The Experts below are selected from a list of 5253 Experts worldwide ranked by ideXlab platform

Oran R. Young - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • next steps in arctic Ocean Governance meeting the challenge of coordinating a dynamic regime complex
    Marine Policy, 2021
    Co-Authors: Oran R. Young, Jongdeog Kim
    Abstract:

    Abstract Successful efforts to address specific needs for Governance have given rise to an Arctic Ocean regime complex encompassing a sizable collection of individual elements not related to one another in any hierarchical fashion. The density of this regime complex is likely to increase during the coming years. At the same time, the globalization of the Arctic has altered conditions affecting the complex in ways that require attention. As a result, we argue, a coordination mechanism is needed to ensure the efficacy of this dynamic complex going forward. Following a survey of the evolving seascape of Arctic maritime cooperation, we assess the roles the Arctic Council and other non-state actors are playing in the development and implementation of individual elements of this regime complex. These roles are significant. But these actors lack both the authority and the capacity to coordinate the Arctic Ocean regime complex effectively. The negotiation of an Arctic Ocean Treaty to meet this need is not feasible at this juncture. We conclude that it would be helpful at this time to organize a high-level but informal Arctic Ocean Governance Conference including representatives of a broad selection of stakeholders to explore options for addressing the growing need for coordination of the Arctic Ocean regime complex.

  • what can we learn about Ocean Governance from the performance of the arctic council s task force on arctic marine cooperation
    The Polar Journal, 2021
    Co-Authors: Oran R. Young
    Abstract:

    In the 2015 Iqaluit Declaration, the Arctic Council created a Task Force on Arctic Marine Cooperation (TFAMC) ‘to assess future needs for a regional seas programme or other mechanism, as appropriat...

  • adding a gakkel ridge regime to the evolving arctic Ocean Governance complex
    Marine Policy, 2020
    Co-Authors: Lars Kullerud, Oran R. Young
    Abstract:

    Abstract Four of the Arctic Ocean coastal states (Canada, Denmark/Greenland, Norway, and Russia) have articulated claims to extended seabed jurisdiction in the Arctic Ocean. The fifth coastal state, the United States, is collecting data to document a similar claim. This will “leave behind” an area of some 157,000 km2, encompassing a large part of the Gakkel Ridge and the surrounding deep Ocean seabed not claimed by any state. This area will become part of “the Area” as defined in Part XI of the UN Convention on the Law of the Sea and be subject to the policies of the International Seabed Authority (ISA). The Arctic Ocean coastal states acknowledge the legal framework of the law of the sea, but they have asserted that they are in a “unique position” to address “possibilities and challenges” relating to Arctic Ocean developments in the Ilulissat Declaration (2008) [1]. They can be expected to oppose initiatives on the part of non-Arctic states to sponsor requests for permission to explore for or exploit minerals in the area of the Gakkel Ridge without their consent. The result is a classic tension between broad legal formulas and the political realities of specific situations. We introduce the idea of dealing with this tension by creating a specialized Gakkel Ridge Regime modeled after the 2018 Central Arctic Ocean Fisheries Agreement. Together with other binding and non-binding agreements, such a regime can become an element in the evolving Arctic Ocean Governance complex.

  • The Central Arctic Ocean Fisheries Agreement as an element in the evolving Arctic Ocean Governance complex
    Marine Policy, 2020
    Co-Authors: Alexander N. Vylegzhanin, Oran R. Young, Paul Arthur Berkman
    Abstract:

    Abstract The Central Arctic Ocean (CAO) has attracted increased attention since representatives of the five Arctic coastal states together with representatives of four other states and the European Union signed the Agreement to Prevent Unregulated High Seas Arctic Fisheries in October 2018. This article assesses the significance of this development as an element in the evolving Governance complex for the Arctic Ocean. We begin with a discussion of the relevant legal framework, including universal treaties such as the UN Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) and the Arctic lex specialis going back to the conventions of the Arctic coastal States in the 19th century and elaborated more recently under the terms of the 1996 Ottawa Declaration on the Establishment of the Arctic Council and ensuing arrangements. We then analyze the 2018 Agreement itself as an innovative arrangement including Arctic and non-Arctic states. This assessment leads to several conclusions. The agreement constitutes a progressive contribution to the evolving Governance complex for the Arctic Ocean. Striking features of the agreement are (i) its reliance on a precautionary approach put in place before human activities get underway on a large scale and designed to ensure sustainability and (ii) the inclusion of non-Arctic states and the European Union as signatories. We consider whether the Central Arctic Ocean Fisheries Agreement will emerge as an important precedent with significant implications for the Governance of the CAO as an area beyond national jurisdiction and for the Arctic Ocean Governance complex more generally.

  • a tool to navigate overlaps in fragmented Ocean Governance
    Marine Policy, 2009
    Co-Authors: Oran R. Young, Julia A Ekstrom, Steve Gaines, Maria Gordon, Bonnie J Mccay
    Abstract:

    Abstract Implementation of marine ecosystem-based management requires improved understanding of existing Governance, including gaps and overlaps resulting from fragmented management. Focusing on overlaps, this paper presents a technique using text analysis to assist in the identification of agencies and laws involved in overlaps from a system perspective. The overlaps analysis uses term frequency counts on Ocean laws and regulations in conjunction with relevant agency authority. Such information delivered in a transparent user-friendly presentation can help policymakers and other constituents of ecosystem-based management to find existing overlaps as a step to facilitate improved coordination.

Nathan J Bennett - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • the politics of Ocean Governance transformations
    Frontiers in Marine Science, 2021
    Co-Authors: Jessica Blythe, Derek Armitage, Nathan J Bennett, Jennifer J Silver, Andrew M Song
    Abstract:

    Recently, Oceans have become the focus of substantial global attention and diverse appeals for ‘transformation’. Calls to transform Ocean Governance are motivated by various objectives, including the need to secure the rights of marginalized coastal communities, to boost Ocean-based economic development, and to reverse global biodiversity loss. This paper examines the politics of Ocean Governance transformations through an analysis of three ongoing cases: the FAO’s voluntary guidelines for small-scale fisheries; debt-for-‘blue’-nature swaps in the Seychelles; and the United Nations’ negotiations for a high seas’ treaty. We find that transformations are not inevitable or apolitical. Rather, changes are driven by an array of actors with different objectives and varying degrees of power. Objectives are articulated and negotiated through interactions that may reassemble rights, access, and control; however, there is also the potential that existing conditions become further entrenched rather than transformed at all. In particular, our analysis suggests that: 1) efforts to transform are situated in contested, historical landscapes that bias the trajectory of transformation, 2) power dynamics shape whose agendas and narratives drive transformational change, and 3) transformations create uneven distributions of costs and benefits that can facilitate or stall progress towards intended goals. As competing interests over Ocean spaces continue to grow in the coming decades, understanding the processes through which Ocean Governance transformations can occur - and making the politics of transformative change more explicit – will be critical for realizing equitable Ocean Governance.

  • conditions and cautions for transforming Ocean Governance
    2021
    Co-Authors: Jessica Blythe, Derek Armitage, Nathan J Bennett, Jennifer J Silver, Andrew M Song
    Abstract:

    This chapter explores the circumstances under which Ocean Governance transformations can occur. We analyze three ongoing cases of transformation to identify enabling conditions and points of caution for transformation in the dynamic and complex field of marine management. Our cases include: (1) the Food and Agricultural Organization’s (FAO) small-scale fisheries guidelines, (2) debt-for-‘blue’-nature swap in the Seychelles, and (3) the United Nations’ negotiations for a legally binding treaty to govern the high seas. Through our analysis, we find that preparing for transformative change is enabled by the identification of a Governance related challenge, growing social support for Governance change and the communication of compelling narratives. Windows of opportunity can be opened through policy negotiations and social or ecological crises. Navigating Governance transitions can be facilitated through multi-stakeholder collaborations and building resilience with the new Governance regime is predicated on contextualized institutional support. We also find that caution should be exercised in accounting for the diversity of policy landscape within which Governance transformations occur, the uneven distribution of the costs and benefits of Governance change, and conflicting perspectives on the appropriate direction of change. The three cases examined in this study offer insights into the processes required to initiate and navigate Governance transformations in marine and coastal social-ecological systems. Ultimately, we aim to contribute to ongoing efforts to better understand processes that facilitate Governance transformations towards more sustainable and equitable Oceans.

  • navigating a just and inclusive path towards sustainable Oceans
    Marine Policy, 2018
    Co-Authors: Nathan J Bennett
    Abstract:

    Abstract The Ocean is the next frontier for many conservation and development activities. Growth in marine protected areas, fisheries management, the blue economy, and marine spatial planning initiatives are occurring both within and beyond national jurisdictions. This mounting activity has coincided with increasing concerns about sustainability and international attention to Ocean Governance. Yet, despite growing concerns about exclusionary decision-making processes and social injustices, there remains inadequate attention to issues of social justice and inclusion in Ocean science, management, Governance and funding. In a rapidly changing and progressively busier Ocean, we need to learn from past mistakes and identify ways to navigate a just and inclusive path towards sustainability. Proactive attention to inclusive decision-making and social justice is needed across key Ocean policy realms including marine conservation, fisheries management, marine spatial planning, the blue economy, climate adaptation and global Ocean Governance for both ethical and instrumental reasons. This discussion paper aims to stimulate greater engagement with these critical topics. It is a call to action for Ocean-focused researchers, policy-makers, managers, practitioners, and funders.

  • why people matter in Ocean Governance incorporating human dimensions into large scale marine protected areas
    Marine Policy, 2017
    Co-Authors: Patrick Christie, Nathan J Bennett, Noella J Gray, Aulani T Wilhelm, Nai A Lewis, John Parks, Natalie C Ban, Rebecca L Gruby
    Abstract:

    Abstract Large-scale marine protected areas (LSMPAs) are rapidly increasing. Due to their sheer size, complex socio-political realities, and distinct local cultural perspectives and economic needs, implementing and managing LSMPAs successfully creates a number of human dimensions challenges. It is timely and important to explore the human dimensions of LSMPAs. This paper draws on the results of a global “Think Tank on the Human Dimensions of Large Scale Marine Protected Areas” involving 125 people from 17 countries, including representatives from government agencies, non-governmental organizations, academia, professionals, industry, cultural/indigenous leaders and LSMPA site managers. The overarching goal of this effort was to be proactive in understanding the issues and developing best management practices and a research agenda that address the human dimensions of LSMPAs. Identified best management practices for the human dimensions of LSMPAs included: integration of culture and traditions, effective public and stakeholder engagement, maintenance of livelihoods and wellbeing, promotion of economic sustainability, conflict management and resolution, transparency and matching institutions, legitimate and appropriate Governance, and social justice and empowerment. A shared human dimensions research agenda was developed that included priority topics under the themes of scoping human dimensions, Governance, politics, social and economic outcomes, and culture and tradition. The authors discuss future directions in researching and incorporating human dimensions into LSMPAs design and management, reflect on this global effort to co-produce knowledge and re-orient practice on the human dimensions of LSMPAs, and invite others to join a nascent community of practice on the human dimensions of large-scale marine conservation.

Larry B Crowder - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • organizational perspectives on sustainable Ocean Governance a multi stakeholder meta organization model of collective action
    Marine Policy, 2020
    Co-Authors: Heloise Berkowitz, Larry B Crowder, Cassandra M Brooks
    Abstract:

    Abstract Meta-organizations (MO, i.e. organizations of organizations) are increasingly set up and used to tackle contemporary environmental or social problems. The primary focus of this novel concept has been traditional industries and cases of MO made of one single type of members, e.g. firms, often in the same industry. Little research has examined cross-sectoral or multi-stakeholder MO and their roles in the Governance of economic activities, especially in the Oceans, which face severe and complex grand challenges. Here we investigate the forms and conditions under which MO can effectively facilitate the joint Governance of Ocean problems. Our paper develops a conceptualization of ‘governing MO’ as a category of MO dedicated to sustainability and organizations' practices self-Governance. We then conduct a comparative study of Ocean Governance devices through the MO lens and highlight broad variations in the use of MO characteristics. Lastly, we define ideal-typical dimensions and boundary conditions for a MO model of Ocean Governance.

  • the silver anniversary of the united states exclusive economic zone twenty five years of Ocean use and abuse and the possibility of a blue water public trust doctrine
    Ecology Law Quarterly, 2009
    Co-Authors: Mary Turnipseed, Stephen E Roady, Raphael D Sagarin, Larry B Crowder
    Abstract:

    Sustainably managing marine ecosystems has proved nearly impossible, with few success stories. Ecosystem management failures largely stem from the traditional sector-by-sector, issue-by-issue approach to managing Ocean-borne activities—an approach that is fundamentally unable to keep pace with the dynamics of coupled human, ecological and Oceanographic systems. In the United States today there are over twenty federal agencies and thirty-five coastal states and territories operating under dozens of statutory authorities shaping coastal and Ocean policy. Among marine ecologists and policy experts there is an emerging consensus that a major overhaul in U.S. Ocean Governance is necessary. This Article suggests that the public trust doctrine— an ancient legal concept that is already incorporated in U.S. state coastal

  • resolving mismatches in u s Ocean Governance
    Science, 2006
    Co-Authors: Larry B Crowder, Oran R. Young, Gail Osherenko, Satie Airame, Elliott A Norse, N Baron, Jon C Day, F Douvere, Charles N Ehler, Benjamin S Halpern
    Abstract:

    Problems in Ocean resource management derive from Governance, not science. Ocean zoning would replace mismatched and fragmented approaches with integrated regulatory domains.

Lysa Wini-simeon - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • Towards defining the Blue Economy: Practical lessons from pacific Ocean Governance
    Marine Policy, 2016
    Co-Authors: Meg R. Keen, Anne-maree Schwarz, Lysa Wini-simeon
    Abstract:

    Governments and regional agencies of the Pacific Islands are strengthening their commitment to sustainable Oceans management through proactive policies and programs. The Blue Economy concept is increasingly being invoked, yet clarity on definitions and implementation steps remain vague. This paper reviews reports, academic literature and regional speeches to develop a Blue Economy conceptual framework which is then applied to three case studies from the fisheries sector - small scale fisheries, urban fish markets and onshore tuna processing. The cases illustrate an imbalance in attention paid to key components of the Blue Economy and missed opportunities for integration across scales, time and stakeholders with a few noteworthy exceptions. Issues of power, agency and gender remain weakly addressed even in the most recent initiatives. While clearly defining components of the Blue Economy provides a valuable tool for assessing coverage of key elements of sustainable Ocean management, it is less obvious that the new label, Blue Economy, significantly advances practice beyond existing sustainable development frameworks. A proliferation in terms adds more complexity to an already challenging management space. Nevertheless, the conceptual framework is useful for structuring evaluations of practice, and helping to reveal missing ingredients necessary for the sustainable development of Oceans.

Yenchiang Chang - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • the new development of the Ocean Governance mechanism in taiwan and its reference for china
    Ocean & Coastal Management, 2017
    Co-Authors: Yenchiang Chang
    Abstract:

    Abstract The 21st Century has witnessed the increased efforts by states around the world on the planning for and management of the ‘Blue National Soil’. Taiwan has achieved a series of major breakthroughs in the area of Ocean Governance. With the enactment of the Coastal Zone Management Act and the ‘Four Ocean Affairs-related Organisation Acts’ by the legislature, Taiwan not only establishes a substantive administration framework for the coastal zone management but also foresees its very first specialised marine administrative authority. This article seeks to introduce the text, the legislative history, the current implementation and the future development of these acts. Through detailed comparison with the China's coastal legislation and Ocean administration reform, it identifies preferable points in Taiwan's experience so as to provide reference for China in upgrading its Ocean Governance system.

  • marine environmental Governance networks and approaches conference report
    Marine Policy, 2014
    Co-Authors: Yenchiang Chang, Warwick Gullett, David Fluharty
    Abstract:

    Abstract The development of maritime law and policy is one of the most important tasks for nation States. The implications of globalisation and the importance of the rule of law, the protection of maritime rights and interests and the marine environment should be realised through effective, reasonable and equitable legal systems, within which both public and private law can be utilised to deal with the wide range of marine Governance challenges. In October 2013, Shandong University School of Law organised with the support of Zhongcheng Renhe Law Firm the “2013 International Conference on Marine Environmental Governance” to bring together academics, policy makers and maritime law practitioners to examine developments and dispute resolution mechanisms in this field of research. We provide a brief report of the key issues discussed during the workshop which may assist in developing better understanding of Ocean Governance approaches in different regions and their application to decision-making processes.

  • the current development of the Ocean Governance mechanism in china
    Coastal Management, 2013
    Co-Authors: Yenchiang Chang, Nannan Wang, Yue Zhao
    Abstract:

    A holistic approach to Ocean Governance in mainland China has yet to be fully developed and thus, improved. In terms of marine legislation, mainland China should concentrate on this neglected aspect, to formulate a “Coastal Bill.” Additionally, a comprehensive functional-zoning-based “Oceans Bill” should be suitably drafted, on the basis of the current, “Law on the Administration of the Use of Sea Areas.” In terms of marine administration, the State Oceanic Administration should be transformed into a department, which would be responsible for coordinating the scattered central marine administrative bodies and the relationship between the central and local governments in terms of marine affairs. In terms of marine law enforcement, mainland China could start with the establishing of a coordinating body to improve the communication and cooperation of the marine law enforcement bodies and gradually build up an integrated body, enforcing laws at sea. The most recent development in China is the establishment of...

  • a note on a comparison of the Ocean Governance system between mainland china and taiwan
    Ocean Development and International Law, 2012
    Co-Authors: Yenchiang Chang
    Abstract:

    With the increasing use of the Oceans and coastal areas, there is a need to pay greater attention to and reexamine the issue of Ocean Governance. Through comparing the framework of Ocean Governance in mainland China with that in Taiwan in terms of legislation, administration, and law enforcement, this article establishes that there are advanced practices concerning Ocean Governance in Taiwan and lessons that may be applicable for mainland China.

  • international legal obligations in relation to good Ocean Governance
    Chinese Journal of International Law, 2010
    Co-Authors: Yenchiang Chang
    Abstract:

    At present, the concept of good Ocean Governance is articulated in the literature only. This paper adopted eight elements of good Governance as an analytical framework, namely, the rule of law, participatory, transparency, consensus-based decision making, accountability, equity and inclusiveness, responsiveness and coherence. These elements are partially supported by international treaty practice but have not yet received universal acceptance.