The Experts below are selected from a list of 165 Experts worldwide ranked by ideXlab platform
Jessicah S. Phillips - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Postnatal binge ethanol exposure affects habituation of the cardiac Orienting Response to an olfactory stimulus in preweanling rats.
Alcoholism clinical and experimental research, 2004Co-Authors: Pamela S. Hunt, Jessicah S. PhillipsAbstract:Prenatal exposure to alcohol can result in intellectual impairments, reduced habituation and distractibility, visual-spatial deficits, and problems in attention. Dysfunction in attention, including habituation of Responses to nonsignal stimuli, can have devastating consequences for cognitive development. This research examined whether binge exposure to ethanol on postnatal days (PD) 4 to 9 would affect cardiac Orienting or Response habituation to an olfactory stimulus in preweanling rats. Ethanol-exposed subjects were given ethanol 5.25 g/kg/day on PD4 to 9. Controls were either sham intubated or unhandled during this time. To assess baseline and phasic cardiac function, PD16 subjects were tested under differential pharmacological blockade of the sympathetic or parasympathetic nervous systems by administration of the peripherally acting antagonists atenolol or atropine methyl nitrate. In a second experiment, separate groups of subjects were tested for habituation of the cardiac Orienting Response to an olfactory stimulus. Results indicate that postnatal ethanol had no observable effect on the functional development of autonomic control over heart rate. Similarly, ethanol exposure had no effect on the form or magnitude of the cardiac Orienting Response. However, neonatal ethanol exposure did result in a deficit in Orienting Response habituation; ethanol-exposed subjects continued to respond to the stimulus with a large-magnitude bradycardia after control subjects exhibited complete Response habituation. In addition, ethanol-exposed subjects had longer Orienting Response latencies than controls. The results indicate that this animal model has the potential to contribute to investigations designed to understand basic forms of memory impairments observed in humans with a history of prenatal alcohol exposure. The postnatal binge ethanol model of fetal alcohol effects produces deficits in nonassociative memory that are similar to those observed in human infants exposed prenatally to ethanol. Deficits in Response habituation have important implications for cognitive development.
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postnatal binge ethanol exposure affects habituation of the cardiac Orienting Response to an olfactory stimulus in preweanling rats
Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research, 2004Co-Authors: Pamela S. Hunt, Jessicah S. PhillipsAbstract:: Background: Prenatal exposure to alcohol can result in intellectual impairments, reduced habituation and distractibility, visual-spatial deficits, and problems in attention. Dysfunction in attention, including habituation of Responses to nonsignal stimuli, can have devastating consequences for cognitive development. This research examined whether binge exposure to ethanol on postnatal days (PD) 4 to 9 would affect cardiac Orienting or Response habituation to an olfactory stimulus in preweanling rats. Methods: Ethanol-exposed subjects were given ethanol 5.25 g/kg/day on PD4 to 9. Controls were either sham intubated or unhandled during this time. To assess baseline and phasic cardiac function, PD16 subjects were tested under differential pharmacological blockade of the sympathetic or parasympathetic nervous systems by administration of the peripherally acting antagonists atenolol or atropine methyl nitrate. In a second experiment, separate groups of subjects were tested for habituation of the cardiac Orienting Response to an olfactory stimulus. Results: Results indicate that postnatal ethanol had no observable effect on the functional development of autonomic control over heart rate. Similarly, ethanol exposure had no effect on the form or magnitude of the cardiac Orienting Response. However, neonatal ethanol exposure did result in a deficit in Orienting Response habituation; ethanol-exposed subjects continued to respond to the stimulus with a large-magnitude bradycardia after control subjects exhibited complete Response habituation. In addition, ethanol-exposed subjects had longer Orienting Response latencies than controls. Conclusions: The results indicate that this animal model has the potential to contribute to investigations designed to understand basic forms of memory impairments observed in humans with a history of prenatal alcohol exposure. The postnatal binge ethanol model of fetal alcohol effects produces deficits in nonassociative memory that are similar to those observed in human infants exposed prenatally to ethanol. Deficits in Response habituation have important implications for cognitive development.
Gershon Benshakhar - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Orienting Response elicitation by personally significant information under subliminal stimulus presentation demonstration using the concealed information test
Psychophysiology, 2012Co-Authors: Keren Maoz, Assaf Breska, Gershon BenshakharAbstract:Considerable evidence suggests that subliminal information can trigger cognitive and neural processes. Here, we examined whether elicitation of Orienting Response by personally significant (PS) verbal information requires conscious awareness of the input. Subjects were exposed to the Concealed Information Test (CIT), in which autonomic Responses for autobiographical items are typically larger than for control items. These items were presented subliminally using two different masking protocols: single or multiple presentation of the masked item. An objective test was used to verify unawareness to the stimuli. As predicted, PS items elicited significantly stronger skin conductance Responses than the control items in both exposure conditions. The results extend previous findings showing that autonomic Responses can be elicited following subliminal exposure to aversive information, and also may have implications on the applied usage of the CIT.
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the effects of serial position and frequency of presentation of common stimulus features on Orienting Response reinstatement
Psychophysiology, 2003Co-Authors: Gershon Benshakhar, Itamar GatiAbstract:Two factors that might affect the novelty value of a test stimulus (the frequency of appearance of features common to the test stimulus and the set of preceding stimuli, and the serial position of these features) were systematically manipulated, and their effects on the electrodermal component of the Orienting Response (OR) were examined. We presented 256 participants with both verbal and pictorial stimulus sequences. Following 12 presentations of control stimuli, a test stimulus, which shared two common components with some of the control stimuli, was presented, followed by two additional presentations of control stimuli. The results revealed that recent presentations of the common components significantly reduced OR magnitude to the test stimulus, whereas the presentation frequency of common components had no significant effect. The implications of these findings for the feature-matching theory are discussed and a modification of the theory is proposed.
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Orienting Response reinstatement and dishabituation effects of substituting adding and deleting components of nonsignificant stimuli
Psychophysiology, 2000Co-Authors: Gershon Benshakhar, Itamar Gati, Naomi Benbassat, Galit SniperAbstract:The prediction that Orienting Response (OR) reinstatement is negatively related to the measure of common features, shared by the stimulus input and representations of preceding events, and positively related to the measure of their distinctive features, was examined. A nonsignificant test stimulus (TS) was presented after nine repetitions of a standard stimulus (SS), followed by two additional repetitions of SS. TS was created by either substituting 0, 1, or 2 components of SS (Experiment 1), or by either adding or deleting 0, 1, or 2 components of SS (Experiment 2). Skin conductance changes to TS (OR reinstatement) and the subsequent SS (dishabituation) were used as dependent measures. The results of Experiment 1 supported the prediction that substituting components of neutral stimuli affects OR reinstatement, with a larger effect for between-categories than within-categories substitution. Experiment 2 demonstrated that adding and deleting components similarly affects OR reinstatement.
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generalization of the Orienting Response to significant stimuli the roles of common and distinctive stimulus components
Psychophysiology, 1995Co-Authors: Gershon Benshakhar, Itamar Gati, Noa SalamonAbstract:This study focused on the effects of common and distinctive stimulus components on the generalization of the Orienting Response (OR) to significant stimuli. Compound pictorial stimuli were used as the relevant items memorized by the subjects. Skin conductance Responses were measured during the subsequent presentation of a stimulus sequence that included a test stimulus that shared some common components with the relevant one. The two types of stimulus components (common and distinctive) were independently manipulated. As predicted by the feature-matching theory, both types of features affected OR generalization, but the distinctive components effect was due mainly to a large decline in OR with the introduction of the first distinctive component. As hypothesized, no interaction was observed between the effects of common and distinctive components. Contrary to expectations, similar OR generalization was obtained regardless of whether the test stimulus was constructed by deleting stimulus components from the relevant stimulus or by adding components to that stimulus.
Pamela S. Hunt - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Postnatal binge ethanol exposure affects habituation of the cardiac Orienting Response to an olfactory stimulus in preweanling rats.
Alcoholism clinical and experimental research, 2004Co-Authors: Pamela S. Hunt, Jessicah S. PhillipsAbstract:Prenatal exposure to alcohol can result in intellectual impairments, reduced habituation and distractibility, visual-spatial deficits, and problems in attention. Dysfunction in attention, including habituation of Responses to nonsignal stimuli, can have devastating consequences for cognitive development. This research examined whether binge exposure to ethanol on postnatal days (PD) 4 to 9 would affect cardiac Orienting or Response habituation to an olfactory stimulus in preweanling rats. Ethanol-exposed subjects were given ethanol 5.25 g/kg/day on PD4 to 9. Controls were either sham intubated or unhandled during this time. To assess baseline and phasic cardiac function, PD16 subjects were tested under differential pharmacological blockade of the sympathetic or parasympathetic nervous systems by administration of the peripherally acting antagonists atenolol or atropine methyl nitrate. In a second experiment, separate groups of subjects were tested for habituation of the cardiac Orienting Response to an olfactory stimulus. Results indicate that postnatal ethanol had no observable effect on the functional development of autonomic control over heart rate. Similarly, ethanol exposure had no effect on the form or magnitude of the cardiac Orienting Response. However, neonatal ethanol exposure did result in a deficit in Orienting Response habituation; ethanol-exposed subjects continued to respond to the stimulus with a large-magnitude bradycardia after control subjects exhibited complete Response habituation. In addition, ethanol-exposed subjects had longer Orienting Response latencies than controls. The results indicate that this animal model has the potential to contribute to investigations designed to understand basic forms of memory impairments observed in humans with a history of prenatal alcohol exposure. The postnatal binge ethanol model of fetal alcohol effects produces deficits in nonassociative memory that are similar to those observed in human infants exposed prenatally to ethanol. Deficits in Response habituation have important implications for cognitive development.
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postnatal binge ethanol exposure affects habituation of the cardiac Orienting Response to an olfactory stimulus in preweanling rats
Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research, 2004Co-Authors: Pamela S. Hunt, Jessicah S. PhillipsAbstract:: Background: Prenatal exposure to alcohol can result in intellectual impairments, reduced habituation and distractibility, visual-spatial deficits, and problems in attention. Dysfunction in attention, including habituation of Responses to nonsignal stimuli, can have devastating consequences for cognitive development. This research examined whether binge exposure to ethanol on postnatal days (PD) 4 to 9 would affect cardiac Orienting or Response habituation to an olfactory stimulus in preweanling rats. Methods: Ethanol-exposed subjects were given ethanol 5.25 g/kg/day on PD4 to 9. Controls were either sham intubated or unhandled during this time. To assess baseline and phasic cardiac function, PD16 subjects were tested under differential pharmacological blockade of the sympathetic or parasympathetic nervous systems by administration of the peripherally acting antagonists atenolol or atropine methyl nitrate. In a second experiment, separate groups of subjects were tested for habituation of the cardiac Orienting Response to an olfactory stimulus. Results: Results indicate that postnatal ethanol had no observable effect on the functional development of autonomic control over heart rate. Similarly, ethanol exposure had no effect on the form or magnitude of the cardiac Orienting Response. However, neonatal ethanol exposure did result in a deficit in Orienting Response habituation; ethanol-exposed subjects continued to respond to the stimulus with a large-magnitude bradycardia after control subjects exhibited complete Response habituation. In addition, ethanol-exposed subjects had longer Orienting Response latencies than controls. Conclusions: The results indicate that this animal model has the potential to contribute to investigations designed to understand basic forms of memory impairments observed in humans with a history of prenatal alcohol exposure. The postnatal binge ethanol model of fetal alcohol effects produces deficits in nonassociative memory that are similar to those observed in human infants exposed prenatally to ethanol. Deficits in Response habituation have important implications for cognitive development.
Itamar Gati - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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the effects of serial position and frequency of presentation of common stimulus features on Orienting Response reinstatement
Psychophysiology, 2003Co-Authors: Gershon Benshakhar, Itamar GatiAbstract:Two factors that might affect the novelty value of a test stimulus (the frequency of appearance of features common to the test stimulus and the set of preceding stimuli, and the serial position of these features) were systematically manipulated, and their effects on the electrodermal component of the Orienting Response (OR) were examined. We presented 256 participants with both verbal and pictorial stimulus sequences. Following 12 presentations of control stimuli, a test stimulus, which shared two common components with some of the control stimuli, was presented, followed by two additional presentations of control stimuli. The results revealed that recent presentations of the common components significantly reduced OR magnitude to the test stimulus, whereas the presentation frequency of common components had no significant effect. The implications of these findings for the feature-matching theory are discussed and a modification of the theory is proposed.
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Orienting Response reinstatement and dishabituation effects of substituting adding and deleting components of nonsignificant stimuli
Psychophysiology, 2000Co-Authors: Gershon Benshakhar, Itamar Gati, Naomi Benbassat, Galit SniperAbstract:The prediction that Orienting Response (OR) reinstatement is negatively related to the measure of common features, shared by the stimulus input and representations of preceding events, and positively related to the measure of their distinctive features, was examined. A nonsignificant test stimulus (TS) was presented after nine repetitions of a standard stimulus (SS), followed by two additional repetitions of SS. TS was created by either substituting 0, 1, or 2 components of SS (Experiment 1), or by either adding or deleting 0, 1, or 2 components of SS (Experiment 2). Skin conductance changes to TS (OR reinstatement) and the subsequent SS (dishabituation) were used as dependent measures. The results of Experiment 1 supported the prediction that substituting components of neutral stimuli affects OR reinstatement, with a larger effect for between-categories than within-categories substitution. Experiment 2 demonstrated that adding and deleting components similarly affects OR reinstatement.
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generalization of the Orienting Response to significant stimuli the roles of common and distinctive stimulus components
Psychophysiology, 1995Co-Authors: Gershon Benshakhar, Itamar Gati, Noa SalamonAbstract:This study focused on the effects of common and distinctive stimulus components on the generalization of the Orienting Response (OR) to significant stimuli. Compound pictorial stimuli were used as the relevant items memorized by the subjects. Skin conductance Responses were measured during the subsequent presentation of a stimulus sequence that included a test stimulus that shared some common components with the relevant one. The two types of stimulus components (common and distinctive) were independently manipulated. As predicted by the feature-matching theory, both types of features affected OR generalization, but the distinctive components effect was due mainly to a large decline in OR with the introduction of the first distinctive component. As hypothesized, no interaction was observed between the effects of common and distinctive components. Contrary to expectations, similar OR generalization was obtained regardless of whether the test stimulus was constructed by deleting stimulus components from the relevant stimulus or by adding components to that stimulus.
Laura A. Baker - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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The genetic and environmental relationship between psychopathic personality and skin conductance Orienting Response
2013Co-Authors: Catherine Tuvblad, Adrian Raine, Laura A. BakerAbstract:The genetic and environmental relationship between psychopathic personality and skin conductance Orienting Response
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The heritability of the skin conductance Orienting Response : a longitudinal twin study
Biological psychology, 2011Co-Authors: Catherine Tuvblad, Adrian Raine, Yu Gao, Joshua D. Isen, Theodore Botwick, Laura A. BakerAbstract:The Orienting Response is a widely used experimental paradigm that reflects the association between electrodermal activity and psychological processes. The present study examined the genetic and environmental etiology of skin conductance Orienting Response (SCOR) magnitude in a sample of twins assessed at ages 9-10, 11-13 and 14-16 years. Structural equation modeling at each visit showed that genetic influences explained 56%, 83%, and 48% of the total variance in SCOR at visits 1, 2, and 3, respectively, with the remaining variance explained by non-shared environmental factors. SCOR was moderately stable across ages, with phenotypic correlations between time points ranging from .35 to .45. A common genetic factor explained 36%, 45% and 49% of the variance in SCOR magnitude across development. Additional age-specific genetic effects were found at ages 9-10 and 11-13 years, explaining 18% and 35% of the variance, respectively. The genetic correlations among the three time points were high, ranging from .55 to .73, indicating a substantial continuity in genetic influences from ages 9 to 16. These findings suggest that genetic factors are important influences in SCOR magnitude during late childhood and adolescence.
