The Experts below are selected from a list of 1320 Experts worldwide ranked by ideXlab platform

Dayna R. Touron - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • Priming performance-related concerns induces Task-related mind-wandering.
    Consciousness and cognition, 2017
    Co-Authors: Megan L. Jordano, Dayna R. Touron
    Abstract:

    Two experiments tested the hypothesis that priming of performance-related concerns would (1) increase the frequency of Task-related mind-wandering (i.e., Task-related interference; TRI) and (2) decrease Task performance. In each experiment, sixty female participants completed an Operation Span Task (OSpan) containing thought content probes. The Task was framed as a math Task for those in a condition primed for math-related stereotype threat and as a memory Task for those in a control condition. In both studies, women whose performance-related concerns were primed via stereotype threat reported more TRI than women in the control. The second experiment used a more challenging OSpan Task and stereotype primed women also had lower math accuracy than controls. These results support the "control failures×current concerns" framework of mind-wandering, which posits that the degree to which the environmental context triggers personal concerns influences both mind-wandering frequency and content.

  • Stereotype threat as a trigger of mind-wandering in older adults.
    Psychology and aging, 2017
    Co-Authors: Megan L. Jordano, Dayna R. Touron
    Abstract:

    Older adults (OAs) report less overall mind-wandering than younger adults (YAs) but more Task-related interference (TRI; mind-wandering about the Task). The current study examined TRI while manipulating older adults' performance-related concerns. We compared groups for which memory-related stereotype threat (ST) was activated or relieved to a control group. Participants completed an Operation Span Task containing mind-wandering probes. ST-activated OAs reported more TRI than ST-relieved OAs and had worse performance on the Operation Span Task. This study illustrates that environmental context triggers current concerns and determines, in part, the frequency and content of mind-wandering. (PsycINFO Database Record

  • Metacognitive monitoring and strategic behaviour in working memory performance
    Quarterly journal of experimental psychology (2006), 2009
    Co-Authors: Dayna R. Touron, Natalie Oransky, Matt E. Meier, Jarrod C. Hines
    Abstract:

    Research indicates that cognitive age differences can be influenced by metacognitive factors. This research has generally focused on simple memory Tasks. Age differences in working memory (WM) performance are pronounced, but are typically attributed to basic cognitive deficits rather than metacognitive factors. However, WM performance can be influenced by strategic behaviour that might be driven by metacognitive monitoring. In the current project, we attempted to connect these lines of research by examining age differences in metacognitive WM monitoring and strategies. In Experiment 1, younger and older adult participants completed a computerized Operation Span Task in conditions that either required or did not require monitoring reports. Participants in the monitoring condition predicted and postdicted global performance for each block and rated their responses following each trial within a block. In Experiment 2, participants also reported their trial-level strategic approach. In contrast to the age equ...

  • Metacognitive monitoring and strategic behavior in working memory performance: An examination of adult age differences
    2009
    Co-Authors: Dayna R. Touron
    Abstract:

    Research indicates that cognitive age differences can be influenced by metacognitive factors. This research has generally focused on simple memory Tasks. Age differences in working memory (WM) performance are pronounced, but are typically attributed to basic cognitive deficits rather than metacognitive factors. However, WM performance can be influenced by strategic behaviour that might be driven by metacognitive monitoring. In the current project, we attempted to connect these lines of research by examining age differences in metacognitive WM monitoring and strategies. In Experiment 1, younger and older adult participants completed a computerized Operation Span Task in conditions that either required or did not require monitoring reports. Participants in the monitoring condition predicted and postdicted global performance for each block and rated their responses following each trial within a block. In Experiment 2, participants also reported their trial-level strategic approach. In contrast to the age equivalence typically found for simple memory monitoring, results demonstrated age differences in WM monitoring accuracy. Overall age differences in strategy use were not found, but using effective strategies benefited older adults' performance more than younger adults'. Furthermore, age-related differences in the WM Task appear to be mediated by the accuracy of performance monitoring.

  • ***Note: Figures may be missing from this format of the document
    2009
    Co-Authors: Dayna R. Touron, Natalie Oransky, Matt E. Meier, Jarrod C. Hines
    Abstract:

    Research indicates that cognitive age differences can be influenced by metacognitive factors. This research has generally focused on simple memory Tasks. Age differences in working memory (WM) performance are pronounced, but are typically attributed to basic cognitive deficits rather than metacognitive factors. However, WM performance can be influenced by strategic behaviour that might be driven by metacognitive monitoring. In the current project, we attempted to connect these lines of research by examining age differences in metacognitive WM monitoring and strategies. In Experiment 1, younger and older adult participants completed a computerized Operation Span Task in conditions that either required or did not require monitoring reports. Participants in the monitoring condition predicted and postdicted global performance for each block and rated their responses following each trial within a block. In Experiment 2, participants also reported their trial-level strategic approach. In contrast to the age equivalence typically found for simple memory monitoring, results demonstrated age differences in WM monitoring accuracy. Overall age differences in strategy use were not found, but using effective strategies benefited older adults' performance more than younger adults'. Furthermore, age-related differences in the WM Task appear to be mediated by the accuracy of performance monitoring.

Randall W. Engle - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • The role of proactive interference in working memory training and transfer.
    Psychological research, 2019
    Co-Authors: Thomas S. Redick, Elizabeth A. Wiemers, Randall W. Engle
    Abstract:

    Recent work on working memory training has produced conflicting results regarding the degree and generality of transfer to other cognitive processes. However, few studies have investigated possible mechanisms underlying transfer. The current study was designed to test the role of proactive interference in working memory training and transfer. Eighty-six young adults participated in a pretest-posttest design, with ten training sessions in between. In the two working memory training conditions, subjects performed an Operation Span Task, with one condition requiring recall of letters on every trial (Operation-letters), whereas the other condition alternated between letters, digits, and words as the to-be-remembered items across trials (Operation-mix). These groups were compared to an active-control group (visual-search). Working memory, verbal fluency, and reading comprehension measures were administered in pretest and posttest sessions. All groups significantly increased their performance over the ten training sessions. There was evidence of strategy-specific benefits on transfer, such that transfer to working memory measures was higher for the Operation-letters group on Tasks specifically involving letters, and no differential transfer to working memory tests without letters, to verbal fluency, or to reading comprehension. The results indicate that proactive interference does not appear to play a causal role in determining transfer from working memory training, and instead a strategy account based on stimulus content provides a more parsimonious explanation for the pattern of training and transfer.

  • Effects of sleep deprivation on cognitive performance by United States Air Force pilots
    Journal of Applied Research in Memory and Cognition, 2012
    Co-Authors: Nadia Lopez, Richard P Heitz, Fred H. Previc, Joseph Fischer, Randall W. Engle
    Abstract:

    This study examined the effects of 35 h of continuous sleep deprivation on performance in a variety of cognitive Tasks as well as simulated flight. Ten United States Air Force pilots completed the Multi-Attribute Task Battery (MATB), Psychomotor Vigilance Task (PVT), and Operation Span Task (OSpan), as well as simulated flight at 3 h intervals over a 35 h sleep deprivation period. Performance declined on all tests after about 18–20 h of continuous sleep deprivation, although the degree to which performance degraded varied. During the second half of the sleep deprivation period, performance on the simulated flight was predicted by PVT and OSpan reasonably well but much less so by the MATB. Variance from optimal flight performance was predicted by both PVT and OSpan but each measure added incremental validity to the prediction. The two measures together accounted for 58% of the variance in flight performance in the second half of the sleep deprivation period.

  • an automated version of the Operation Span Task
    Behavior Research Methods, 2005
    Co-Authors: Nash Unsworth, Richard P Heitz, Josef C Schrock, Randall W. Engle
    Abstract:

    We present an easy-to-administer and automated version of a popular working memory (WM) capacity Task (Operation Span; OSpan) that is mouse driven, scores itself, and requires little intervention on the part of the experimenter. It is shown that this version of OSpan correlates well with other measures of WM capacity and has both good internal consistency (alpha=.78) and test-retest reliability (.83). In addition, the automated version of OSpan (AoSpan) was shown to load on the same factor as two other WM measures. This WM capacity factor correlated with a factor composed of fluid abilities measures. The utility of the AoSpan was further demonstrated by analyzing response times (RTs) that indicated that RT measures obtained in the Task accounted for additional variance in predicting fluid abilities. Our results suggest that AoSpan is a reliable and valid indicator of WM capacity that can be applied to a wide array of research domains.

Richard P Heitz - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • Effects of sleep deprivation on cognitive performance by United States Air Force pilots
    Journal of Applied Research in Memory and Cognition, 2012
    Co-Authors: Nadia Lopez, Richard P Heitz, Fred H. Previc, Joseph Fischer, Randall W. Engle
    Abstract:

    This study examined the effects of 35 h of continuous sleep deprivation on performance in a variety of cognitive Tasks as well as simulated flight. Ten United States Air Force pilots completed the Multi-Attribute Task Battery (MATB), Psychomotor Vigilance Task (PVT), and Operation Span Task (OSpan), as well as simulated flight at 3 h intervals over a 35 h sleep deprivation period. Performance declined on all tests after about 18–20 h of continuous sleep deprivation, although the degree to which performance degraded varied. During the second half of the sleep deprivation period, performance on the simulated flight was predicted by PVT and OSpan reasonably well but much less so by the MATB. Variance from optimal flight performance was predicted by both PVT and OSpan but each measure added incremental validity to the prediction. The two measures together accounted for 58% of the variance in flight performance in the second half of the sleep deprivation period.

  • an automated version of the Operation Span Task
    Behavior Research Methods, 2005
    Co-Authors: Nash Unsworth, Richard P Heitz, Josef C Schrock, Randall W. Engle
    Abstract:

    We present an easy-to-administer and automated version of a popular working memory (WM) capacity Task (Operation Span; OSpan) that is mouse driven, scores itself, and requires little intervention on the part of the experimenter. It is shown that this version of OSpan correlates well with other measures of WM capacity and has both good internal consistency (alpha=.78) and test-retest reliability (.83). In addition, the automated version of OSpan (AoSpan) was shown to load on the same factor as two other WM measures. This WM capacity factor correlated with a factor composed of fluid abilities measures. The utility of the AoSpan was further demonstrated by analyzing response times (RTs) that indicated that RT measures obtained in the Task accounted for additional variance in predicting fluid abilities. Our results suggest that AoSpan is a reliable and valid indicator of WM capacity that can be applied to a wide array of research domains.

  • Individual Differences in the Fan Effect and Working Memory Capacity.
    Journal of Memory and Language, 2004
    Co-Authors: Michael F. Bunting, Andrew R. A. Conway, Richard P Heitz
    Abstract:

    In opposition to conceptualizing working memory (WM) in terms of a general capacity, we present four experiments that favor the view that individual differences in WM depend on attentional control. High- and low-WM participants, as assessed by the Operation Span Task, learned unrelated sentences for which the subject and predicate of the sentences shared concepts (fan). Sentences were learned in sets organized by subjects (Experiments 1A and 1B) or predicates (Experiments 2A and 2B). WM predicted accuracy and reaction times on a subsequent speeded verification Task, but not learning. In Experiments 1A and 2A, low-WM participants had a steeper, positively sloped fan effect for reaction times to studied items than high-WM participants. In Experiments 1B and 2B, fan was eliminated across but not within memory sets, which eliminated individual differences but not slope to the fan effect. These effects suggest the crux of WM is attentional control, and competition across sets causes individual differences.

Amber Ferris - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • Goals Can Be Threatened to Extinction: Using the Stroop Task to Clarify Working Memory Depletion Under Stereotype Threat
    Social Psychological and Personality Science, 2012
    Co-Authors: Keith A. Hutchison, Jessi L. Smith, Amber Ferris
    Abstract:

    Consensus is building that stereotype threat interferes with working memory, but how so? Grounded in the dual-process framework of Kane and Engle, the authors examined the extent to which stereotype threat interferes with one’s ability to maintain Task goals in working memory and one’s ability to choose between conflicting responses. One hundred eighty-seven Montana State University (MSU) men were first given the Operation Span Task (OSpan) to assess working memory capacity, then engaged in the Stroop Task under mostly incongruent or mostly congruent conditions. The Stroop Task was presented as a measure of verbal processing skills (stereotype threat condition) or not (control condition). Stroop errors and reaction times were assessed. Results suggest that for people lower in working memory capacity, stereotype threat primarily interferes with internally maintaining Task goals across trials. Implications for such stereotype threat-based distraction effects on performance in educational and workplace envir...

Megan L. Jordano - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • Priming performance-related concerns induces Task-related mind-wandering.
    Consciousness and cognition, 2017
    Co-Authors: Megan L. Jordano, Dayna R. Touron
    Abstract:

    Two experiments tested the hypothesis that priming of performance-related concerns would (1) increase the frequency of Task-related mind-wandering (i.e., Task-related interference; TRI) and (2) decrease Task performance. In each experiment, sixty female participants completed an Operation Span Task (OSpan) containing thought content probes. The Task was framed as a math Task for those in a condition primed for math-related stereotype threat and as a memory Task for those in a control condition. In both studies, women whose performance-related concerns were primed via stereotype threat reported more TRI than women in the control. The second experiment used a more challenging OSpan Task and stereotype primed women also had lower math accuracy than controls. These results support the "control failures×current concerns" framework of mind-wandering, which posits that the degree to which the environmental context triggers personal concerns influences both mind-wandering frequency and content.

  • Stereotype threat as a trigger of mind-wandering in older adults.
    Psychology and aging, 2017
    Co-Authors: Megan L. Jordano, Dayna R. Touron
    Abstract:

    Older adults (OAs) report less overall mind-wandering than younger adults (YAs) but more Task-related interference (TRI; mind-wandering about the Task). The current study examined TRI while manipulating older adults' performance-related concerns. We compared groups for which memory-related stereotype threat (ST) was activated or relieved to a control group. Participants completed an Operation Span Task containing mind-wandering probes. ST-activated OAs reported more TRI than ST-relieved OAs and had worse performance on the Operation Span Task. This study illustrates that environmental context triggers current concerns and determines, in part, the frequency and content of mind-wandering. (PsycINFO Database Record