The Experts below are selected from a list of 2322 Experts worldwide ranked by ideXlab platform
John Chapin - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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I Know You Are, but What Am I? Adolescents' Third-Person Perception Regarding Dating Violence
Journal of Educational Research, 2013Co-Authors: John ChapinAbstract:A survey of adolescents ( N = 1,646) documented third-person perception regarding media depictions of dating/relationship violence. It also contributes to the growing literature documenting Optimistic Bias as a strong predictor of third-person perception and draws from the Optimistic Bias literature considering new variables including self-esteem, self-efficacy, and experience with violence.
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Optimistic Bias about dating relationship violence among teens
Journal of Youth Studies, 2012Co-Authors: John Chapin, Geoffrey ColemanAbstract:A survey of American adolescents documented Optimistic Bias regarding intimate partner violence (IPV). Teenagers believe they are less likely than peers to become victims of violence by a boyfriend or girlfriend, despite reporting some first-hand experience with violence. Optimistic Bias was predicted by prior knowledge of dating and relationship violence and perceptions about media influence. The findings indicate that Optimistic Bias is more than an esteem-preserving mechanism and point to new directions in research by exploring linkages to cultivation effects. The study also extends the Optimistic Bias literature by utilizing an adolescent sample and exploring IPV as a context.
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Optimistic Bias about dating/relationship violence among teens
Journal of Youth Studies, 2012Co-Authors: John Chapin, Geoffrey ColemanAbstract:A survey of American adolescents documented Optimistic Bias regarding intimate partner violence (IPV). Teenagers believe they are less likely than peers to become victims of violence by a boyfriend or girlfriend, despite reporting some first-hand experience with violence. Optimistic Bias was predicted by prior knowledge of dating and relationship violence and perceptions about media influence. The findings indicate that Optimistic Bias is more than an esteem-preserving mechanism and point to new directions in research by exploring linkages to cultivation effects. The study also extends the Optimistic Bias literature by utilizing an adolescent sample and exploring IPV as a context.
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Optimistic Bias about intimate partner violence among medical personnel
Family Medicine, 2011Co-Authors: John ChapinAbstract:BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: The study seeks to contribute to the Optimistic Bias literature by studying the perceptual Bias among medical personnel within the context of intimate partner violence (IPV). METHODS: A total of 316 medical students, residents, and nurses were surveyed. RESULTS: Care providers exhibit Optimistic Bias, believing they are less likely than others to become victims of intimate partner violence (IPV). Optimistic Bias was related to age, third-person perception, and knowledge/expertise. CONCLUSIONS: From a screening standpoint, the finding suggests that care providers distance themselves from patients by believing they are less vulnerable to IPV, which could decrease screening or negatively impact the effectiveness of screening or the quality of patient care. This finding extends the literature, because it documents Optimistic Bias among medical personnel, whereas previous findings were limited to patients. Language: en
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Optimistic Bias what you think what you know or who you know
North American Journal of Psychology, 2009Co-Authors: John Chapin, Geoffrey ColemanAbstract:A few weeks after graduating from college, I (Chapin) moved everything I owned to the beach in a used pick-up truck. My minimum-wage job afforded me a one bedroom apartment filled with used furniture and an air mattress. Barely scraping by financially, air conditioning was not an option; every morning when I left for work, I had a decision to make: Leave the windows open risking a break-in or come home to a sweltering inferno? Each time I returned home to find my belongings intact, I was a little more confident that everything would be OK. One day it happened ... I returned to an empty apartment. Not content to just take my things, the burglars flipped through photo albums (removing one photo of me), tried on my clothes, and fried up sausages I had thawing for dinner, leaving only the dirty dishes behind. The feeling of security was gone; I broke the lease and found a new apartment. This was my informal personal introduction to Optimistic Bias. Simply stated, Optimistic Bias (Weinstein, 1980) is the perception that "bad things happen to other people, not to me." Recent studies illustrate that Optimistic Bias can appear anywhere: Adults in the U.K. believe they are less prone to health risks from their cell phones (White, Eiser, Harris & Pahl, 2007), U.S. adults believe they are better able than most to control their diabetes (Walker, Caban, Schecter, Basch, Blanco, DeWitt, Kalten, Mera, & Mojica, 2007), and Swedish teens skip the sunscreen because they don't believe they can get skin cancer (Branstrom, Kristjansson & Ullen, 2005). While the phenomenon of Optimistic Bias is well documented, less is known about where it comes from. Would I have been more likely to secure my windows if I was aware of the current crime statistics about burglary in beach communities? Was it my attitudes about my newly adopted community? Or was it just youthful oblivion? One thing is for certain ... following my first experience with breaking-and-entering, I closed and locked my windows. Like the recent examples above, the majority of the Optimistic Bias literature focuses on health risks (for reviews, see Kaplan & Shayne, 1999; Metcalfe, 1999; Weinstein, 1989). The purposes of the current study are to examine the relationship between Optimistic Bias, knowledge, experience, attitudes, and beliefs, and to document Optimistic Bias regarding crime victimization. Optimistic Bias and Crime A handful of studies have directly addressed Optimistic Bias and violence or crime. Miller (1991) indirectly examined child abuse in a study of parents with a history of alcohol abuse. Participants believed they would be more successful than others at overcoming their addiction, which in turn was linked to beliefs about child abuse. Chapin (1999) included minor criminal charges in a number of measures relevant to adolescents (unplanned pregnancy, auto accidents), finding that college students believe they are less likely than their peers to be arrested for shoplifting or unsafe driving. The finding is interesting when we consider the elevated insurance premiums college students pay due to statistical evidence to the contrary of their perception. A small-scale study of women receiving shelter services for domestic violence, reported that even domestic violence victims believed they were less likely than other victims to be re-victimized; in this case, the Optimistic Bias predicted which women returned to their abusive relationships (Martin, Berenson, Griffing, Sage, Madry, Bingham, & Primm, 2000). More recently, a study of adolescents reported that high school students believe violence is less likely to occur in their school than in other schools in the United States (Chapin & Coleman, 2006). Domestic Violence The context for the current study is domestic violence (DV). Once considered a "family issue," domestic violence has become recognized as a serious social problem. According to the National Coalition Against Domestic Violence (NCADV, 2008), one in every four women will experience domestic violence in her lifetime. …
Veridiana Vera De Rosso - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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food safety knowledge Optimistic Bias and risk perception among food handlers in institutional food services
Food Control, 2017Co-Authors: Maria De Sousa Carvalho Rossi, Elke Stedefeldt, Diogo Thimoteo Da Cunha, Veridiana Vera De RossoAbstract:Abstract Food handlers demonstrate an awareness of food safety but generally fail to translate that knowledge into safe practices. Optimistic Bias can explain this phenomenon. Optimistic Bias is a psychological phenomenon in which people believe they are less likely to experience adverse events than others. In this case, Optimistic Bias can negatively influence food safety. This study aims to verify the existence of Optimistic Bias and associated factors in food handlers who work in institutional food services. A total of 200 food handlers from 23 establishments in the state of Sao Paulo, Brazil, were recruited for this study. A structured questionnaire was used to determine the socio-demographic profile of food handlers and their frequency of training, food safety knowledge and risk perception. The food handlers indicated the risk of themselves and their peers causing a foodborne disease. Responses were provided on a structured seven-point scale ranging from highly unlikely (1) to extremely likely (7). The difference between their levels of risk perception indicated an Optimistic Bias. Most food handlers were female (73%) and trained (95%). The average knowledge score in food safety was 67%. Optimistic Bias was identified in all situations studied, i.e., regardless of the parameter of comparison (internal or external peer) or the type of labor (generic or specific practice). Knowledge was higher in the group with a high education level (p = 0.02) but was not related to training, age or Optimistic Bias. An overly Optimistic food handler can overlook some protocols and contaminate the food. Foodborne disease in institutional food services can lead to significant financial losses for the company due to absenteeism and reduced productivity.
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the existence of Optimistic Bias about foodborne disease by food handlers and its association with training participation and food safety performance
Food Research International, 2015Co-Authors: Diogo Thimoteo Da Cunha, Elke Stedefeldt, Anna Rafaela Cavalcante Braga, Estevao De Camargo Passos, Veridiana Vera De RossoAbstract:Abstract A positive outlook regarding future events, in which individuals find themselves less likely than others to experience negative events, is called Optimistic Bias (OB). The aims of this study were: 1. To ascertain the existence and measure the OB phenomenon in food handlers in relation to foodborne disease and 2. To examine the association of OB with food handlers' risk perceptions, knowledge, attitudes, self-reported practices, training participation, food safety performance of the establishments and microbiological analysis. This study examined different food businesses in Santos city, in Brazil, as follows: street food kiosks, beach kiosks, restaurants, hospitals, and school meal services. The food handlers indicated their own risk and their peers' risk of causing a foodborne disease. Responses were given on a 10 cm linear scale anchored with descriptors of intensity ranging from “none” to “very high”. The difference between these risk perceptions characterized a score of tendency of an OB. A structured questionnaire was administered to evaluate knowledge, attitudes, self-reported practices and food safety performance. A total of 183 food handlers participated in the study. Microbiological analyses were conducted with ready-to-eat foods/preparations from selected sites. The food handlers perceived themselves as less likely than their peers to cause a foodborne disease (p
Geoffrey Coleman - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Optimistic Bias about dating relationship violence among teens
Journal of Youth Studies, 2012Co-Authors: John Chapin, Geoffrey ColemanAbstract:A survey of American adolescents documented Optimistic Bias regarding intimate partner violence (IPV). Teenagers believe they are less likely than peers to become victims of violence by a boyfriend or girlfriend, despite reporting some first-hand experience with violence. Optimistic Bias was predicted by prior knowledge of dating and relationship violence and perceptions about media influence. The findings indicate that Optimistic Bias is more than an esteem-preserving mechanism and point to new directions in research by exploring linkages to cultivation effects. The study also extends the Optimistic Bias literature by utilizing an adolescent sample and exploring IPV as a context.
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Optimistic Bias about dating/relationship violence among teens
Journal of Youth Studies, 2012Co-Authors: John Chapin, Geoffrey ColemanAbstract:A survey of American adolescents documented Optimistic Bias regarding intimate partner violence (IPV). Teenagers believe they are less likely than peers to become victims of violence by a boyfriend or girlfriend, despite reporting some first-hand experience with violence. Optimistic Bias was predicted by prior knowledge of dating and relationship violence and perceptions about media influence. The findings indicate that Optimistic Bias is more than an esteem-preserving mechanism and point to new directions in research by exploring linkages to cultivation effects. The study also extends the Optimistic Bias literature by utilizing an adolescent sample and exploring IPV as a context.
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Optimistic Bias what you think what you know or who you know
North American Journal of Psychology, 2009Co-Authors: John Chapin, Geoffrey ColemanAbstract:A few weeks after graduating from college, I (Chapin) moved everything I owned to the beach in a used pick-up truck. My minimum-wage job afforded me a one bedroom apartment filled with used furniture and an air mattress. Barely scraping by financially, air conditioning was not an option; every morning when I left for work, I had a decision to make: Leave the windows open risking a break-in or come home to a sweltering inferno? Each time I returned home to find my belongings intact, I was a little more confident that everything would be OK. One day it happened ... I returned to an empty apartment. Not content to just take my things, the burglars flipped through photo albums (removing one photo of me), tried on my clothes, and fried up sausages I had thawing for dinner, leaving only the dirty dishes behind. The feeling of security was gone; I broke the lease and found a new apartment. This was my informal personal introduction to Optimistic Bias. Simply stated, Optimistic Bias (Weinstein, 1980) is the perception that "bad things happen to other people, not to me." Recent studies illustrate that Optimistic Bias can appear anywhere: Adults in the U.K. believe they are less prone to health risks from their cell phones (White, Eiser, Harris & Pahl, 2007), U.S. adults believe they are better able than most to control their diabetes (Walker, Caban, Schecter, Basch, Blanco, DeWitt, Kalten, Mera, & Mojica, 2007), and Swedish teens skip the sunscreen because they don't believe they can get skin cancer (Branstrom, Kristjansson & Ullen, 2005). While the phenomenon of Optimistic Bias is well documented, less is known about where it comes from. Would I have been more likely to secure my windows if I was aware of the current crime statistics about burglary in beach communities? Was it my attitudes about my newly adopted community? Or was it just youthful oblivion? One thing is for certain ... following my first experience with breaking-and-entering, I closed and locked my windows. Like the recent examples above, the majority of the Optimistic Bias literature focuses on health risks (for reviews, see Kaplan & Shayne, 1999; Metcalfe, 1999; Weinstein, 1989). The purposes of the current study are to examine the relationship between Optimistic Bias, knowledge, experience, attitudes, and beliefs, and to document Optimistic Bias regarding crime victimization. Optimistic Bias and Crime A handful of studies have directly addressed Optimistic Bias and violence or crime. Miller (1991) indirectly examined child abuse in a study of parents with a history of alcohol abuse. Participants believed they would be more successful than others at overcoming their addiction, which in turn was linked to beliefs about child abuse. Chapin (1999) included minor criminal charges in a number of measures relevant to adolescents (unplanned pregnancy, auto accidents), finding that college students believe they are less likely than their peers to be arrested for shoplifting or unsafe driving. The finding is interesting when we consider the elevated insurance premiums college students pay due to statistical evidence to the contrary of their perception. A small-scale study of women receiving shelter services for domestic violence, reported that even domestic violence victims believed they were less likely than other victims to be re-victimized; in this case, the Optimistic Bias predicted which women returned to their abusive relationships (Martin, Berenson, Griffing, Sage, Madry, Bingham, & Primm, 2000). More recently, a study of adolescents reported that high school students believe violence is less likely to occur in their school than in other schools in the United States (Chapin & Coleman, 2006). Domestic Violence The context for the current study is domestic violence (DV). Once considered a "family issue," domestic violence has become recognized as a serious social problem. According to the National Coalition Against Domestic Violence (NCADV, 2008), one in every four women will experience domestic violence in her lifetime. …
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Knowledge is Power: A Theory-Based Approach to Reducing School Violence
Journal of Family Violence, 2006Co-Authors: John Chapin, Geoffrey ColemanAbstract:The study assesses the impact of a theory-based school violence program though a survey of 1,500 middle and high school students. It is the first to apply the concept of Optimistic Bias within the school violence context. Despite high profile school shootings, the students maintained the belief that violence was less likely to happen to them (personally) or in their schools than elsewhere in the country. Findings indicate that Optimistic Bias can be reduced through educational campaigns, and suggest a means of reducing violence by first reducing Optimistic Bias.
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perceiving the enemy within Optimistic Bias and school violence
Journal of School Violence, 2006Co-Authors: John Chapin, Geoffrey ColemanAbstract:The study provides a unique portrait of young men self-identified as potential perpetrators of school violence, and explores the relative contributions of personal attributes and the media in the creation and preservation of Optimistic Biases. The study is the first to document Optimistic Bias among middle and high school students within the context of school violence. Findings from a survey of 1,500 students indicate that Optimistic Bias provides a good framework for understanding students' perceptions of school violence, suggesting a course of action to decrease Bias in order to encourage students to take self-protective measures.
Diogo Thimoteo Da Cunha - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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food safety knowledge Optimistic Bias and risk perception among food handlers in institutional food services
Food Control, 2017Co-Authors: Maria De Sousa Carvalho Rossi, Elke Stedefeldt, Diogo Thimoteo Da Cunha, Veridiana Vera De RossoAbstract:Abstract Food handlers demonstrate an awareness of food safety but generally fail to translate that knowledge into safe practices. Optimistic Bias can explain this phenomenon. Optimistic Bias is a psychological phenomenon in which people believe they are less likely to experience adverse events than others. In this case, Optimistic Bias can negatively influence food safety. This study aims to verify the existence of Optimistic Bias and associated factors in food handlers who work in institutional food services. A total of 200 food handlers from 23 establishments in the state of Sao Paulo, Brazil, were recruited for this study. A structured questionnaire was used to determine the socio-demographic profile of food handlers and their frequency of training, food safety knowledge and risk perception. The food handlers indicated the risk of themselves and their peers causing a foodborne disease. Responses were provided on a structured seven-point scale ranging from highly unlikely (1) to extremely likely (7). The difference between their levels of risk perception indicated an Optimistic Bias. Most food handlers were female (73%) and trained (95%). The average knowledge score in food safety was 67%. Optimistic Bias was identified in all situations studied, i.e., regardless of the parameter of comparison (internal or external peer) or the type of labor (generic or specific practice). Knowledge was higher in the group with a high education level (p = 0.02) but was not related to training, age or Optimistic Bias. An overly Optimistic food handler can overlook some protocols and contaminate the food. Foodborne disease in institutional food services can lead to significant financial losses for the company due to absenteeism and reduced productivity.
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the existence of Optimistic Bias about foodborne disease by food handlers and its association with training participation and food safety performance
Food Research International, 2015Co-Authors: Diogo Thimoteo Da Cunha, Elke Stedefeldt, Anna Rafaela Cavalcante Braga, Estevao De Camargo Passos, Veridiana Vera De RossoAbstract:Abstract A positive outlook regarding future events, in which individuals find themselves less likely than others to experience negative events, is called Optimistic Bias (OB). The aims of this study were: 1. To ascertain the existence and measure the OB phenomenon in food handlers in relation to foodborne disease and 2. To examine the association of OB with food handlers' risk perceptions, knowledge, attitudes, self-reported practices, training participation, food safety performance of the establishments and microbiological analysis. This study examined different food businesses in Santos city, in Brazil, as follows: street food kiosks, beach kiosks, restaurants, hospitals, and school meal services. The food handlers indicated their own risk and their peers' risk of causing a foodborne disease. Responses were given on a 10 cm linear scale anchored with descriptors of intensity ranging from “none” to “very high”. The difference between these risk perceptions characterized a score of tendency of an OB. A structured questionnaire was administered to evaluate knowledge, attitudes, self-reported practices and food safety performance. A total of 183 food handlers participated in the study. Microbiological analyses were conducted with ready-to-eat foods/preparations from selected sites. The food handlers perceived themselves as less likely than their peers to cause a foodborne disease (p
Kisuck Jung - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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male current smokers have low awareness and Optimistic Bias about copd field survey results about copd in korea
International Journal of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease, 2019Co-Authors: Yong Il Hwang, Yong Bum Park, Hyoung Kyu Yoon, Chin Kook Rhee, Joo Hun Park, Seung Hun Jang, Sunghoon Park, Ji Young Park, Kisuck JungAbstract:Background: Smoking is a major risk factor for COPD. However, there is low COPD awareness among smokers. We conducted a field survey to investigate COPD awareness, Optimistic Bias associated with COPD, and COPD prevalence (using handheld spirometry) among current male smokers. Subjects and methods: We enrolled currently smoking males aged over 40 years, who completed a self-administered questionnaire. The questionnaire consisted of six parts: 1) baseline demographics, 2) participants' awareness of COPD and pulmonary function tests, 3) presence of COPD-related respiratory symptoms and experience with pulmonary function testing, 4) Optimistic Bias about COPD, 5) willingness to change attitude toward respiratory health, and 6) preference of media for obtaining health-related information. Pulmonary function was assessed via handheld spirometry by two experienced pulmonary function laboratory technicians after completion of the questionnaire. Results: We enrolled 105 participants. Only 24.8% knew of COPD. Awareness of pulmonary function testing was reported by 41.9% of participants, and 30.5% had previously undertaken pulmonary function tests. Among the subjects who had not previously undergone pulmonary function tests, 47% were not aware of their existence. The mean Optimistic Bias scores were 3.9 and 4.0, respectively, reflecting the general perception, among participants, that they were about as likely to develop COPD as similarly aged smokers and friends, respectively. A total of 40.0% of participants perceived personal COPD risk to be lower than COPD risk among their friends. Abnormal handheld spirometry results were observed in 28.6% of participants. Among the subjects with abnormal handheld spirometry results, 36.7% had FEV1 values <50% of the predicted value. Conclusion: In conclusion, current male smokers had poor awareness of COPD. Participants perceived their risk of developing COPD to be no higher than their friends' COPD risk. Strategies to increase COPD awareness among high-risk groups should be developed.
