The Experts below are selected from a list of 360 Experts worldwide ranked by ideXlab platform
Milan Kozanek - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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the use of fly larvae for Organic Waste treatment
Waste Management, 2015Co-Authors: Helena Cickova, Larry G Newton, Curt R Lacy, Milan KozanekAbstract:The idea of using fly larvae for processing of Organic Waste was proposed almost 100 years ago. Since then, numerous laboratory studies have shown that several fly species are well suited for biodegradation of Organic Waste, with the house fly (Musca domestica L.) and the black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens L.) being the most extensively studied insects for this purpose. House fly larvae develop well in manure of animals fed a mixed diet, while black soldier fly larvae accept a greater variety of decaying Organic matter. Blow fly and flesh fly maggots are better suited for biodegradation of meat processing Waste. The larvae of these insects have been successfully used to reduce mass of animal manure, fecal sludge, municipal Waste, food scrapes, restaurant and market Waste, as well as plant residues left after oil extraction. Higher yields of larvae are produced on nutrient-rich Wastes (meat processing Waste, food Waste) than on manure or plant residues. Larvae may be used as animal feed or for production of secondary products (biodiesel, biologically active substances). Waste residue becomes valuable fertilizer. During biodegradation the temperature of the substrate rises, pH changes from neutral to alkaline, ammonia release increases, and moisture decreases. Microbial load of some pathogens can be substantially reduced. Both larvae and digested residue may require further treatment to eliminate pathogens. Facilities utilizing natural fly populations, as well as pilot and full-scale plants with laboratory-reared fly populations have been shown to be effective and economically feasible. The major obstacles associated with the production of fly larvae from Organic Waste on an industrial scale seem to be technological aspects of scaling-up the production capacity, insufficient knowledge of fly biology necessary to produce large amounts of eggs, and current legislation. Technological innovations could greatly improve performance of the biodegradation facilities and decrease production costs.
Jakob Magid - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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residual phosphorus availability after long term soil application of Organic Waste
Agriculture Ecosystems & Environment, 2019Co-Authors: Camilla Lemming, Sander Bruun, Jakob Magid, Charlotte Scheutz, Astrid Oberson, Emmanuel Frossard, Lars Stoumann JensenAbstract:Abstract Phosphorus (P) accumulated in soil after surplus P applications can potentially serve as a P source for subsequent crop production. This study investigated residual P availability after long-term surplus P application with different Organic Waste products. Topsoil samples from a long-term field trial treated with different types of Organic Wastes were subjected to P characterization, including determination of total P, water-soluble P, and isotopically exchangeable P pools. The Waste products were applied for 12 years before sampling, at rates according to crop nitrogen demand and thus typically in excess of crop P requirements. Residual Waste P in soil was determined based on the difference between total soil P measured in the different specific Waste-treated plots and a balanced reference treatment. After 12 years of surplus P balance (inputs – crop offtake) of 79–598 kg P ha−1 yr−1 with Waste, significant amounts of P (636–4177 kg ha−1) had accumulated in the soil as residual P. The average fraction of residual Waste P which could be recovered as rapidly exchangeable P (within 1 min) followed the order: composted household Waste P (2.1%)
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life cycle inventory modeling of phosphorus substitution losses and crop uptake after land application of Organic Waste products
International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment, 2018Co-Authors: Marieke Ten Hoeve, Sander Bruun, Lars Stoumann Jensen, Jakob Magid, Camilla Lemming, Irina Naroznova, Charlotte ScheutzAbstract:Life cycle assessments (LCAs) that attempt to provide advice on treatment options for phosphorus (P) containing Organic Waste products encounter problems related to the quantification of mineral P fertilizer substitution, P loss and crop P uptake after land application. The purpose of this study was to develop a relatively easy to use life cycle inventory model, known as PLCI, that could be used to estimate these values. A life cycle inventory model for P was developed, which estimates the effect of an application of Organic Waste followed by ordinary fertilizer management in the modeling period. This was compared with a simulation without the initial Waste application. The difference in mineral P fertilizer application (substitution), P loss and crop P uptake was then calculated and expressed as a proportion of the amount of Waste applied. As an example, the effect of an initial application of mineral fertilizer, sewage sludge and ash on two farm types was simulated. These results were applied in an LCA case study of different sewage sludge treatment options. Farm type influenced the P fertilizer substitution, loss and crop uptake factors. The application on an arable farm showed a substitution of 28 to 31%, relatively low P loss and a large spread in crop P uptake for the different P sources, compared with the pig farm. Application on a pig farm showed no mineral P substitution. For substitution, mineral fertilizer outperformed Waste product fertilizer with a short modeling period, due to higher immediate P availability, which was not the case with a long period. The LCA case study showed that the P substitution factor had an influence on the environmental impact categories climate change and depletion of reserve-based abiotic resources while the P loss factor influenced freshwater eutrophication. Application of the P loss and substitution factors generated from the PLCI model resulted in higher environmental burdens and lower savings than using conventional factors. The soil P status mainly affected P substitution and loss, with the fertilizer type only having a small influence when soils had a low P status. The PLCI model can facilitate more coherent and rigorous estimates of P substitution and loss to be used in LCA studies involving application of Waste products on agricultural land. This is important since P substitution and loss can have an important influence on impact categories, such as freshwater eutrophication and resource depletion.
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long term effects of Organic Waste fertilizers on soil structure tracer transport and leaching of colloids
Journal of Environmental Quality, 2017Co-Authors: Jonas Duus Stevens Lekfeldt, Charlotte Kjaergaard, Jakob MagidAbstract:Organic Waste fertilizers have previously been observed to significantly affect soil Organic carbon (SOC) content and soil structure. However, the effect of Organic Waste fertilizers on colloid dispersibility and leaching of colloids from topsoil has not yet been studied extensively. We investigated how the repeated application of different types of agricultural (liquid cattle slurry and solid cattle manure) and urban Waste fertilizers (sewage sludge and composted Organic household Waste) affected soil physical properties, colloid dispersion from aggregates, tracer transport, and colloid leaching from intact soil cores. Total porosity was positively correlated with SOC content. Yearly applications of sewage sludge increased absolute microporosity (pores 30 μm) compared with the unfertilized control, whereas Organic household Waste compost fertilization increased both total porosity and the absolute porosity in all pore size classes (though not significant for 100-600 μm). Treatments receiving large amounts of Organic fertilizers exhibited significantly lower levels of dispersible colloids compared with an unfertilized control and a treatment that had received moderate applications of cattle slurry. The content of water-dispersible colloids could not be explained by a single factor, but differences in SOC content, electrical conductivity, and sodium adsorption ratio were important factors. Moreover, we found that the fertilizer treatments did not significantly affect the solute transport properties of the topsoil. Finally, we found that the leaching of soil colloids was significantly decreased in treatments that had received large amounts of Organic Waste fertilizers, and we ascribe this primarily to treatment-induced differences in effluent electrical conductivity during leaching.
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repeated application of Organic Waste affects soil Organic matter composition evidence from thermal analysis ftir pas amino sugars and lignin biomarkers
Soil Biology & Biochemistry, 2017Co-Authors: Clement Peltre, E G Gregorich, Sander Bruun, Lars Stoumann Jensen, Jakob MagidAbstract:Land application of Organic Waste is an important alternative to landfilling and incineration because it helps restore soil fertility and has environmental and agronomic benefits. These benefits may be related to the biochemical composition of the Waste, which can result in the accumulation of different types of carbon compounds in soil. The objective of this study was to identify and characterise changes in soil Organic matter (SOM) composition after repeated applications of Organic Waste. Soil from the CRUCIAL field experiment in Denmark was sampled after 12 years of annual application of household Waste compost, cattle manure and sewage sludge, and was compared to a control treatment that had received NPK fertilisation. Soils were characterised using CO2-evolved gas analysis (CO2-EGA) during ramped thermal analysis, mid-infrared photoacoustic spectroscopy (FTIR-PAS) and analysis of amino-sugar and lignin phenols. SOM from the compost and cattle manure treatments had greater thermal stability than the sludge and NPK treatments, which was consistent with the thermal stability of the applied Wastes. Compost-amended soils and manure-amended soils also had a greater lignin content with a lower degree of oxidation and a greater contribution of bacterial amino sugars relative to fungal amino sugars compared to soils from the NPK treatment. The high soil C accumulation rate combined with low amino sugar C in SOM from the compost treatment suggested less stimulation of microbial activity, while the cattle manure seemed to result in both microbial stimulation and accumulation of thermally stable forms of C. FTIR-PAS revealed greater C=O vibration of carboxylic groups and amides in sludge and NPK treatments, indicating more oxidised SOM and the presence of proteins. Taken together, these results show that there was accumulation in soil of different C compounds for the different types of applied Organic Waste, which appeared to be related to the degree to which microbial activity was stimulated and the type of microbial communities applied with the Wastes or associated with the decomposition of applied Wastes. This in turn may have important effects on ecosystem functioning and long-term soil C storage.
Josefine Elving - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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thermal treatment for pathogen inactivation as a risk mitigation strategy for safe recycling of Organic Waste in agriculture
Journal of Environmental Science and Health Part B-pesticides Food Contaminants and Agricultural Wastes, 2014Co-Authors: Josefine Elving, Bjorn Vinneras, Ann Albihn, Jakob OttosonAbstract:Thermal treatment at temperatures between 46.0°C and 55.0°C was evaluated as a method for sanitization of Organic Waste, a temperature interval less commonly investigated but important in connection with biological treatment processes. Samples of dairy cow feces inoculated with Salmonella Senftenberg W775, Enterococcus faecalis, bacteriophage ϕX174, and porcine parvovirus (PPV) were thermally treated using block thermostats at set temperatures in order to determine time-temperature regimes to achieve sufficient bacterial and viral reduction, and to model the inactivation rate. Pasteurization at 70°C in saline solution was used as a comparison in terms of bacterial and viral reduction and was proven to be effective in rapidly reducing all organisms with the exception of PPV (decimal reduction time of 1.2 h). The results presented here can be used to construct time-temperature regimes in terms of bacterial inactivation, with D-values ranging from 0.37 h at 55°C to 22.5 h at 46.0°C and 0.45 h at 55.0°C to 14...
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thermal treatment of Organic Waste and its function as a controlled risk mitigation strategy
2012Co-Authors: Josefine ElvingAbstract:Land application of Organic Waste is a convenient disposal method, improves soil properties by adding Organic matter and recycles plant nutrients. Used in this way, Organic Waste is a resource, but it can also be a transmission route for pathogens with animal and human origin, such as Salmonella, verotoxin-producing Escherichia coli (VTEC) and avian influenza virus (AIV). Many pathogens are known to be able to survive for long time periods in soil after land application of Organic Waste. The total amount of pathogens entering the environment is eventually reduced due to environmental factors, e.g. UV-light and desiccation. Mitigation strategies applied after land application, for instance holding times, can reduce the risk for disease transmission to grazing animals. However, it is difficult to predict the reduction occurring within a given time. Thus, controlled mitigation strategies, such as, sanitization treatments are therefore needed. This thesis investigated the effect of thermal treatment on the inactivation rate of bacterial and viral pathogens, aiming to produce a hygienically safe end-product. For thermal treatment of Organic Waste it is recommended to keep a temperature above 50°C. Some organisms, such as AIV, can be rapidly reduced at lower temperatures. However, many organisms show a slow reduction at lower temperatures and some bacterial pathogens, such as Salmonella, might even regrow. The reduction target of 5 log10, for Salmonella Senftenberg W775 and Enterococcus faecalis, can be reached within 11.7 h at a temperature of 50.5°C. To reach a 3 log10 reduction of the thermotolerant virus, in this case porcine parvovirus, sufficiently longer treatment times are needed, e.g. 42 h at 55°C. However, the use of such thermotolerant viruses in the validation process has been questioned. Making use of the less thermotolerant bacteriophage ΦX174, as a process indicator, indicates that the treatment recommendations concerning viral reduction could be lowered to 5.8 h at 55°C. Thermal treatment can ensure; that a hygienically safe end-product is obtained from Organic Waste, safe handling of material from AI outbreaks, and help in reducing the risk for pathogen transmission to the environment.
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growth potential of faecal bacteria in simulated psychrophilic mesophilic zones during composting of Organic Waste
Journal of Applied Microbiology, 2010Co-Authors: Josefine Elving, Bjorn Vinneras, Jakob Ottoson, Ann AlbihnAbstract:Aim: This study investigated the growth potential of Salmonella serotype Typhimurium and faecal indicator organisms in compost materials and the correlation between bacterial growth potential and the physico-chemical composition of the compost substrate and temperature. Methods and Results: Survival of Salm. Typhimurium, Enterococcus spp. and total coliforms at 14, 24 and 37� C was determined in material of different degrees of maturity collected from composting plants for household Waste and manure. All three micro-organisms showed the potential for growth in the material from active composts (Solvita index 4) but inactivation generally occurred over time in mature compost material (Solvita index 7‐8). Conclusions: Salm. Typhimurium had the potential for growth in psychrophilic ⁄mesophilic (P ⁄M) zones of immature compost material and its growth potential correlated negatively with the maturity of the compost and the temperature within the simulated P ⁄M zone. Significance and Impact of the Study: The risk of pathogen regrowth in P ⁄M zones during Organic Waste composting further emphasizes the importance of good management practices and of avoiding P ⁄M zones in combination with low compost maturity.
Helena Cickova - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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the use of fly larvae for Organic Waste treatment
Waste Management, 2015Co-Authors: Helena Cickova, Larry G Newton, Curt R Lacy, Milan KozanekAbstract:The idea of using fly larvae for processing of Organic Waste was proposed almost 100 years ago. Since then, numerous laboratory studies have shown that several fly species are well suited for biodegradation of Organic Waste, with the house fly (Musca domestica L.) and the black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens L.) being the most extensively studied insects for this purpose. House fly larvae develop well in manure of animals fed a mixed diet, while black soldier fly larvae accept a greater variety of decaying Organic matter. Blow fly and flesh fly maggots are better suited for biodegradation of meat processing Waste. The larvae of these insects have been successfully used to reduce mass of animal manure, fecal sludge, municipal Waste, food scrapes, restaurant and market Waste, as well as plant residues left after oil extraction. Higher yields of larvae are produced on nutrient-rich Wastes (meat processing Waste, food Waste) than on manure or plant residues. Larvae may be used as animal feed or for production of secondary products (biodiesel, biologically active substances). Waste residue becomes valuable fertilizer. During biodegradation the temperature of the substrate rises, pH changes from neutral to alkaline, ammonia release increases, and moisture decreases. Microbial load of some pathogens can be substantially reduced. Both larvae and digested residue may require further treatment to eliminate pathogens. Facilities utilizing natural fly populations, as well as pilot and full-scale plants with laboratory-reared fly populations have been shown to be effective and economically feasible. The major obstacles associated with the production of fly larvae from Organic Waste on an industrial scale seem to be technological aspects of scaling-up the production capacity, insufficient knowledge of fly biology necessary to produce large amounts of eggs, and current legislation. Technological innovations could greatly improve performance of the biodegradation facilities and decrease production costs.
Charlotte Scheutz - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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residual phosphorus availability after long term soil application of Organic Waste
Agriculture Ecosystems & Environment, 2019Co-Authors: Camilla Lemming, Sander Bruun, Jakob Magid, Charlotte Scheutz, Astrid Oberson, Emmanuel Frossard, Lars Stoumann JensenAbstract:Abstract Phosphorus (P) accumulated in soil after surplus P applications can potentially serve as a P source for subsequent crop production. This study investigated residual P availability after long-term surplus P application with different Organic Waste products. Topsoil samples from a long-term field trial treated with different types of Organic Wastes were subjected to P characterization, including determination of total P, water-soluble P, and isotopically exchangeable P pools. The Waste products were applied for 12 years before sampling, at rates according to crop nitrogen demand and thus typically in excess of crop P requirements. Residual Waste P in soil was determined based on the difference between total soil P measured in the different specific Waste-treated plots and a balanced reference treatment. After 12 years of surplus P balance (inputs – crop offtake) of 79–598 kg P ha−1 yr−1 with Waste, significant amounts of P (636–4177 kg ha−1) had accumulated in the soil as residual P. The average fraction of residual Waste P which could be recovered as rapidly exchangeable P (within 1 min) followed the order: composted household Waste P (2.1%)
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life cycle inventory modeling of phosphorus substitution losses and crop uptake after land application of Organic Waste products
International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment, 2018Co-Authors: Marieke Ten Hoeve, Sander Bruun, Lars Stoumann Jensen, Jakob Magid, Camilla Lemming, Irina Naroznova, Charlotte ScheutzAbstract:Life cycle assessments (LCAs) that attempt to provide advice on treatment options for phosphorus (P) containing Organic Waste products encounter problems related to the quantification of mineral P fertilizer substitution, P loss and crop P uptake after land application. The purpose of this study was to develop a relatively easy to use life cycle inventory model, known as PLCI, that could be used to estimate these values. A life cycle inventory model for P was developed, which estimates the effect of an application of Organic Waste followed by ordinary fertilizer management in the modeling period. This was compared with a simulation without the initial Waste application. The difference in mineral P fertilizer application (substitution), P loss and crop P uptake was then calculated and expressed as a proportion of the amount of Waste applied. As an example, the effect of an initial application of mineral fertilizer, sewage sludge and ash on two farm types was simulated. These results were applied in an LCA case study of different sewage sludge treatment options. Farm type influenced the P fertilizer substitution, loss and crop uptake factors. The application on an arable farm showed a substitution of 28 to 31%, relatively low P loss and a large spread in crop P uptake for the different P sources, compared with the pig farm. Application on a pig farm showed no mineral P substitution. For substitution, mineral fertilizer outperformed Waste product fertilizer with a short modeling period, due to higher immediate P availability, which was not the case with a long period. The LCA case study showed that the P substitution factor had an influence on the environmental impact categories climate change and depletion of reserve-based abiotic resources while the P loss factor influenced freshwater eutrophication. Application of the P loss and substitution factors generated from the PLCI model resulted in higher environmental burdens and lower savings than using conventional factors. The soil P status mainly affected P substitution and loss, with the fertilizer type only having a small influence when soils had a low P status. The PLCI model can facilitate more coherent and rigorous estimates of P substitution and loss to be used in LCA studies involving application of Waste products on agricultural land. This is important since P substitution and loss can have an important influence on impact categories, such as freshwater eutrophication and resource depletion.
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comparison of the Organic Waste management systems in the danish german border region using life cycle assessment lca
Waste Management, 2016Co-Authors: Morten Jensen, Jacob Steen Moller, Charlotte ScheutzAbstract:This study assessed the management of the Organic household Waste in the Danish-German border region and points out major differences between the systems and their potential effects on the environment using life cycle assessment (LCA). The treatment of Organic Waste from households in the Danish-German border region is very different on each side of the border; the Danish region only uses incineration for the treatment of Organic household Waste while the German region includes combined biogas production and composting, mechanical and biological treatment (MBT) and incineration. Data on all parts of the Organic Waste treatment was collected including Waste composition data and data from treatment facilities and their respective energy systems. Based on that the Organic Waste management systems in the border region were modelled using the EASETECH Waste management LCA-model. The main output is a life cycle assessment showing large differences in the environmental performance of the two different regions with the Danish region performing better in 10 out of 14 impact categories. Furthermore, the importance of the substituted district heating systems was investigated showing an impact up to 34% of the entire system for one impact category and showing large difference between each heating system substituted, e.g. in "Global Warming" the impact was from -16 to -1.1 milli person equivalent/tonne treated Waste from substitution of centralised hard coal and decentralised natural gas, respectively.