remainder of the polysaccharides to further hydrolytic attack and facilitates the accessibility of the main polysaccharide chain to cellulase, thereby increasing the release of reducing sugars. In Exp. 1, the best multienzyme cocktail (ferulic acid esterase, xylanase, cellulase, endo-glucanase [I, II], and beta-glucanase) was developed using an orthogonal experimental design, L25 (5(6)), where L = orthogonal table; 6 = factors; 5 = five levels of each; and 25 = experimental number, for further in situ and/or in vivo study. In Exp. 2, in vitro biodegradation studies with a 3 x 2 x 4 factorial arrangement of treatments were used to evaluate the responses of three feedstuffs, Oat Hulls or standard references (wheat straw and alfalfa hay), two particle sizes (1 mm and 250 microm), and four in vitro incubation treatments with the best multienzyme cocktail developed in Exp. 1. Addition of the multienzyme cocktail to the forages improved (P wheat straw (+5% unit) > alfalfa (+2% unit). This multi-enzyme cocktail seems best suited for Oat Hulls containing feruloyl ester bonds. In conclusion, data from this study suggest that the addition of the multienzyme cocktail to poorly digestible feeds before feeding enhanced degradation of DM.

  • the specificity and the ability of aspergillus feruloyl esterase to release p coumaric acid from complex cell walls of Oat Hulls
    Journal of Chemical Technology & Biotechnology, 2004
    Co-Authors: Peiqiang Yu, J J Mckinnon, David D Maenz, V J Racz, D A Christensen
    Abstract:

    p-Coumaric acid (4-hydroxycinnamic) and ferulic acid (4-hydroxy-3-methoxycinnamic), two major hydroxycinnamic acids found in the complex cell walls of Oat Hulls, act as cross-linking agents between lignin and polysaccharides or between polysaccharides. As such, they are inhibitory to the biodegradation of cell walls by microorganisms. A previous study showed that Aspergillus feruloyl esterase with Trichoderma xylanase was able to break the ester linkage between ferulic acid and the attached sugar, releasing ferulic acid from the cell wall. The objective of this study was to investigate the specificity and the ability of Aspergillus feruloyl esterase to release p-coumaric acid from Oat Hulls. The results show there was no extensive release of p-coumaric acid in both the absence and presence of Trichoderma xylanase by Aspergillus feruloyl esterase. This indicates a specificity of Aspergillus feruloyl esterase, which is more active only on esters of certain hydroxycinnamic acids; in this case, Aspergillus feruloyl esterase will only sufficiently break the ester-linked feruloyl group but not the p-coumaroyl group in the complex cell walls of Oat Hulls. Copyright © 2004 Society of Chemical Industry

  • Structural characterization of low lignin (AC Assinobia) and high lignin (Normal) of Oat Hulls by Diffuse-Reflectance Fourier Transform Vibrational Infrared Spectroscopic analysis
    Proceedings of the British Society of Animal Science, 2003
    Co-Authors: P. Yu, J J Mckinnon, D A Christensen
    Abstract:

    Oat Hulls are a byproduct of the Oat processing industry. Nutritionally, Oat Hulls are high in fiber, low in protein and are comparable to cereal straw as a feedstuff. As such, they are only suitable for ruminant feed. Due to the large supply, it is economically important to improve the nutritional qualities of this byproduct. Oat Hulls contain hydroxycinnamic acids, which are covalently cross-linked to polysaccharides by ester bonds and to components of lignin mainly by ether bonds. These cross-links are a barrier to biodegradation and limit cell-wall degradability by rumen microorganisms. It is believed that these hydroxycinamic acids are among the factors most inhibitory to the biodegradability of plant cell wall polysaccharides.

  • enzymic release of reducing sugars from Oat Hulls by cellulase as influenced by aspergillus ferulic acid esterase and trichoderma xylanase
    Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 2003
    Co-Authors: Peiqiang Yu, J J Mckinnon, David D Maenz, V J Racz, Andrzej A Olkowski, D A Christensen
    Abstract:

    Hydroxycinnamic acids, mainly ferulic and p-coumaric acids, are believed to be inhibitory to ruminal biodegradability of complex cell wall materials such as Oat Hulls. Previous studies have shown that a novel enzyme, Aspergillus ferulic acid esterase, and Trichoderma xylanase act synergistically to break the ester linkage between ferulic acid and the attached sugar of feruloyl polysaccharides, releasing ferulic acid from Oat Hulls. In this paper, we examined the enzymic release of reducing sugars from Oat Hulls by the actions of individual enzymes (Aspergillus ferulic acid esterase at 13 mU, 6.4 U, and 4678.4 U/assay; cellulase at 20 levels, ranging from 7.8 mU to 2772.7 U/assay; Trichoderma xylanase at 20 levels, ranging from 7.8 mU to 4096 U/assay) and by the combined action of cellulase at six levels (62.5 mU, 2 U, 16 U, 128 U, 1024 U, and 2772.7 U/assay), Aspergillus ferulic acid esterase at 13 mU/assay, and Trichoderma xylanase at two levels (1 U and 256 U/assay). The amount of total acid-extractable...

G C Fahey - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • digestion of cell wall components by dairy heifers fed diets based on alfalfa and chemically treated Oat Hulls
    Journal of Dairy Science, 1991
    Co-Authors: Evan C Titgemeyer, Mark G Cameron, Leslie D Bourquin, G C Fahey
    Abstract:

    Abstract Four Holstein heifers were used in a 4 × 4 Latin square design to measure total tract digestion of cell wall components from diets based on alfalfa haylage and alkaline hydrogen peroxide-treated Oat Hulls. Diets contained 90% forage and 10% concentrate. Treatments were diets containing 90, 70, 50, or 30% alfalfa haylage with treated Oat Hulls supplying the remainder of the forage portion. Total tract digestion of cell wall-associated uronic acids, arabinose, galactose, mannose, rhamnose, and lignin were not affected by forage source. Digestibilities of cell wall glucose and xylose increased with increasing level of dietary treated Oat Hulls, reflecting the positive effect of alkaline hydrogen peroxide treatment on cell wall digestion. Cellulose (ADF minus acid detergent lignin) digestibilities were similar to those for cell wall glucose, whereas hemicellulose (NDF minus ADF) digestibilities were similar to those for cell wall arabinose plus xylose. Low digestibilities of alfalfa cell wall xylose indicate that some cell wall structure inhibits the degradation of alfalfa xylans. Low degradabilities of core lignin, esterified p -coumaric acid, and esterified acetyl groups suggest that these components may be involved primarily in depressing fermentation of cell wall polysaccharides.

  • isolation and chemical analyses of nonfermented fiber fractions of Oat Hulls and cottonseed Hulls
    Journal of Animal Science, 1991
    Co-Authors: Keith A Garleb, Leslie D Bourquin, G W Wagner, Shelly J Schmidt, G C Fahey
    Abstract:

    : The purpose of this study was to isolate, using both in situ and in vivo methodology, the nonfermented fiber fraction of Oat Hulls (OH) and cottonseed Hulls (CSH) and to compare the concentrations of alkali-labile phenolic monomers, nitrobenzene oxidizable phenolic monomers, and neutral monosaccharides, as well as the cross polarization/magic angle spinning (CP/MAS) carbon-13 (13C) nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectra, of the nonfermented fraction with the original OH or CSH. The in situ isolation procedure involved a 30-h ruminal pretreatment and an 8-h acid:pepsin pretreatment followed by 1 to 7 additional days of incubation in the rumen. Fractions not fermented in vivo were isolated from duodena, ileal, and fecal material obtained from a site and extent of digestion trial in which these byproducts were fed to sheep at 80% of the diet (as-fed basis) and they represented the sole source of dietary fiber. Based on nonfermented fraction composition, both in situ and in vivo, all components analyzed were degraded to some extent. Also, all components present in original byproduct material were present in both the in situ and in vivo nonfermented fractions. Based on NMR analysis, cellulose crystallinity did not change during either long-term in situ or in vivo fermentation. However, CSH cellulose was more crystalline than that of OH. The ADL content of OH and CSH was 6.1% and 19.4%, respectively, and very little (15%) of the ADL disappeared during either in situ or in vivo fermentation. Much of the p-coumaric and ferulic acid of OH, associated with the cell wall matrix as lignin-carbohydrate and phenolic-carbohydrate complexes, was recovered in the fermented fractions. Data are interpreted to indicate that lignin encrustation and cellulose crystallinity are factors affecting CSH fermentation. Lignin encrustation and the presence of lignin-carbohydrate/phenolic-carbohydrate complexes are factors that inhibit OH fermentation.

  • effects of treating Oat Hulls with alkaline hydrogen peroxide on intake and digestion by midlactation dairy cows
    Journal of Dairy Science, 1991
    Co-Authors: M G Cameron, M R Cameron, G C Fahey, J H Clark, L L Berger, Neal R Merchen
    Abstract:

    Abstract Twelve Holstein cows, averaging 110 d postpartum, were used in three replications of a 4 x 4 Latin square design to determine the effects of feeding different amounts of alkaline hydrogen peroxidetreated Oat Hulls on digestion and production responses. Complete mixed diets were 35% concentrate (DM basis) with varying amounts of treated Oat Hulls, alfalfa haylage, and corn silage as forage (65%). Treatments were 0 (control), 17.2 (low), 34.5 (medium), and 52.1% (high) treated Oat Hulls in the diet. Dry matter intake was 24.6, 27.1, 27.7, and 26.3 kg/d for the control, low, medium, and high treatments, respectively. Apparent digestibilities of DM, OM, and ADF were not affected by diet, but NDF and CP digestibilities were increased 15.6 and 6.9 percentage units, respectively, by feeding the largest amount of treated Oat Hulls compared with the control. Yields of milk, 4% FCM, and milk fat, protein, and SNF were highest for the diets that contained low and medium treated Oat Hulls. There were decreases in milk protein percentage (from 3.19 to 3.07%) and a trend towards increased milk fat percentage (from 3.53 to 3.63%) as the amount of treated Oat Hulls increased. Cows fed larger amounts of treated Oat Hulls had lower ruminal concentrations of total VFA with greater acetate:propionate ratios. Cows fed diets containing treated Oat Hulls had greater DM intakes and yields of 4% FCM and milk fat compared with those fed the control diet containing traditional forage sources.

  • chemically treated Oat Hulls in diets for dairy heifers and wethers effects on intake and digestion
    Journal of Dairy Science, 1991
    Co-Authors: M G Cameron, G C Fahey, J H Clark, L L Berger, J D Cremin, Neal R Merchen
    Abstract:

    Abstract Two experiments were conducted to determine the effects of inclusion of alkaline hydrogen peroxide-treated Oat Hulls in diets on feed intake and nutrient digestion by wethers and growing heifers. In a pilot study with six wethers, we compared diets with untreated versus treated Oat Hulls containing 60% roughage and 40% concentrate (DM basis). Holstein heifers (n = 12) were used in three replications of a 4 x 4 Latin square design to compare diets containing 10% concentrate and 0 (control), 20.4 (low), 40.6 (medium), and 60.5% (high) treated Oat Hulls with the remainder being alfalfa haylage DM basis). Digestibilities of DM, NDF, and ADF were increased by at least 12 percentage units, and digestible nutrient intakes increased 73 g/d for wethers fed the treated Oat hull diet versus the untreated diet. Intakes of DM by heifers were 8.9, 9.4, 9.6, and 9.2 kg/d for the control, low, medium, and high treated Oat hull diets, respectively. Apparent digestibilities of DM, OM, NDF, and ADF were increased by 7.1, 6.7, 24.5, and 10.5 percentage units, respectively, for the high Oat hull versus control diet. Gains in BW ranged from .77 kg/d for heifers fed the high diet to 1.1 kg/d for those fed the medium diet. Heifers fed larger amounts of treated Oat Hulls had lower ruminal pH and ammonia N concentrations, higher molar percentage acetate, and greater acetate:propionate ratios than controls. Heifers fed diets containing treated Oat Hulls had higher digestible DM and fiber intakes than controls. Treated Oat Hulls have a place in diets of growing ruminants.