The Experts below are selected from a list of 360 Experts worldwide ranked by ideXlab platform
Jean-pierre Gattuso - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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lessons learned from Ocean Acidification research
Nature Climate Change, 2015Co-Authors: Ulf Riebesell, Jean-pierre GattusoAbstract:Reflection on the rapidly growing field of Ocean Acidification research highlights priorities for future research on the changing Ocean.
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preface arctic Ocean Acidification pelagic ecosystem and biogeochemical responses during a mesocosm study
Biogeosciences, 2013Co-Authors: Ulf Riebesell, T. Frede Thingstad, Jean-pierre Gattuso, Jack J. MiddelburgAbstract:The growing evidence of potential biological impacts of Ocean Acidification affirms that this global change phenomenon may pose a serious threat to marine organisms and ecosystems. Whilst Ocean Acidification will occur everywhere, it will happen more rapidly in some regions than in others. Due to the high CO2 solubility in the cold surface waters of high-latitude seas, these areas are expected to experience the strongest changes in seawater chemistry due to Ocean Acidification. This will be most pronounced in the Arctic Ocean. If atmospheric pCO2 levels continue to rise at current rates, about 10% of the Arctic surface waters will be corrosive for aragonite by 2018 (Steinacher et al., 2009). By 2050 one-half of the Arctic Ocean will be sub-saturated with respect to aragonite. By the end of this century corrosive conditions are projected to have spread over the entire Arctic Ocean (Steinacher et al., 2009). In view of these rapid changes in seawater chemistry, marine organisms and ecosystems in the Arctic are considered particularly vulnerable to Ocean Acidification. With this in mind, the European Project on Ocean Acidification (EPOCA) chose the Arctic Ocean as one of its focal areas of research.
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impacts of Ocean Acidification on marine shelled molluscs
Marine Biology, 2013Co-Authors: Jean-pierre Gattuso, Steeve Comeau, Sophie Martin, Frederic Gazeau, Laura M Parker, Wayne A Oconnor, Hansotto PortnerAbstract:Over the next century, elevated quantities of atmospheric CO2 are expected to penetrate into the Oceans, causing a reduction in pH (−0.3/−0.4 pH unit in the surface Ocean) and in the concentration of carbonate ions (so-called Ocean Acidification). Of growing concern are the impacts that this will have on marine and estuarine organisms and ecosystems. Marine shelled molluscs, which colonized a large latitudinal gradient and can be found from intertidal to deep-sea habitats, are economically and ecologically important species providing essential ecosystem services including habitat structure for benthic organisms, water purification and a food source for other organisms. The effects of Ocean Acidification on the growth and shell production by juvenile and adult shelled molluscs are variable among species and even within the same species, precluding the drawing of a general picture. This is, however, not the case for pteropods, with all species tested so far, being negatively impacted by Ocean Acidification. The blood of shelled molluscs may exhibit lower pH with consequences for several physiological processes (e.g. respiration, excretion, etc.) and, in some cases, increased mortality in the long term. While fertilization may remain unaffected by elevated pCO2, embryonic and larval development will be highly sensitive with important reductions in size and decreased survival of larvae, increases in the number of abnormal larvae and an increase in the developmental time. There are big gaps in the current understanding of the biological consequences of an acidifying Ocean on shelled molluscs. For instance, the natural variability of pH and the interactions of changes in the carbonate chemistry with changes in other environmental stressors such as increased temperature and changing salinity, the effects of species interactions, as well as the capacity of the organisms to acclimate and/or adapt to changing environmental conditions are poorly described.
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Ocean Acidification and its impacts an expert survey
Climatic Change, 2013Co-Authors: Jean-pierre Gattuso, Katharine J Mach, Grange MorgaAbstract:The Oceans moderate the rate and severity of climate change by absorbing massive amounts of anthropogenic CO2 but this results in large-scale changes in seawater chemistry, which are collectively referred to as anthropogenic Ocean Acidification. Despite its potentially widespread consequences, the problem of Ocean Acidification has been largely absent from most policy discussions of CO2 emissions, both because the science is relatively new and because the research community has yet to deliver a clear message to decision makers regarding its impacts. Here we report the results of the first expert survey in the field of Ocean Acidification. Fifty-three experts, who had previously participated in an IPCC workshop, were asked to assess 22 declarative statements about Ocean Acidification and its consequences. We find a relatively strong consensus on most issues related to past, present and future chemical aspects of Ocean Acidification: non-anthropogenic Ocean Acidification events have occurred in the geological past, anthropogenic CO2 emissions are the main (but not the only) mechanism generating the current Ocean Acidification event, and anthropogenic Ocean Acidification that has occurred due to historical fossil fuel emissions will be felt for centuries. Experts generally agreed that there will be impacts on biological and ecological processes and biogeochemical feedbacks but levels of agreement were lower, with more variability across responses. Levels of agreement were higher for statements regarding calcification, primary production and nitrogen fixation than for those about impacts on foodwebs. The levels of agreement for statements pertaining to socio-economic impacts, such as impacts on food security, and to more normative policy issues, were relatively low.
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calcification rates and the effect of Ocean Acidification on mediterranean cold water corals
Proceedings of The Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 2012Co-Authors: Jean-pierre Gattuso, C Maier, P Watremez, Marco Taviani, Markus G WeinbauerAbstract:Global environmental changes, including Ocean Acidification, have been identified as a major threat to scleractinian corals. General predictions are that Ocean Acidification will be detrimental to reef growth and that 40 to more than 80 per cent of present-day reefs will decline during the next 50 years. Cold-water corals (CWCs) are thought to be strongly affected by changes in Ocean Acidification owing to their distribution in deep and/or cold waters, which naturally exhibit a CaCO3 saturation state lower than in shallow/warm waters. Calcification was measured in three species of Mediterranean cold-water scleractinian corals (Lophelia pertusa, Madrepora oculata and Desmophyllum dianthus) on-board research vessels and soon after collection. Incubations were performed in ambient sea water. The species M. oculata was additionally incubated in sea water reduced or enriched in CO2. At ambient conditions, calcification rates ranged between −0.01 and 0.23% d−1. Calcification rates of M. oculata under variable partial pressure of CO2 (pCO2) were the same for ambient and elevated pCO2 (404 and 867 µatm) with 0.06 ± 0.06% d−1, while calcification was 0.12 ± 0.06% d−1 when pCO2 was reduced to its pre-industrial level (285 µatm). This suggests that present-day CWC calcification in the Mediterranean Sea has already drastically declined (by 50%) as a consequence of anthropogenic-induced Ocean Acidification.
Josefin Sundin - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Ocean Acidification does not impair the behaviour of coral reef fishes
Nature, 2020Co-Authors: Timothy Clark, Dominique G Roche, Ben Speersroesch, Josefin Sundin, Sandra A Binning, Fredrik Jutfelt, Graham D. RabyAbstract:The partial pressure of CO2 in the Oceans has increased rapidly over the past century, driving Ocean Acidification and raising concern for the stability of marine ecosystems1–3. Coral reef fishes are predicted to be especially susceptible to end-of-century Ocean Acidification on the basis of several high-profile papers4,5 that have reported profound behavioural and sensory impairments—for example, complete attraction to the chemical cues of predators under conditions of Ocean Acidification. Here, we comprehensively and transparently show that—in contrast to previous studies—end-of-century Ocean Acidification levels have negligible effects on important behaviours of coral reef fishes, such as the avoidance of chemical cues from predators, fish activity levels and behavioural lateralization (left–right turning preference). Using data simulations, we additionally show that the large effect sizes and small within-group variances that have been reported in several previous studies are highly improbable. Together, our findings indicate that the reported effects of Ocean Acidification on the behaviour of coral reef fishes are not reproducible, suggesting that behavioural perturbations will not be a major consequence for coral reef fishes in high CO2 Oceans. In contrast to previous studies, analyses now show that Ocean Acidification does not perturb important behaviours—such as the avoidance of chemical cues from predators—of coral reef fishes.
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Ocean Acidification does not impair the behaviour of coral reef fishes
Nature, 2020Co-Authors: Timothy Clark, Dominique G Roche, Ben Speersroesch, Josefin Sundin, Sandra A Binning, Fredrik Jutfelt, Graham D. RabyAbstract:The partial pressure of CO2 in the Oceans has increased rapidly over the past century, driving Ocean Acidification and raising concern for the stability of marine ecosystems1-3. Coral reef fishes are predicted to be especially susceptible to end-of-century Ocean Acidification on the basis of several high-profile papers4,5 that have reported profound behavioural and sensory impairments-for example, complete attraction to the chemical cues of predators under conditions of Ocean Acidification. Here, we comprehensively and transparently show that-in contrast to previous studies-end-of-century Ocean Acidification levels have negligible effects on important behaviours of coral reef fishes, such as the avoidance of chemical cues from predators, fish activity levels and behavioural lateralization (left-right turning preference). Using data simulations, we additionally show that the large effect sizes and small within-group variances that have been reported in several previous studies are highly improbable. Together, our findings indicate that the reported effects of Ocean Acidification on the behaviour of coral reef fishes are not reproducible, suggesting that behavioural perturbations will not be a major consequence for coral reef fishes in high CO2 Oceans.
Scott C Doney - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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projected impacts of future climate change Ocean Acidification and management on the us atlantic sea scallop placopecten magellanicus fishery
PLOS ONE, 2018Co-Authors: Jennie E Rheuban, Sarah R Cooley, Scott C Doney, Deborah R HartAbstract:Ocean Acidification has the potential to significantly impact both aquaculture and wild-caught mollusk fisheries around the world. In this work, we build upon a previously published integrated assessment model of the US Atlantic Sea Scallop (Placopecten magellanicus) fishery to determine the possible future of the fishery under a suite of climate, economic, biological, and management scenarios. We developed a 4x4x4x4 hypercube scenario framework that resulted in 256 possible combinations of future scenarios. The study highlights the potential impacts of Ocean Acidification and management for a subset of future climate scenarios, with a high CO2 emissions case (RCP8.5) and lower CO2 emissions and climate mitigation case (RCP4.5). Under RCP4.5 and the highest impact and management scenario, Ocean Acidification has the potential to reduce sea scallop biomass by approximately 13% by the end of century; however, the lesser impact scenarios cause very little change. Under RCP8.5, sea scallop biomass may decline by more than 50% by the end of century, leading to subsequent declines in industry landings and revenue. Management-set catch limits improve the outcomes of the fishery under both climate scenarios, and the addition of a 10% area closure increases future biomass by more than 25% under the highest Ocean Acidification impacts. However, increased management still does not stop the projected long-term decline of the fishery under Ocean Acidification scenarios. Given our incomplete understanding of Acidification impacts on P. magellanicus, these declines, along with the high value of the industry, suggest population-level effects of Acidification should be a clear research priority. Projections described in this manuscript illustrate both the potential impacts of Ocean Acidification under a business-as-usual and a moderately strong climate-policy scenario. We also illustrate the importance of fisheries management targets in improving the long-term outcome of the P. magellanicus fishery under potential global change.
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nutrition and income from molluscs today imply vulnerability to Ocean Acidification tomorrow
Fish and Fisheries, 2012Co-Authors: Sarah R Cooley, Noelle M Lucey, Hauke L Kitepowell, Scott C DoneyAbstract:Atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions from human industrial activities are causing a progressive alteration of seawater chemistry, termed Ocean Acidification, which has decreased seawater pH and carbonate ion concentration markedly since the Industrial Revolution. Many marine organisms, like molluscs and corals, build hard shells and skeletons using carbonate ions, and they exhibit negative overall responses to Ocean Acidification. This adds to other chronic and acute environmental pressures and promotes shifts away from calcifier-rich communities. In this study, we examine the possible implications of Ocean Acidification on mollusc harvests worldwide by examining present production, consumption and export and by relating those data to present and future surface Ocean chemistry forecast by a coupled climate-Ocean model (Community Climate System 3.1; CCSM3). We identify the ‘transition decade’ when future Ocean chemistry will distinctly differ from that of today (2010), and when mollusc harvest levels similar to those of the present cannot be guaranteed if present Ocean chemistry is a significant determinant of today’s mollusc production. We assess nations’ vulnerability to Ocean Acidification-driven decreases in mollusc harvests by comparing nutritional and economic dependences on mollusc harvests, overall societal adaptability, and the amount of time until the transition decade. Projected transition decades for individual countries will occur 10‐ 50 years after 2010. Countries with low adaptability, high nutritional or economic dependence on molluscs, rapidly approaching transition decades or rapidly growing populations will therefore be most vulnerable to Ocean Acidification-driven mollusc harvest decreases. These transition decades suggest how soon nations should implement strategies, such as increased aquaculture of resilient species, to help maintain current per capita mollusc harvests.
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anticipating Ocean Acidification s economic consequences for commercial fisheries
Environmental Research Letters, 2009Co-Authors: Sarah R Cooley, Scott C DoneyAbstract:Ocean Acidification, a consequence of rising anthropogenic CO2 emissions, is poised to change marine ecosystems profoundly by increasing dissolved CO2 and decreasing Ocean pH, carbonate ion concentration, and calcium carbonate mineral saturation state worldwide. These conditions hinder growth of calcium carbonate shells and skeletons by many marine plants and animals. The first direct impact on humans may be through declining harvests and fishery revenues from shellfish, their predators, and coral reef habitats. In a case study of US commercial fishery revenues, we begin to constrain the economic effects of Ocean Acidification over the next 50 years using atmospheric CO2 trajectories and laboratory studies of its effects, focusing especially on mollusks. In 2007, the $3.8 billion US annual domestic ex-vessel commercial harvest ultimately contributed $34 billion to the US gross national product. Mollusks contributed 19%, or $748 million, of the ex-vessel revenues that year. Substantial revenue declines, job losses, and indirect economic costs may occur if Ocean Acidification broadly damages marine habitats, alters marine resource availability, and disrupts other ecosystem services. We review the implications for marine resource management and propose possible adaptation strategies designed to support fisheries and marine-resource-dependent communities, many of which already possess little economic resilience.
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Ocean Acidification the other co 2 problem
Annual Review of Marine Science, 2009Co-Authors: Scott C Doney, Victoria J. Fabry, Richard A Feely, Joan A KleypasAbstract:Rising atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2), primarily from human fossil fuel combustion, reduces Ocean pH and causes wholesale shifts in seawater carbonate chemistry. The process of Ocean Acidification is well documented in field data, and the rate will accelerate over this century unless future CO2 emissions are curbed dramatically. Acidification alters seawater chemical speciation and biogeochemical cycles of many elements and compounds. One well-known effect is the lowering of calcium carbonate saturation states, which impacts shell-forming marine organisms from plankton to benthic molluscs, echinoderms, and corals. Many calcifying species exhibit reduced calcification and growth rates in laboratory experiments under high-CO2 conditions. Ocean Acidification also causes an increase in carbon fixation rates in some photosynthetic organisms (both calcifying and noncalcifying). The potential for marine organisms to adapt to increasing CO2 and broader implications for Ocean ecosystems are not well known; both are high priorities for future research. Although Ocean pH has varied in the geological past, paleo-events may be only imperfect analogs to current conditions.
Ken Caldeira - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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expected limits on the Ocean Acidification buffering potential of a temperate seagrass meadow
Ecological Applications, 2018Co-Authors: David A Koweek, Kathryn Hewett, Brian Gaylord, Sarah N Giddings, Yuichiro Takeshita, Jennifer L Ruesink, Kerry J Nickols, John J Stachowicz, Richard C Zimmerman, Ken CaldeiraAbstract:Author(s): Koweek, David A; Zimmerman, Richard C; Hewett, Kathryn M; Gaylord, Brian; Giddings, Sarah N; Nickols, Kerry J; Ruesink, Jennifer L; Stachowicz, John J; Takeshita, Yuichiro; Caldeira, Ken | Abstract: Ocean Acidification threatens many marine organisms, especially marine calcifiers. The only global-scale solution to Ocean Acidification remains rapid reduction in CO2 emissions. Nevertheless, interest in localized mitigation strategies has grown rapidly because of the recognized threat Ocean Acidification imposes on natural communities, including ones important to humans. Protection of seagrass meadows has been considered as a possible approach for localized mitigation of Ocean Acidification due to their large standing stocks of organic carbon and high productivity. Yet much work remains to constrain the magnitudes and timescales of potential buffering effects from seagrasses. We developed a biogeochemical box model to better understand the potential for a temperate seagrass meadow to locally mitigate the effects of Ocean Acidification. Then we parameterized the model using data from Tomales Bay, an inlet on the coast of California, USA which supports a major oyster farming industry. We conducted a series of month-long model simulations to characterize processes that occur during summer and winter. We found that average pH in the seagrass meadows was typically within 0.04 units of the pH of the primary source waters into the meadow, although we did find occasional periods (hours) when seagrass metabolism may modify the pH by up to ±0.2 units. Tidal phasing relative to the diel cycle modulates localized pH buffering within the seagrass meadow such that maximum buffering occurs during periods of the year with midday low tides. Our model results suggest that seagrass metabolism in Tomales Bay would not provide long-term Ocean Acidification mitigation. However, we emphasize that our model results may not hold in meadows where assumptions about depth-averaged net production and seawater residence time within the seagrass meadow differ from our model assumptions. Our modeling approach provides a framework that is easily adaptable to other seagrass meadows in order to evaluate the extent of their individual buffering capacities. Regardless of their ability to buffer Ocean Acidification, seagrass meadows maintain many critically important ecosystem goods and services that will be increasingly important as humans increasingly affect coastal ecosystems.
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expected limits on the Ocean Acidification buffering potential of a temperate seagrass meadow
Ecological Applications, 2018Co-Authors: David A Koweek, Kathryn Hewett, Brian Gaylord, Sarah N Giddings, Yuichiro Takeshita, Jennifer L Ruesink, Kerry J Nickols, John J Stachowicz, Richard C Zimmerman, Ken CaldeiraAbstract:Ocean Acidification threatens many marine organisms, especially marine calcifiers. The only global-scale solution to Ocean Acidification remains rapid reduction in CO2 emissions. Nevertheless, interest in localized mitigation strategies has grown rapidly because of the recognized threat Ocean Acidification imposes on natural communities, including ones important to humans. Protection of seagrass meadows has been considered as a possible approach for localized mitigation of Ocean Acidification due to their large standing stocks of organic carbon and high productivity. Yet much work remains to constrain the magnitudes and timescales of potential buffering effects from seagrasses. We developed a biogeochemical box model to better understand the potential for a temperate seagrass meadow to locally mitigate the effects of Ocean Acidification. Then we parameterized the model using data from Tomales Bay, an inlet on the coast of California, USA which supports a major oyster farming industry. We conducted a series of month-long model simulations to characterize processes that occur during summer and winter. We found that average pH in the seagrass meadows was typically within 0.04 units of the pH of the primary source waters into the meadow, although we did find occasional periods (hours) when seagrass metabolism may modify the pH by up to ±0.2 units. Tidal phasing relative to the diel cycle modulates localized pH buffering within the seagrass meadow such that maximum buffering occurs during periods of the year with midday low tides. Our model results suggest that seagrass metabolism in Tomales Bay would not provide long-term Ocean Acidification mitigation. However, we emphasize that our model results may not hold in meadows where assumptions about depth-averaged net production and seawater residence time within the seagrass meadow differ from our model assumptions. Our modeling approach provides a framework that is easily adaptable to other seagrass meadows in order to evaluate the extent of their individual buffering capacities. Regardless of their ability to buffer Ocean Acidification, seagrass meadows maintain many critically important ecosystem goods and services that will be increasingly important as humans increasingly affect coastal ecosystems.
Joan A Kleypas - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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coral reefs modify their seawater carbon chemistry implications for impacts of Ocean Acidification
Global Change Biology, 2011Co-Authors: Kenneth R N Anthony, Joan A Kleypas, Jean-pierre GattusoAbstract:Reviews suggest that that the biogeochemical threshold for sustained coral reef growth will be reached during this century due to Ocean Acidification caused by increased uptake of atmospheric CO2. Projections of Ocean Acidification, however, are based on air-sea fluxes in the open Ocean, and not for shallow-water systems such as coral reefs. Like the open Ocean, reef waters are subject to the chemical forcing of increasing atmospheric pCO2. However, for reefs with long water residence times, we illustrate that benthic carbon fluxes can drive spatial variation in pH, pCO2 and aragonite saturation state (Ωa) that can mask the effects of Ocean Acidification in some downstream habitats. We use a carbon flux model for photosynthesis, respiration, calcification and dissolution coupled with Lagrangian transport to examine how key groups of calcifiers (zooxanthellate corals) and primary producers (macroalgae) on coral reefs contribute to changes in the seawater carbonate system as a function of water residence time. Analyses based on flume data showed that the carbon fluxes of corals and macroalgae drive Ωain opposing directions. Areas dominated by corals elevate pCO2 and reduce Ωa, thereby compounding Ocean Acidification effects in downstream habitats, whereas algal beds draw CO2 down and elevate Ωa, potentially offsetting Ocean Acidification impacts at the local scale. Simulations for two CO2 scenarios (600 and 900 ppm CO2) suggested that a potential shift from coral to algal abundance under Ocean Acidification can lead to improved conditions for calcification in downstream habitats, depending on reef size, water residence time and circulation patterns. Although the carbon fluxes of benthic reef communities cannot significantly counter changes in carbon chemistry at the scale of Oceans, they provide a significant mechanism of buffering Ocean Acidification impacts at the scale of habitat to reef.
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coral reefs and Ocean Acidification
Oceanography, 2009Co-Authors: Joan A Kleypas, Kimberly K YatesAbstract:Coral reefs were one of the first ecosystems to be recognized as vulnerable to Ocean Acidification. To date, most scientific investigations into the effects of Ocean Acidification on coral reefs have been related to the reefs’ unique ability to produce voluminous amounts of calcium carbonate. It has been estimated that the main reef-building organisms, corals and calcifying macroalgae, will calcify 10–50% less relative to pre-industrial rates by the middle of this century. This decreased calcification is likely to affect their ability to function within the ecosystem and will almost certainly affect the workings of the ecosystem itself. However, Ocean Acidification affects not only the organisms, but also the reefs they build. The decline in calcium carbonate production, coupled with an increase in calcium carbonate dissolution, will also diminish reef building and the benefits that reefs provide, such as high structural complexity that supports biodiversity on reefs, and breakwater effects that protect shorelines and create quiet habitats for other ecosystems, such as mangroves and seagrass beds. The focus on calcification in reefs is warranted, but the responses of many other organisms, such as fish, noncalcifying algae, and seagrasses, to name a few, deserve a close look as well.
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Ocean Acidification the other co 2 problem
Annual Review of Marine Science, 2009Co-Authors: Scott C Doney, Victoria J. Fabry, Richard A Feely, Joan A KleypasAbstract:Rising atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2), primarily from human fossil fuel combustion, reduces Ocean pH and causes wholesale shifts in seawater carbonate chemistry. The process of Ocean Acidification is well documented in field data, and the rate will accelerate over this century unless future CO2 emissions are curbed dramatically. Acidification alters seawater chemical speciation and biogeochemical cycles of many elements and compounds. One well-known effect is the lowering of calcium carbonate saturation states, which impacts shell-forming marine organisms from plankton to benthic molluscs, echinoderms, and corals. Many calcifying species exhibit reduced calcification and growth rates in laboratory experiments under high-CO2 conditions. Ocean Acidification also causes an increase in carbon fixation rates in some photosynthetic organisms (both calcifying and noncalcifying). The potential for marine organisms to adapt to increasing CO2 and broader implications for Ocean ecosystems are not well known; both are high priorities for future research. Although Ocean pH has varied in the geological past, paleo-events may be only imperfect analogs to current conditions.