The Experts below are selected from a list of 321 Experts worldwide ranked by ideXlab platform
Lesley Rushton - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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the future excess fraction of Occupational Cancer among those exposed to carcinogens at work in australia in 2012
Cancer Epidemiology, 2017Co-Authors: Renee N Carey, Lesley Rushton, Tim Driscoll, Sally J Hutchings, Alison Reid, Deborah Catherine Glass, Ellie Darcey, Si Si, Susan Peters, Geza BenkeAbstract:BACKGROUND: Studies in other countries have generally found approximately 4% of current Cancers to be attributable to past Occupational exposures. This study aimed to estimate the future burden of Cancer resulting from current Occupational exposures in Australia. METHODS: The future excess fraction method was used to estimate the future burden of Occupational Cancer (2012-2094) among the proportion of the Australian working population who were exposed to Occupational carcinogens in 2012. Calculations were conducted for 19 Cancer types and 53 Cancer-exposure pairings, assuming historical trends and current patterns continued to 2094. RESULTS: The cohort of 14.6 million Australians of working age in 2012 will develop an estimated 4.8 million Cancers during their lifetime, of which 68,500 (1.4%) are attributable to Occupational exposure in those exposed in 2012. The majority of these will be lung Cancers (n=26,000), leukaemias (n=8000), and malignant mesotheliomas (n=7500). CONCLUSIONS: A significant proportion of future Cancers will result from Occupational exposures. This estimate is lower than previous estimates in the literature; however, our estimate is not directly comparable to past estimates of the Occupational Cancer burden because they describe different quantities - future Cancers in currently exposed versus current Cancers due to past exposures. The results of this study allow us to determine which current Occupational exposures are most important, and where to target exposure prevention.
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the proportion of Cancer attributable to Occupational exposures
Annals of Epidemiology, 2015Co-Authors: Mark P Purdue, Lesley Rushton, Sally J Hutchings, Debra T SilvermanAbstract:Abstract Purpose To review the literature on the estimation of the population attributable fraction (PAF) of Cancer due to Occupational exposures and to describe challenges in the estimation of this metric. To help illustrate the inherent challenges, we also estimate PAFs for selected Cancers diagnosed in the United States in 2010 attributable to work as a painter (causally associated with bladder and lung Cancer) and shift work (possibly associated with breast Cancer). Methods We reviewed and summarized previous reports providing quantitative estimates of PAF for total Cancer due to Occupational exposures. We calculated PAF estimates for painters and shift work using methodology from a detailed investigation of the Occupational Cancer burden in Great Britain, with adaptations made for the US population. Results The estimated occupation-attributable fraction for total Cancer generally ranged between 2% and 8% (men, 3%–14%; women, 1%–2%) based on previous reports. We calculated that employment as a painter accounted for a very small proportion of Cancers of the bladder and lung diagnosed in the United States in 2010, with PAFs of 0.5% for each site. In contrast, our calculations suggest that the potential impact of shift work on breast Cancer (if causal) could be substantial, with a PAF of 5.7%, translating to 11,777 attributable breast Cancers. Conclusions Continued efforts to estimate the Occupational Cancer burden will be important as scientific evidence and economic trends evolve. Such projects should consider the challenges involved in PAF estimation, which we summarize in this report.
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Occupational Cancer Burden
Occupational Cancers, 2014Co-Authors: Lesley Rushton, Sally J Hutchings, Kurt StraifAbstract:Exposures encountered in the general environment and at work and the potential adverse health effects arising from them are the topic of a large body of multidisciplinary research and of public concern. Investigation involves both knowledge of the source and nature of the hazard and an understanding of the relationship of the exposure to the disease. Epidemiological studies of industrial workforces have played an important role in the identification of carcinogens and the understanding of the etiology of Cancer. The working environment should not be a place where there is a risk of disease or injury, yet many thousands of workers worldwide are exposed to hazardous substances at work every day. Although substances related to Occupational Cancer are often associated with chemical exposures, especially man-made, a wider definition is needed to encompass all patterns of working.
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Occupational Cancer in britain industry sector results
British Journal of Cancer, 2012Co-Authors: Sally J Hutchings, Lesley RushtonAbstract:A key feature of this project is the estimation of broad industry sectors for each carcinogen, Occupational circumstance and Cancer site. This information is critical to prioritise interventions that aim to reduce workplace-related Cancer. This paper presents results for the current burden of Occupational Cancer by industry sector on the basis of attributable Cancer registrations for 2004, for all industries for which there are at least 10 attributable registrations.
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Occupational Cancer in Britain
British Journal of Cancer, 2012Co-Authors: Sally J Hutchings, Lesley RushtonAbstract:An approach using the attributable fraction (AF) has been developed to estimate the current burden of Occupational Cancer in Britain. The AF combines the relative risk (RR) associated with exposure with the proportion exposed. For each Cancer–exposure pairing, the RR is selected from key epidemiological literature such as an industry, or population-based study, meta-analysis or review. The CARcinogen EXposure (CAREX) database provides point estimates for the number of workers exposed to a range of carcinogens; alternative sources are national surveys such as the Labour Force Survey and Census of Employment. The number of workers exposed are split between high and low exposure levels matched to appropriate RRs from the literature. The relevant period for Cancer development during which exposure occurred is defined as the risk exposure period (REP). Estimation of the numbers ever exposed over the REP takes into account the changes in the number of people employed in primary and manufacturing industry and service sectors in Britain where appropriate, and adjustment is made for staff turnover over the period and for life expectancy. National estimates of the population ever of working age during the REP are used for the proportion denominator. Strategies have been developed to combine exposure AFs correctly while avoiding double counting and minimising bias. The AFs are applied to national Cancer deaths and registrations to obtain occupation-attributable Cancer numbers. The methods are adaptable for other diseases and other geographies, and are also adaptable to more sophisticated modelling if better exposure and dose–response data are available.
Sally J Hutchings - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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the future excess fraction of Occupational Cancer among those exposed to carcinogens at work in australia in 2012
Cancer Epidemiology, 2017Co-Authors: Renee N Carey, Lesley Rushton, Tim Driscoll, Sally J Hutchings, Alison Reid, Deborah Catherine Glass, Ellie Darcey, Si Si, Susan Peters, Geza BenkeAbstract:BACKGROUND: Studies in other countries have generally found approximately 4% of current Cancers to be attributable to past Occupational exposures. This study aimed to estimate the future burden of Cancer resulting from current Occupational exposures in Australia. METHODS: The future excess fraction method was used to estimate the future burden of Occupational Cancer (2012-2094) among the proportion of the Australian working population who were exposed to Occupational carcinogens in 2012. Calculations were conducted for 19 Cancer types and 53 Cancer-exposure pairings, assuming historical trends and current patterns continued to 2094. RESULTS: The cohort of 14.6 million Australians of working age in 2012 will develop an estimated 4.8 million Cancers during their lifetime, of which 68,500 (1.4%) are attributable to Occupational exposure in those exposed in 2012. The majority of these will be lung Cancers (n=26,000), leukaemias (n=8000), and malignant mesotheliomas (n=7500). CONCLUSIONS: A significant proportion of future Cancers will result from Occupational exposures. This estimate is lower than previous estimates in the literature; however, our estimate is not directly comparable to past estimates of the Occupational Cancer burden because they describe different quantities - future Cancers in currently exposed versus current Cancers due to past exposures. The results of this study allow us to determine which current Occupational exposures are most important, and where to target exposure prevention.
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the proportion of Cancer attributable to Occupational exposures
Annals of Epidemiology, 2015Co-Authors: Mark P Purdue, Lesley Rushton, Sally J Hutchings, Debra T SilvermanAbstract:Abstract Purpose To review the literature on the estimation of the population attributable fraction (PAF) of Cancer due to Occupational exposures and to describe challenges in the estimation of this metric. To help illustrate the inherent challenges, we also estimate PAFs for selected Cancers diagnosed in the United States in 2010 attributable to work as a painter (causally associated with bladder and lung Cancer) and shift work (possibly associated with breast Cancer). Methods We reviewed and summarized previous reports providing quantitative estimates of PAF for total Cancer due to Occupational exposures. We calculated PAF estimates for painters and shift work using methodology from a detailed investigation of the Occupational Cancer burden in Great Britain, with adaptations made for the US population. Results The estimated occupation-attributable fraction for total Cancer generally ranged between 2% and 8% (men, 3%–14%; women, 1%–2%) based on previous reports. We calculated that employment as a painter accounted for a very small proportion of Cancers of the bladder and lung diagnosed in the United States in 2010, with PAFs of 0.5% for each site. In contrast, our calculations suggest that the potential impact of shift work on breast Cancer (if causal) could be substantial, with a PAF of 5.7%, translating to 11,777 attributable breast Cancers. Conclusions Continued efforts to estimate the Occupational Cancer burden will be important as scientific evidence and economic trends evolve. Such projects should consider the challenges involved in PAF estimation, which we summarize in this report.
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Occupational Cancer Burden
Occupational Cancers, 2014Co-Authors: Lesley Rushton, Sally J Hutchings, Kurt StraifAbstract:Exposures encountered in the general environment and at work and the potential adverse health effects arising from them are the topic of a large body of multidisciplinary research and of public concern. Investigation involves both knowledge of the source and nature of the hazard and an understanding of the relationship of the exposure to the disease. Epidemiological studies of industrial workforces have played an important role in the identification of carcinogens and the understanding of the etiology of Cancer. The working environment should not be a place where there is a risk of disease or injury, yet many thousands of workers worldwide are exposed to hazardous substances at work every day. Although substances related to Occupational Cancer are often associated with chemical exposures, especially man-made, a wider definition is needed to encompass all patterns of working.
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Occupational Cancer in britain industry sector results
British Journal of Cancer, 2012Co-Authors: Sally J Hutchings, Lesley RushtonAbstract:A key feature of this project is the estimation of broad industry sectors for each carcinogen, Occupational circumstance and Cancer site. This information is critical to prioritise interventions that aim to reduce workplace-related Cancer. This paper presents results for the current burden of Occupational Cancer by industry sector on the basis of attributable Cancer registrations for 2004, for all industries for which there are at least 10 attributable registrations.
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Occupational Cancer in Britain
British Journal of Cancer, 2012Co-Authors: Sally J Hutchings, Lesley RushtonAbstract:An approach using the attributable fraction (AF) has been developed to estimate the current burden of Occupational Cancer in Britain. The AF combines the relative risk (RR) associated with exposure with the proportion exposed. For each Cancer–exposure pairing, the RR is selected from key epidemiological literature such as an industry, or population-based study, meta-analysis or review. The CARcinogen EXposure (CAREX) database provides point estimates for the number of workers exposed to a range of carcinogens; alternative sources are national surveys such as the Labour Force Survey and Census of Employment. The number of workers exposed are split between high and low exposure levels matched to appropriate RRs from the literature. The relevant period for Cancer development during which exposure occurred is defined as the risk exposure period (REP). Estimation of the numbers ever exposed over the REP takes into account the changes in the number of people employed in primary and manufacturing industry and service sectors in Britain where appropriate, and adjustment is made for staff turnover over the period and for life expectancy. National estimates of the population ever of working age during the REP are used for the proportion denominator. Strategies have been developed to combine exposure AFs correctly while avoiding double counting and minimising bias. The AFs are applied to national Cancer deaths and registrations to obtain occupation-attributable Cancer numbers. The methods are adaptable for other diseases and other geographies, and are also adaptable to more sophisticated modelling if better exposure and dose–response data are available.
Aaron Blair - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Applying new biotechnologies to the study of Occupational Cancer--a workshop summary.
Environmental Health Perspectives, 2020Co-Authors: Mark Toraason, Paolo Boffetta, Aaron Blair, Richard J. Albertini, Steven P. Bayard, William L. Bigbee, Stefano Bonassi, S. J. Chanock, David C. Christiani, David A. EastmondAbstract:As high-throughput technologies in genomics, transcriptomics, and proteomics evolve, questions arise about their use in the assessment of Occupational Cancers. To address these questions, the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, the National Cancer Institute, the National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, and the American Chemistry Council sponsored a workshop 8-9 May 2002 in Washington, DC. The workshop brought together 80 international specialists whose objective was to identify the means for best exploiting new technologies to enhance methods for laboratory investigation, epidemiologic evaluation, risk assessment, and prevention of Occupational Cancer. The workshop focused on identifying and interpreting markers for early biologic effect and inherited modifiers of risk.
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Occupational Cancer in developed countries
Environmental Health, 2020Co-Authors: Aaron Blair, Loraine Marrett, Laura Beane FreemanAbstract:Abstract Studies of Occupational exposures have made major contributions to our understanding of human carcinogenesis. About one third of the factors identified as definite or probable human carcinogens were first investigated in the workplace and these exposures exact a considerable toll on working populations. There are many additional workplace exposures that are suspect carcinogens that require further evaluation to ensure a safe work environment. Information from Occupational investigations is also relevant to the general population because many Occupational exposures can be found outside the workplace. Much of our understanding about Occupational Cancer has been obtained from studies largely composed of white men in developed countries. The movement of industry from developed to developing countries underscores the need for future investigations to include more diverse populations.
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Occupational Cancer
Oxford Scholarship Online, 2017Co-Authors: Kyle Steenland, S H Zahm, Aaron BlairAbstract:This chapter reviews the past and current history of Occupational Cancer epidemiology, and indicates which Occupational exposures are presently considered to be definite or probable carcinogens. It describes the basic study designs of Occupational Cancer research, particularly in regard to exposure assessment. It discusses the types of evidence that have stimulated studies of Occupational Cancer and considers how data generated by Occupational studies are used in risk assessment for workplace regulations, and in the calculation of attributable fractions to quantify the burden of Occupational Cancer. Finally, it discusses some current controversies and proposes likely future directions for Occupational epidemiology. These include a focus on exposures such as shift work and sedentary work habits, which are not traditional toxins. In addition, it will be important to document the carcinogenic effects of established Occupational carcinogens in less developed countries where they have not been studied, as a means to affect policy and ensure safe workplaces.
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the inclusion of women in studies of Occupational Cancer a review of the epidemiologic literature from 1991 2009
American Journal of Industrial Medicine, 2015Co-Authors: Karin Hohenadel, S H Zahm, Paul A. Demers, Aaron BlairAbstract:"INTRODUCTION: Since the early 1990s, researchers have been concerned with the low rate at which women are included in epidemiologic studies of Occupational Cancer. A previous evaluation determined that one-third of articles published between 1970 and 1990 included women. METHODS: To assess whether there has been an improvement in recent years, papers on Occupational Cancer between 1991 and 2009 were reviewed in fifteen journals. RESULTS: The proportion of articles that included men remained stable around 90%, while the proportion of articles that included women increased substantially, from 39% in 1991-1995 to 62% in 2006-2009. Articles that assessed risk among men only or men and women presented a higher number of risk estimates and were more likely to evaluate dose-response relationships than studies including women. CONCLUSIONS: Despite advances in the inclusion of women in studies of Occupational Cancer, disparities remain in the number of studies of Occupational Cancer and depth of analysis in studies that included women."
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The Inclusion of Women in Studies of Occupational Cancer: A Review of the Epidemiologic Literature From 1991–2009
American Journal of Industrial Medicine, 2015Co-Authors: Karin Hohenadel, S H Zahm, Paul A. Demers, Aaron BlairAbstract:"INTRODUCTION: Since the early 1990s, researchers have been concerned with the low rate at which women are included in epidemiologic studies of Occupational Cancer. A previous evaluation determined that one-third of articles published between 1970 and 1990 included women. METHODS: To assess whether there has been an improvement in recent years, papers on Occupational Cancer between 1991 and 2009 were reviewed in fifteen journals. RESULTS: The proportion of articles that included men remained stable around 90%, while the proportion of articles that included women increased substantially, from 39% in 1991-1995 to 62% in 2006-2009. Articles that assessed risk among men only or men and women presented a higher number of risk estimates and were more likely to evaluate dose-response relationships than studies including women. CONCLUSIONS: Despite advances in the inclusion of women in studies of Occupational Cancer, disparities remain in the number of studies of Occupational Cancer and depth of analysis in studies that included women."
Paolo Boffetta - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Applying new biotechnologies to the study of Occupational Cancer--a workshop summary.
Environmental Health Perspectives, 2020Co-Authors: Mark Toraason, Paolo Boffetta, Aaron Blair, Richard J. Albertini, Steven P. Bayard, William L. Bigbee, Stefano Bonassi, S. J. Chanock, David C. Christiani, David A. EastmondAbstract:As high-throughput technologies in genomics, transcriptomics, and proteomics evolve, questions arise about their use in the assessment of Occupational Cancers. To address these questions, the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, the National Cancer Institute, the National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, and the American Chemistry Council sponsored a workshop 8-9 May 2002 in Washington, DC. The workshop brought together 80 international specialists whose objective was to identify the means for best exploiting new technologies to enhance methods for laboratory investigation, epidemiologic evaluation, risk assessment, and prevention of Occupational Cancer. The workshop focused on identifying and interpreting markers for early biologic effect and inherited modifiers of risk.
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Occupational Cancer in the Practice of Occupational Medicine
Occupational Cancers, 2020Co-Authors: Enrico Pira, Giacomo Garzaro, Catalina Ciocan, Paolo BoffettaAbstract:Evidence-based risk assessment is needed to develop effective strategies for the prevention of Occupational Cancer. Cancer risk assessment is based on valid estimates of the dose–risk relationship, and on realistic estimates of exposure levels in different Occupational settings. One example of classification that includes the possibility of nonlinear dose–risk relationships with a threshold is that developed by the European Commission. Occupational tumors do not differ clinically or pathologically from those of other origins and can be divided into two categories: neoplasms with a clearly identified cause linked to employment, and the larger group of tumors for which both Occupational and nonOccupational causes are known. The diagnosis of Occupational Cancer, which is important not only from the clinical perspective, but also from a legal and compensation point of view, is complex and may satisfy specific diagnostic criteria, as illustrated by the example of malignant mesothelioma. Prevention of Occupational Cancer comprises primary interventions aimed at the elimination or containment of risk, as well as secondary and tertiary interventions aimed at the early identification of conditions that could result in illnesses or, if the disease is established, to contain its effects with early interventions that limit its progression and improve prognosis. The role of the Occupational physician is crucial in these interventions.
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Occupational Cancer epidemiology.
Giornale italiano di medicina del lavoro ed ergonomia, 2011Co-Authors: Paolo BoffettaAbstract:: Occupational Cancer epidemiology has led to the identification of more than 40 agents, groups of agents, and exposure circumstances which cause Cancer in humans. This evidence has been followed by preventive and control measures. There are four areas where Occupational Cancer epidemiology may contribute important results in the future: surveillance of workers exposed to carcinogens, identification of new carcinogens and target organs, study of interactions, and research on special exposure circumstances.
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Epidemiology of environmental and Occupational Cancer
Oncogene, 2004Co-Authors: Paolo BoffettaAbstract:Environmental carcinogens, in a strict sense, include outdoor and indoor air pollutants, as well as soil and drinking water contaminants. An increased risk of mesothelioma has consistently been detected among individuals experiencing residential exposure to asbestos, while results for lung Cancer are less consistent. Several good-quality studies have investigated lung Cancer risk from outdoor air pollution based on measurement of specific agents. Their results tend to show an increased risk in the categories at highest exposure, with relative risks in the range 1.5. A causal association has been established between exposure to environmental tobacco smoke and lung Cancer, with a relative risk in the order of 1.2. Radon is another carcinogen present in indoor air, with a relative risk in the order of 1.06 for exposure at 100 Bq/m^3. In several Asian populations, an increased risk of lung Cancer results among women from indoor pollution from cooking and heating. There is strong evidence of an increased risk of bladder, skin and lung Cancers following consumption of water with high arsenic contamination; results for other drinking water contaminants, including chlorination by-products, are inconclusive. A total of 29 Occupational agents are established human carcinogens, and another 30 agents are suspected carcinogens. In addition, at least 12 exposure circumstances entail exposure to carcinogens. Exposure is still widespread for many important Occupational carcinogens, such as asbestos, coal tar, arsenic and silica, in particular in developing countries. Although estimates of the global burden of Occupational and environmental Cancer result in figures in the order of 2% and less than 1%, respectively, these Cancers concentrate in subgroups of the population; furthermore, exposure is involuntary and can, to a large extent, be avoided.
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Occupational Cancer in europe
Environmental Health Perspectives, 1999Co-Authors: Paolo Boffetta, Manolis KogevinasAbstract:This monograph summarizes the current research on the epidemiology and prevention of Occupational Cancer in Europe. Eleven peer-reviewed articles offer a composite view of the current status and fu...
Eero Pukkala - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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The Use of Register Data in Occupational Cancer Control
Occupational Cancers, 2020Co-Authors: Tom Kristian Grimsrud, Eero Pukkala, Elisabete WeiderpassAbstract:During the twentieth century, register data have become increasingly important for the identification and quantification of Occupational Cancer risks and thereby for Occupational Cancer control. Registers can provide rapid access to information on occupation, exposure, death, disease, and a number of potential confounders, for cohorts, cases, and reference groups. High-quality registers secure completeness, representativeness, and independence of data, which may help to reduce bias in risk estimates. Examples from the Nordic countries include population and disease registers of high quality, available for statistical purposes, which can be used in record linkage studies. Register data need to be combined with improved information on exposures and with additional data from biological specimens for further identification of health hazards, improvement of health care and Cancer control, and, as a consequence, for protection of individual health.
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construction of job exposure matrices for the nordic Occupational Cancer study nocca
Acta Oncologica, 2009Co-Authors: Timo Kauppinen, Pirjo Heikkila, Nils Plato, Torill Woldbaek, Kaare Lenvik, Johnni Hansen, Vidir Kristjansson, Eero PukkalaAbstract:Introduction. The Nordic Occupational Cancer study (NOCCA) is a cohort study based on employed populations in one or more censuses in Denmark, Finland, Iceland, Norway and Sweden. The large size of the cohort allows us to study rare Cancers and to identify even small risks by occupation and by specific Occupational exposures. This paper describes principles and experiences of the construction of job-exposure matrices (JEMs), an instrument to transform the history of Occupational titles into quantitative estimates of exposure to potential carcinogenic substances. Material and methods. For each Nordic country, a national JEM was constructed by a team of experts on the basis of the Finnish matrix (FINJEM) that has been used in similar national studies since the mid-1990s. Results. The structure of the Nordic JEMs is three-dimensional (over 300 occupations, over 20 agents, 4 periods covering 1945–1994). Exposure is characterised by estimates of the prevalence and level of exposure. Important differences betwe...
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national job exposure matrix in analyses of census based estimates of Occupational Cancer risk
Scandinavian Journal of Work Environment & Health, 2005Co-Authors: Eero Pukkala, Pentti Kyyronen, Marjaliisa Lindbohm, Markku Sallmen, Timo KauppinenAbstract:Objectives The aim of this study was to increase the understanding of the alternative exposure metrics and analysis methods in studies applying job-exposure matrices in analyses of health outcomes, the association between crystalline silica and Cancer being used as an example. Methods Observed and expected numbers of Cancer cases during 1971–1995 among Finns born in 1906–1945 were calculated for 393 Occupational categories, as defined in the 1970 population census. According to the Finnish Cancer Registry, there were 43 433 lung and 21 444 prostate Cancer cases. The Finnish job-exposure matrix (FINJEM) provided estimates of the proportion of exposed persons and the mean level of exposure among the exposed in each occupation. Results The most comprehensive exposure metric included period- and age-specific estimates of exposure and an estimate of Occupational stability, but also remarkably simpler metrics gave significantly elevated estimates of the risk ratio (RR) between 1.36 and 1.50 for lung Cancer for occupations with the highest estimated cumulative silica exposure (≥10 mg/m3 -years), allowing a lag time of 20 years. It proved important to adjust the risk ratios at least for the socioeconomic status and Occupational exposure to asbestos. The risk ratios for prostate Cancer were close to 1.0 in every model. Conclusions The results showed that the FINJEM-based analysis was able to replicate the well-known association between exposure to crystalline silica and lung Cancer. The FINJEM-based method gives valid results, and it can be used to analyze large sets of register-based data on health outcomes. Key terms asbestos; crystalline silica; exposure metric; Finland; methodology; prostate Cancer; smoking.
