The Experts below are selected from a list of 303 Experts worldwide ranked by ideXlab platform
Christian K. Bach - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Update to Office Equipment diversity and load factors (ASHRAE 1742-RP)
Science and Technology for the Built Environment, 2017Co-Authors: Omer Sarfraz, Christian K. BachAbstract:The current article gives an overview of methods used for the determination of updated recommended diversity factors for various Office Equipment. The update to the diversity factors was required b...
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Experimental methodology and results for heat gains from various Office Equipment (ASHRAE RP-1742)
Science and Technology for the Built Environment, 2017Co-Authors: Omer Sarfraz, Christian K. BachAbstract:Recent advances in building envelope systems and fenestration have resulted in improved building envelopes, reducing both the air leakage and the heat transfer with the surroundings. At the same time, the power consumption of the heating, ventilation, and air-conditioning systems is reduced due to the improvement in their energy efficiency. This leaves plug and miscellaneous loads as one of the main contributors to the overall energy consumption of buildings, accounting for up to 50% of the building's total energy consumption (NBI 2012). As a result of this, it is important to accurately assess the energy consumed by plug loads as overestimation can result in oversized HVAC systems increasing capital and operating cost while undersized systems result in thermal comfort problems for occupants. The ASHRAE Fundamental Handbook heat gain tables were last updated in 2009. Since then, Equipment's power management capabilities improved tremendously and many new types of Office Equipment were introduced. ASHRAE, ...
Jonathan G Koomey - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Power levels in Office Equipment: Measurements of new monitors and personal computers
Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 2002Co-Authors: Judy A. Roberson, Bruce Nordman, Richard E. Brown, Carrie A. Webber, Gregory H. Homan, Akshay Mahajan, Marla Mcwhinney, Jonathan G KoomeyAbstract:Electronic Office Equipment has proliferated rapidly over the last twenty years and is projected to continue growing in the future. Efforts to reduce the growth in Office Equipment energy use have focused on power management to reduce power consumption of electronic devices when not being used for their primary purpose. The EPA ENERGY STAR[registered trademark] program has been instrumental in gaining widespread support for power management in Office Equipment, and accurate information about the energy used by Office Equipment in all power levels is important to improving program design and evaluation. This paper presents the results of a field study conducted during 2001 to measure the power levels of new monitors and personal computers. We measured off, on, and low-power levels in about 60 units manufactured since July 2000. The paper summarizes power data collected, explores differences within the sample (e.g., between CRT and LCD monitors), and discusses some issues that arise in m etering Office Equipment. We also present conclusions to help improve the success of future power management programs.Our findings include a trend among monitor manufacturers to provide a single very low low-power level, and the need to standardize methods for measuring monitor on power, to more accuratelymore » estimate the annual energy consumption of Office Equipment, as well as actual and potential energy savings from power management.« less
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electricity used by Office Equipment and network Equipment in the us
Energy, 2002Co-Authors: Kaoru Kawamoto, Bruce Nordman, Richard E. Brown, Jonathan G Koomey, Mary Ann Piette, Michael Ting, Alan MeierAbstract:In spite of the recent explosive growth in the use of Office and network Equipment, there has been no recent study (until this one) that estimates in detail how much electricity is consumed by that Equipment in the United States.
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Electricity used by Office Equipment and network Equipment in the US
Energy, 2002Co-Authors: Kaoru Kawamoto, Bruce Nordman, Richard E. Brown, Jonathan G Koomey, Mary Ann Piette, Michael Ting, Alan MeierAbstract:Abstract In spite of the recent explosive growth in the use of Office and network Equipment, there has been no recent study (until this one) that estimates in detail how much electricity is consumed by that Equipment in the United States. In this study, we examined energy use by Office Equipment and network Equipment at the end of 1999. We classified Office Equipment into 11 types; for each type we estimated annual energy consumption for residential, commercial, and industrial use by combining estimates of stock, power requirements, usage, and saturation of power management. We also classified network Equipment into six types and estimated the annual energy consumption for each type. We found that total direct power use by Office and network Equipment is about 74 TWh per year, which is about 2% of total electricity use in the US. When electricity used by telecommunications Equipment and electronics manufacturing is included, that figure rises to 3% of all electricity use. More than 70% of the 74 TWh/year is dedicated to Office Equipment for commercial use. We also found that power management currently saves 23 TWh/year, and complete saturation and proper functioning of power management would achieve additional savings of 17 TWh/year. Furthermore, complete saturation of night shutdown for Equipment not required to operate at night would reduce power use by an additional 7 TWh/year. Finally, we compared our current estimate with our 1995 forecast for 1999. We found that the total difference between our current estimate and the previous forecast is less than 15% and identified the factors that led to inaccuracies in the previous forecast. We also conducted a sensitivity analysis of the uncertainties in our current forecast and identified the data sets that have the largest impact on our current estimate of energy use.
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Field surveys of Office Equipment operating patterns
2001Co-Authors: Carrie A. Webber, Bruce Nordman, Richard E. Brown, Judy A. Roberson, Christopher Payne, Jonathan G KoomeyAbstract:This paper presents the results of 11 after-hours walk-throughs of Offices in the San Francisco CA and Washington D.C. areas. The primary purpose of these walk-throughs was to collect data on turn-off rates for various types of Office Equipment (computers, monitors, printers, fax machines, copiers, and multifunction products). Each piece of Equipment observed was recorded and its power status noted (e.g. on, off, low power). Whenever possible, we also recorded whether power management was enabled on the Equipment. The floor area audited was recorded as well, which allowed us to calculate Equipment densities. We found that only 44 percent of computers, 32 percent of monitors, and 25 percent of printers were turned off at night. Based on our observations we estimate success rates of 56 percent for monitor power management and 96 percent for enabling of power management on printers.
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electricity used by Office Equipment and network Equipment in the u s detailed report and appendices
Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 2001Co-Authors: Kaoru Kawamoto, Bruce Nordman, Richard E. Brown, Jonathan G Koomey, Mary Ann Piette, Michael Ting, Alan MeierAbstract:In spite of the recent explosive growth in the use of Office and network Equipment, there has been no recent study that estimates in detail how much electricity is consumed by that Equipment in the United States. In this study, we examined energy use by Office Equipment and network Equipment at the end of 1999. We classified Office Equipment into 11 types; for each type we estimated annual energy consumption for residential, commercial, and industrial use by combining estimates of stock, power requirements, usage, and saturation of power management. We also classified network Equipment into six types and estimated the annual energy consumption for each type. We found that total direct power use by Office and network Equipment is about 74 TWh per year, which is about 2% of total electricity use in the U.S. When electricity used by telecommunications Equipment and electronics manufacturing is included, that figure rises to 3% of all electricity use (Koomey 2000). More than 70% of the 74 TWh/year is dedicated to Office Equipment for commercial use. We also found that power management currently saves 23 TWh/year, and complete saturation and proper functioning of power management would achieve additional savings of 17 TWh/year. Furthermore, complete saturation of night shutdown for Equipment not required to operate at night would reduce power use by an additional 7 TWh/year. Finally, we compared our current estimater with our 1995 forecast for 1999. We found that the total difference between our current estimate and the previous forecast is less than 15% and identified the factors that led to inaccuracies in the previous forecast. We also conducted a sensitivity analysis of the uncertainties in our current forecast and identified the data sets that have the largest impact on our current estimate of energy use.
Leslie K. Norford - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Energy policies for energy efficiency in Office Equipment Case studies from Europe, Japan and the USA
Energy Policy, 1994Co-Authors: Cyane B. Dandridge, Jacques Roturier, Leslie K. NorfordAbstract:Abstract This paper compares policies and programs in several European countries, Japan and the USA that could enhance the energy efficiency of Office technology. Different programs are examined, including federal government programs. In some cases target values for power usage of Office Equipment have already been set through these federal government programs. Large customer procurement programs, industry involvement, with emphasis on voluntary labeling programs, and research projects are also examined. Procedures that provide energy consumption measurements of various types of Equipment are important for providing information to emerging procurement programs. Two sets of proposed test procedures for testing energy consumption of copiers, fax machines and printers are examined and compared. The results provide information for emerging programs and provide a strong basis for a variety of further research and areas for cooperation.
Omer Sarfraz - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Update to Office Equipment diversity and load factors (ASHRAE 1742-RP)
Science and Technology for the Built Environment, 2017Co-Authors: Omer Sarfraz, Christian K. BachAbstract:The current article gives an overview of methods used for the determination of updated recommended diversity factors for various Office Equipment. The update to the diversity factors was required b...
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Experimental methodology and results for heat gains from various Office Equipment (ASHRAE RP-1742)
Science and Technology for the Built Environment, 2017Co-Authors: Omer Sarfraz, Christian K. BachAbstract:Recent advances in building envelope systems and fenestration have resulted in improved building envelopes, reducing both the air leakage and the heat transfer with the surroundings. At the same time, the power consumption of the heating, ventilation, and air-conditioning systems is reduced due to the improvement in their energy efficiency. This leaves plug and miscellaneous loads as one of the main contributors to the overall energy consumption of buildings, accounting for up to 50% of the building's total energy consumption (NBI 2012). As a result of this, it is important to accurately assess the energy consumed by plug loads as overestimation can result in oversized HVAC systems increasing capital and operating cost while undersized systems result in thermal comfort problems for occupants. The ASHRAE Fundamental Handbook heat gain tables were last updated in 2009. Since then, Equipment's power management capabilities improved tremendously and many new types of Office Equipment were introduced. ASHRAE, ...
Atul K Chhabra - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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interpretation of telephone company central Office Equipment drawings
International Conference on Pattern Recognition, 1994Co-Authors: J F Arias, Rangachar Kasturi, Atul K ChhabraAbstract:This paper describes a methodology to interpret central Office drawings using basic features in order to increase the efficiency of the interpretation. To interpret these drawings, the intersections between vertical and horizontal lines are located and related to obtain the position of boxes. Once the graphical information is interpreted, a grammar driven intelligent character recognition (ICR) system is used to extract text information in order to complete the interpretation of the drawing.
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ICPR (2) - Interpretation of telephone company central Office Equipment drawings
Proceedings of the 12th IAPR International Conference on Pattern Recognition (Cat. No.94CH3440-5), 1994Co-Authors: J F Arias, Rangachar Kasturi, Atul K ChhabraAbstract:This paper describes a methodology to interpret central Office drawings using basic features in order to increase the efficiency of the interpretation. To interpret these drawings, the intersections between vertical and horizontal lines are located and related to obtain the position of boxes. Once the graphical information is interpreted, a grammar driven intelligent character recognition (ICR) system is used to extract text information in order to complete the interpretation of the drawing.
